DEVELOPMENT

Childhood DevelopmentPhysical DevelopmentBell RingerHow much of the world do you believe babies comprehend?Do you remember what your first words were?

Story Love You ForeverObjectivesDescribe the physical and perceptual development of newborns and children.Discuss the development of language.

Standards: 2.2, 2.3Reading ActivityRead pages 462-464 and summarize the following in paragraph form:The enduring issues that psychologists focus on with development.NewbornsEnduring IssuesStability v. Change, Nature v. Nurture, Diversity v. UniversalityDevelopmental Psychology the study of changes that occur as an individual matures Babies develop before they are bornGerminal stage zygoteEmbryonic stage 2-8 wks after conceptionFetal stage distinctive features (hair, sex organs)NewbornsBabies face extreme measuresCapable of reflexesPurpose = survivalGrasping reflex an infants clinging responseRooting reflex an infants response in turning toward the source of touchingHow can we measure the capabilities of newborn infants that cannot speak or understand questions?Measure what they can doPhysical DevelopmentWeight = 7.5 lbs, Height = 18 to 22 inchesDue to heredityRolling over = 2 to 4 monthsCrawling = 8 to 10 months, walk 4 months laterMaturation = programmed growthTalking occurs by age 2Other impacts on developmentTeratogensFASHabituationSensory DevelopmentFacesDistinguish faces by 1 monthHearingDiscriminate small sound variations at 1 monthTouchElicits reflexesSmell and TastePreference for sweet and saltTemperamentLongitudinal study shows that 40% are easy babies, happy and cheerfulDue to genetic factorsPerceptual DevelopmentPrefer faces and patternsThe Visual Cliff = young infants unafraid, older refused

Bell RingerWatch this clip from TED that describes the abilities of babies.http://www.ted.com/talks/patricia_kuhl_the_linguistic_genius_of_babies.html?utm_source=newsletter_weekly_2011-02-16&utm_campaign=newsletter_weekly&utm_medium=email

Development of LanguageBabbling familiar itemsFrom age 2 to 5 acquire 5 to 10 words a dayNecessary for critical periodTelegraphic Speech leaving words out of messageOvergeneralization applying incorrect grammar rules

Cognitive DevelopmentJean Piaget intelligence develops as the child growsQuantitative changes = amount of info.Qualitative changes = manner of thinking

Cognitive DevelopmentHow does knowing change?Schemas = mental representationExample: Blocks, dog, kittyAssimilation = use preexisting schema to understand a new conceptAccommodation = change the schema to fit new object (creating a new category)Object Permanence = object exists even when it is not present

Cognitive DevelopmentHow does knowing change?Representational thought = ability to picture something in your own mindExample= tantrumsConservation = quantity does not change even though appearance doesExample: Play doughEgocentric = unable to understand another perspective

Piagets Stages of DevelopmentSensorimotor Stage use schemas involving sensations, lack object permanence (Birth-1 ) Preoperational Stage child begins to use mental images (representational thought), symbols, exhibits egocentric thinking, lacks concepts of conservation (1 to 7)Concrete Operations Stage understands conservation, signs of adult thinkingFormal Operations Stage understands abstract ideas, able to deal with hypothetical situationsReview ActivityNow that you have a better understanding the stages of cognitive development, work with a partner to create an anecdote (a short narrative of an interesting, amusing or biographical event) that reflects what children can do in two of the following stages:Sensory MotorPreoperational PeriodConcrete OperationsFormal OperationsEmotional Development & Parenting StylesBell RingerHow important are parenting styles to the development of a child? Explain.Describe how your parents raised you.ObjectivesDiscuss how children develop emotionally.Outline the parenting styles seen in multiple families.DiscussionHow would you describe the parenting styles in the 21st century?

Compared to Industrial Revolution, World War II, and Feminism role of the father.Emotional DevelopmentFly Away Home (Video)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43Tz3pVb9Dg Fly Away Home Efforts http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/video/florida-birds-rare-animals-crane-whooping-fly-15363492 Emotional DevelopmentKonrad Lorenz studies imprinting among animalsCritical Period = best time to learnHarry Harlow studies why moms are importantRhesus monkey, biggest reason for attachment was comfortInfants begin to attach to mothers at 6 monthsDisruption = disturbingSeparation anxiety could bring psychological disorders

AttachmentMary Ainsworth identifies these four types of attachment:Secure attachment: balanced, explore and attachAvoidant attachment: ignore motherResistant attachment: angry when mom returnsDisorganized attachment: confused, contradictory

Article: Girls Early PubertyParenting StylesBelief that how a child turns out/resolves conflicts largely depends on parent-child relationshipAuthoritarian = parents are the bosses, no right to questionDemocratic/Authoritative = children participate in the decisions; discussion/negotiationPermissive/Laissez Faire = children have final sayNot involved = children have no rules, parents lack interestWhich do you believe is the best? Why?

Examples of Parenting StylesAuthoritarian Parentinghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3rWPj31X4Zw Democratic/Authoritative Parentinghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uw_FL3qNaHE Permissive Parentinghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oknZ-Hp5QEw Effects of Parenting StylesDemocratic/Authoritative ParentingChild is more confidentChild is more independentChild learns to exercise judgmentIdentify with respectChildrens attitude plays a role on how they turn outLaissez faire can be easiest way to cope with child

Child AbusePhysical/mental injury, sexual abuse, mistreatment of childStatistics are difficult to compileIn 2002, 2.6 million reports made on over 4.5 millionSocial abuse, unrealistic expectationsDevelopmental effects (examples)Antisocial behavior, depression, identity confusion, loss of self-esteem, and other emotional problemsActivityApplication Activity 3Article: Parenting Styles in Other CountriesArticle: FatherhoodAssignmentNaturalistic Observation of attachment and parenting styles, due Friday.Social & Moral DevelopmentActivity Packet Computer Lab to research different forms of social development.Bell RingerComplete the Application Activity then answer the following questions on the back:

How do children use playtime to understand social situations? How do children learn behavior that society finds acceptable and unacceptable?

Article: Children at Play StagesObjective Describe the theories of social development. (2.3)Outline Kohlbergs stages of moral reasoning. (2.4)Social DevelopmentSocialization = learning the rules of behavior of the cultureBoys express aggression, not fearGirls express emotions, not ambitionsFirst Dimension = learn to apply these rulesSecond Dimension = acquire identityLearning how to live with other people

What characteristics should a boy/girl have?Rules for Boys and Girls BehaviorTraditional or Non-TraditionalBoysToughProtectiveGood mannersRespectfulStrongNice

GirlsFunConfidentNurturingSensitiveEmotionalSmartIndependent

Freuds Theory of Psychosexual DevelopmentChildren are born with powerful urges, right from wrongOral stage weaned from nursingAnal stage establish controlPhallic stage aware of differences among sexesIdentification take on morals/values of same sex parentLatency stage develop socially/intellectuallySublimation redirecting sexual impulsesGenital stage relationships with othersErik Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial DevelopmentNeed for social approval is importantPsychosocial DevelopmentGoal is to satisfy desires associated with social needsArgues that we face many crisesChildhood has a lasting impact on the individualLifelong interactive process with peopleWhat types of issues do you confront throughout life?Looking at pg. 325 in your text, write down examples for each stage of the crises that we face throughout life.

Cognitive Developmental ApproachChildren are a piece of clay, shaped by experienceMaking up rules, role play turning into a miniature societyFacing adult life in a nonthreatening waySocial development is the result of trying to make sense of experiences, understandThe Heinz DilemmaIn Europe, a woman was near death from cancer: one drug might save her, a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The druggist was charging $2,000, ten times what the drug cost him to make. The sick womans husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could get together only about half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said, No. The husband got desperate and broke into the mans store to steal the drug for his wife. Should the husband have done that? Why?Moral Development Lawrence KohlbergShows how important other points of view influence social development Stage 1 egocentric; no sense of right and wrongStage 2 consequences, not right and wrongStage 3 seek approvalStage 4 law and orderStage 5 law being fair and justStage 6 Golden Rule

How does culture impact moral development?

ReviewWhat is socialization?What are the two dimensions to socialization?When does the child learn to identify with their same sex parent in Freuds theory?How does Erikson believe we develop socially?Why does the Cognitive Development theory believe that children are pieces of clay?What are the stages to Kohlbergs theory?Nature vs. nurtureReading ActivityRead over the articles passed out to you. For each article summarize in one paragraph what you read then answer the following questions:Do you think personality traits are primarily inherited or influenced by environment?Why do you think nature versus nurture is debated? Do you think it is possible to answer this question definitively? Why or why not?What is your position on this debate? Did the article you read influence your position on the issue?Objectives Describe the background of the nature v. nurture debate.Identify the perspectives of the nature v. nurture debate.Apply the issues of the debate to childhood development.The Role of Nature v. NurtureNature (genetic factors) and nurture (environmental factors) contribute to developmentCourt rules with nature over nurtureAdoptive family versus biological familyGenetic and environmental factors23 chromosomes sharedProdigy shown at young ageSocial cognitive theory: learning through observation, imitation and self-reward

Gender Identity v. Gender RoleGender IdentityLabel as boy or girlExperience and feelings as boy or girlGender RoleTraditional expectations (3 yrs)Stereotypical expectations (5 yrs)Social Role TheoryInfluenced by rewards given by societyCognitive Developmental TheoryInteraction with the environment teaches them a set of rules

Assignment Show and TellBring in one item from your childhood. This item can include a baby picture, a toy that had meaning to you, an early craft project, an early school paper or project. Now, get into groups of 3 people. Within your group write down how your artifact relates to material that has been presented in previous classes.Try to come up with at least 3 examples.Be prepared to explain this to the class.Assessment Childhood Research PaperFollow the guidelines on the sheet.Relate to the material discussed in class.