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Chemistry: Matter and Change v

Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Chapter 2 Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Chapter 3 Matter—Properties and Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Chapter 4 The Structure of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Chapter 5 Electrons in Atoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Chapter 6 The Periodic Table and Periodic Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Chapter 7 The Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Chapter 8 Ionic Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Chapter 10 Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

Chapter 11 The Mole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Chapter 12 Stoichiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

Chapter 13 States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

Chapter 14 Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

Chapter 15 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

Chapter 16 Energy and Chemical Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488

Chapter 17 Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528

Chapter 18 Chemical Equilibrium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558

Chapter 19 Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594

Chapter 20 Redox Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634

Chapter 21 Electrochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662

Chapter 22 Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696

Chapter 23 Substituted Hydrocarbons and Their Reactions . . . . . . . . . . 736

Chapter 24 The Chemistry of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774

Chapter 25 Nuclear Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804

Chapter 26 Chemistry in the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840

Contents In Brief

vi Chemistry: Matter and Change

Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry . . . . . . . . .2

1.1 The Stories of Two Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31.2 Chemistry and Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71.3 Scientific Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101.4 Scientific Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Chapter 2 Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

2.1 Units of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252.2 Scientific Notation and Dimensional Analysis . . . . . .312.3 How reliable are measurements? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362.4 Representing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Chapter 3 Matter—Properties and Changes . .54

3.1 Properties of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553.2 Changes in Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .613.3 Mixtures of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .663.4 Elements and Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

Chapter 4 The Structure of the Atom . . . . . . . . .86

4.1 Early Theories of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .874.2 Subatomic Particles and the Nuclear Atom . . . . . . .924.3 How Atoms Differ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .984.4 Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay . . . . . . . . . .105

Chapter 5 Electrons in Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

5.1 Light and Quantized Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1175.2 Quantum Theory and the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1275.3 Electron Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135

Chapter 6The Periodic Table andPeriodic Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150

6.1 Development of the Modern Periodic Table . . . . . . .1516.2 Classification of the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1596.3 Periodic Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163

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Chemistry: Matter and Change vii

Chapter 7 The Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178

7.1 Properties of s-Block Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1797.2 Properties of p-Block Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1867.3 Properties of d-Block and f-Block Elements . . . . . . .197

Chapter 8 Ionic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210

8.1 Forming Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2118.2 The Formation and Nature of Ionic Bonds . . . . . . .2158.3 Names and Formulas for Ionic Compounds . . . . . .2218.4 Metallic Bonds and Properties of Metals . . . . . . . .228

Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240

9.1 The Covalent Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2419.2 Naming Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2489.3 Molecular Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2529.4 Molecular Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2599.5 Electronegativity and Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263

Chapter 10 Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276

10.1 Reactions and Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27710.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28410.3 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292

Chapter 11 The Mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308

11.1 Measuring Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30911.2 Mass and the Mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31311.3 Moles of Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32011.4 Empirical and Molecular Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . .32811.5 The Formula for a Hydrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338

Chapter 12 Stoichiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352

12.1 What is stoichiometry? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35312.2 Stoichiometric Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35812.3 Limiting Reactants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36412.4 Percent Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370

Chapter 13 States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384

13.1 Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38513.2 Forces of Attraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39313.3 Liquids and solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39613.4 Phase Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404

Chapter 14 Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .418

14.1 The Gas Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41914.2 The Combined Gas Law and Avogadro’s Principle .42814.3 The Ideal Gas Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43414.4 Gas Stoichiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440

viii Chemistry: Matter and Change

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDETable of Contents

Chapter 15 Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452

15.1 What are solutions? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45315.2 Solution Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46215.3 Colligative Properties of Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . .47115.4 Heterogeneous Mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476

Chapter 16 Energy and Chemical Change . . . . . .488

16.1 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48916.2 Heat in Chemical Reactions and Processes . . . . . .49616.3 Thermochemical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50116.4 Calculating Enthalpy Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50616.5 Reaction Spontaneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513

Chapter 17 Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528

17.1 A Model for Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52917.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53617.3 Reaction Rate Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54217.4 Instantaneous Reaction Rates and

Reaction Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .546

Chapter 18 Chemical Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . .558

18.1 Equilibrium: A State of Dynamic Balance . . . . . . . .55918.2 Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium . . . . . . . . .56918.3 Using Equilibrium Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .575

Chapter 19 Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .594

19.1 Acids and Bases: An Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . .59519.2 Strengths of Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60219.3 What is pH? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60819.4 Neutralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .617

Chapter 20 Redox Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .634

20.1 Oxidation and Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63520.2 Balancing Redox Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64420.3 Half-Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650

Chapter 21 Electrochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .662

21.1 Voltaic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66321.2 Types of Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67321.3 Electrolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .683

Chapter 22 Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .696

22.1 Alkanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69722.2 Cyclic Alkanes and Alkane Properties . . . . . . . . . .70622.3 Alkenes and Alkynes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71122.4 Isomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71722.5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Petroleum . . . . . . . . .722

Chemistry: Matter and Change ix

Chapter 23Substituted Hydrocarbons andTheir Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .736

23.1 Functional Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73723.2 Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74323.3 Carbonyl Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74723.4 Other Reactions of Organic Compounds . . . . . . . .75423.5 Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .761

Chapter 24 The Chemistry of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . .774

24.1 Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77524.2 Carbohydrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78124.3 Lipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78424.4 Nucleic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78824.5 Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .792

Chapter 25 Nuclear Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .804

25.1 Nuclear Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80525.2 Radioactive Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81025.3 Transmutation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81525.4 Fission and Fusion of Atomic Nuclei . . . . . . . . . . .82125.5 Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions . . . .827

Chapter 26 Chemistry in the Environment . . . . .840

26.1 Earth’s Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84126.2 Earth’s Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85026.3 Earth’s Crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85526.4 Cycles in the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .858

Appendix A Supplemental Practice Problems . . . . . . . . . . . .871

Appendix B Math Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .887Arithmetic Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .887Scientific Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .889Operations with Scientific Notation . . . . . . . . .891Square and Cube Root . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .892Significant Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .893Solving Algebraic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .897Dimensional Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .900Unit Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .901Drawing Line Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .903Using Line Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .904Ratios, Fractions, and Percents . . . . . . . . . . . . .907Operations Involving Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . .909Logarithms and Antilogarithms . . . . . . . . . . . .910

Appendix C Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .912C-1 Color Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .912C-2 Symbols and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .912C-3 SI Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .913C-4 The Greek Alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .913C-5 Physical Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .913C-6 Properties of Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .914C-7 Electron Configurations of the Elements . . . . .917C-8 Names and Charges of Polyatomic Ions . . . . . .919C-9 Ionization Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .919C-10 Solubility Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .920C-11 Specific Heat Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .921C-12 Molal Freezing-Point Depression and

Boiling-Point Elevation Constants . . . . . . . . . .921C-13 Heat of Formation Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .921

Appendix D Solutions to Practice Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .922

Appendix E Try at Home Labs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .952

Glossary/Glosario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .965

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .989

Table of Contents

MathHandbookMath

Handbook

x Chemistry: Matter and Change

Chemistry: Matter and Change xi

CHEMLAB

Chapter 1Chapter 1 The Rubber Band Stretch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18Chapter 2Chapter 2 Using Density to Find the Thickness of a Wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46Chapter 3Chapter 3 Matter and Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78Chapter 4Chapter 4 Very Small Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108Chapter 5Chapter 5 Line Spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142Chapter 6Chapter 6 Descriptive Chemistry of the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170Chapter 7Chapter 7 Hard Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202Chapter 8Chapter 8 Making Ionic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232Chapter 9Chapter 9 Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268Chapter 10Chapter 10 Small Scale Activities of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300Chapter 11Chapter 11 Hydrated Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342Chapter 12Chapter 12 A Mole Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374Chapter 13Chapter 13 Small Scale Comparing Rates of Evaporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410Chapter 14Chapter 14 Using the Ideal Gas Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444Chapter 15Chapter 15 CBL Beer’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .480Chapter 16Chapter 16 Calorimetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .520Chapter 17Chapter 17 Concentration and Reaction Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .550Chapter 18Chapter 18 Small Scale Comparing Two Solubility Product Constants . . . . .586Chapter 19Chapter 19 Standardizing a Base Solution by Titration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .626Chapter 20 Redox Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .654Chapter 21 CBL Voltaic Cell Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .688Chapter 22 Analyzing Hydrocarbon Burner Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .728Chapter 23Chapter 23 Properties of Alcohols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .766Chapter 24 CBL Alcoholic Fermentation in Yeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .796Chapter 25 CBL Measuring Naturally Occurring Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .832Chapter 26 CBL Solar Pond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862

xii Chemistry: Matter and Change

mini LABChapter 1 Developing Observation Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Chapter 2 Density of an Irregular Solid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Chapter 3 Separating Ink Dyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

Chapter 4 Modeling Isotopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

Chapter 5 Flame Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125

Chapter 6 Periodicty of Molar Heats of Fusion and Vaporization . . . . . . . . . .164

Chapter 7 Properties of Magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184

Chapter 8 Heat Treatment of Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230

Chapter 9 Building VSEPR Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261

Chapter 10 Observing a Precipitate-Forming Reaction . . . . . . . .295

Chapter 11 Percent Composition and Gum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329

Chapter 12 Baking Soda Stoichiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362

Chapter 13 Crystal Unit Cell Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401

Chapter 14 The Density of Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439

Chapter 15 Freezing Point Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473

Chapter 16 Enthalpy of Fusion for Ice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .505

Chapter 17 Examining Reaction Rate and Temperature . . . . . . . .539

Chapter 18 Shifts in Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .573

Chapter 19 Acid Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .604

Chapter 20 Cleaning by Redox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .638

Chapter 21 Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .681

Chapter 22 Synthesis and Reactivity of Ethyne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .715

Chapter 23 Making an Ester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .751

Chapter 24 A Saponification Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .786

Chapter 25 Modeling Radioactive Decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .819

Chapter 26 Acid Rain in a Bag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .848

Chemistry: Matter and Change xiii

Chapter 1 Chemical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Chapter 2 How does speed affect stopping distance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

Chapter 3 How is compressed gas released? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

Chapter 4 Interpreting STM Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96

Chapter 5 How was Bohr’s atomic model able toexplain the line spectrum of hydrogen? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

Chapter 6 Francium—solid, liquid, or gas? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155

Chapter 7 Cost of Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191

Chapter 8 How is color related to a transferred electron? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219

Chapter 9 How do dispersion forces determine the boiling point of a substance? . . . . . . . . . .267

Chapter 10 Can you predict the reactivities of halogens? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288

Chapter 11 Molar Mass, Avogadro’s Number, and the Atomic Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314

Chapter 12 How does the surface area of a solidreactant affect percent yield? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372

Chapter 13 How are the depth of a dive and pressure related? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390

Chapter 14 How is turbocharging in a car engine maximized? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424

Chapter 15 How can you measure the turbidity of a colloid? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478

Chapter 16 How much energy is needed to heat waterfrom a solid to a vapor? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .503

Chapter 17 Speed and Energy of Collision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .533

Chapter 18 How does fluoride prevent tooth decay? . . . . . . .583

Chapter 19 How does your blood maintain its pH? . . . . . . . . .624

Chapter 20 How does redox lift a space shuttle? . . . . . . . . . .647

Chapter 21 Can the simplest atom power a car? . . . . . . . . . .679

Chapter 22 Identifying Structural, Geometric,and Optical Isomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .720

Chapter 23 Categorizing Organic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . .757

Chapter 24 How does DNA replicate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .790

Chapter 25 How does distance affect radiation exposure? . . .830

Chapter 26 Global warming: fact or fiction? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .860

problem-solving LAB

xiv Chemistry: Matter and Change

DISCOVERY LABChapter 1 Where is it? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

Chapter 2 Layers of Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

Chapter 3 Observing Chemical Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

Chapter 4 Observing Electrical Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

Chapter 5 What’s inside? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117

Chapter 6 Versatile Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

Chapter 7 Magnetic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179

Chapter 8 An Unusual Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211

Chapter 9 Oil and Vinegar Dressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241

Chapter 10 Observing a Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277

Chapter 11 How much is a mole? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309

Chapter 12 Observing a Chemical Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353

Chapter 13 Defying Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385

Chapter 14 More Than Just Hot Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419

Chapter 15 Solution Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453

Chapter 16 Temperature of a Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .489

Chapter 17 Speeding Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .529

Chapter 18 What’s equal about equilibrium? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559

Chapter 19 Investigating What’s in Your Cupboards . . . . . . . . . . .595

Chapter 20 Observing an Oxidation-Reduction Reaction . . . . . . . .635

Chapter 21 A Lemon Battery? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .663

Chapter 22 Viscosity of Motor Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .697

Chapter 23 Making Slime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .737

Chapter 24 Testing for Simple Sugars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .775

Chapter 25 Chain Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .805

Chapter 26 Clarification of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .841

Features

Compressor

Expansion valve

Chapter 2 Ultrasound Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

Chapter 5 Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

Chapter 6 Television Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172

Chapter 7 Semiconductor Chips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204

Chapter 9 Microwave Oven . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270

Chapter 10 Hot and Cold Packs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302

Chapter 12 Air Bags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376

Chapter 16 Refrigerator . . . . . . . . . . . .522

Chapter 17 Catalytic Converter . . . . . . .552

Chapter 19 Antacids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .628

Chapter 20 Photographic Film . . . . . . . .656

Chapter 26 Water Softener . . . . . . . . . .864

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry

Chapter 8 Colors of Gems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234

Chapter 13 Metals with a Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412

Chapter 22 Unlimited Alternative Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .730

Chapter 24 Sense of Smell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .798

Chemistry: Matter and Change xv

xvi Chemistry: Matter and Change

Features

Chapter 1 Chemistry Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Chapter 2 Scientific Illustrator . . . . . . . . . . . .41Chapter 3 Science Writer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56Chapter 4 Radiation Protection Technician .106Chapter 5 Spectroscopist . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136Chapter 6 Medical Lab Technician . . . . . . . .160Chapter 7 Dietician . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182Chapter 8 Wastewater Treatment Operator .222Chapter 9 Organic Chemist . . . . . . . . . . . . .250Chapter 10 Pastry Chef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297Chapter 11 Analytical Chemist . . . . . . . . . . .329Chapter 12 Pharmacist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354Chapter 13 Materials Engineer . . . . . . . . . . .403

Careers Using ChemistryChapter 14 Meteorologist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421Chapter 15 Renal Dialysis Technician . . . . . .475Chapter 16 Heating and Cooling Specialist . .499Chapter 17 Food Technologist . . . . . . . . . . . .548Chapter 18 Nurse Anesthetist . . . . . . . . . . . .569Chapter 19 Agricultural Technician . . . . . . . .599Chapter 20 Photochemical Etching Artist . . .641Chapter 21 Electrochemist . . . . . . . . . . . . . .677Chapter 22 Alternative Fuel Technician . . . . .702Chapter 23 Dental Assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . .762Chapter 24 Personal Trainer . . . . . . . . . . . . .794Chapter 25 Radiation Therapist . . . . . . . . . . .828Chapter 26 Environmental Health Inspector .845

Chapter 11 Making Medicines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344Chapter 14 Giving a Lift to Cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446Chapter 18 The Haber Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .588Chapter 21 Fuel Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690Chapter 23 Carbon: Stronger than Steel? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .768

CHEMISTRY and

Technology

Chapter 1 The Human Genome Project . . . . . . . . . . . . .20Chapter 3 Green Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80Chapter 4 Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110Chapter 15 Sickle Cell Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .482Chapter 25 The Realities of Radon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .834

CHEMISTRY and

Society

Chemistry: Matter and Change 1

Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281Chapter 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408Chapter 15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457Chapter 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .517Chapter 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .600Chapter 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .726Chapter 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .847

BiologyChapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14Chapter 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366Chapter 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .637Chapter 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .701Chapter 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .785Chapter 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .851

HistoryChapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311Chapter 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423Chapter 21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .684

AstronomyChapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152Chapter 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .739

Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131Chapter 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .544Chapter 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .563Chapter 25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .808

Physics

Earth Science

CONNECTIONS