DevelopmentDevelopmentInfancy & ChildhoodInfancy & Childhood

DevelopmentDevelopmentInfancy & ChildhoodInfancy & Childhood

INUTERO

• Hereditary characteristics• Environment/surroundings• Nature vs. Nurture controversy begin

– Are we born a certain way OR are we made that way by our experiences?

Hereditary

• Genes=basic units• Chromosomes:where genes are carried• Zygote: 2 gametes unite (46 chromosomes)

Maturation Processes• Automatic sequential events in

development• Many behaviors are not learned ex.

Walking• Need nutrition, safety, and stimulation

to prevent slowing/stopping the process

• Some behaviors are intrinsic (not learned)

• Dog wagging its tail• Smiling• Some are imitation & best learned b4

age 12– Ex. accents

• Feral Children: Raised by animals & act like them

• Pple. Need care until 1 yr. old or they die!!

Family Structures– Parents

+children______Nuclear

– Other relatives +parents +children

_________Extended

Newer Structures• Divorces: 90% of custody goes to

womenBad: women pd less than men,

unstable to lack both parents

Good: arguments can ruin child’s security, teaches poor prblm. Solving.

• Step FamiliesDifficult: Parents must discuss rules/discipline

Can cause resentmentSame-Sex families: Increasing w/

increased adoptions

Change Benefit Drawback

Moms work outside home

No proven neg. if mom givesGive affection & clear guidelines when she is home

Spend ½ as much time w/ children

Inc. in stay-at-home dads

Affectionate Dads inc. the child’s indep. & self-worth

Regardless of dad@home, w/ love kids develop the same..can be easier w/2 pple. Working @ it

Parenting Strategy

Benefit Drawback

Permissive+ let kids do what they want

none Don’t learn about acceptable behavior & consequences, inc. chance of impulsive bhvr., dec. self-confidence, trble. w/decisions, poor peer relationships

Authoritarian:Make & enforce rules but are flexible

Teach how to make your own decisions, listen & offer suggestions, inc. self-confidence & good pple. skills

None

Dictatorial: rigid, inflexible

Perceived as fair Leads to poor decision making, moodiness, low self-esteem and poor relationships

Over-effort(helicopter)

Shows care for child

Doesn’t inc. love of music, language etc.Inc. fear/anxiety

Physical Punishment (non-abusive hitting/slapping)

Quick bhvr. Change

Does not teach rt. & wrongSign of parent wanting love & not to love

Growth Cycles• Body parts develop @ diff. rates• Females= continuous growth &

faster to develop mentally & physically

• Boys=slower & in spurts

Critical Periods• Time period when a skill may be

learned it will not be learned ( or will be painfully difficult!)

• Ex. languages

Language Skills

• Babbling=norm. to explore new sounds– Imitation teaches what sounds to

keep– Your language/word choice is

effected by environment (wicked, y’all, A’H)

• Lawrence Kohlberg’s

Stages ofMoral Development

Early Life• Lived in

Bronxville, NY• Interested in

morals after the Holocaust

• Graduated College in 1 Year (Chicago)

His Career• Taught at Yale & Harvard

(psychology)• Made “just communities @

schools & prisons=democracy to make all decisions

His Death• Did cross-cultural

studies in Belize• Got a parasite• Chronic depression

& pain • Left Boston Memorial

Hospital & drowned himself in Boston Harbor

Moral Development Theory

• Preconventional• Younger than 6

• Morals based on authority

• No abstract ideas of right/wrong

• Only think about punishment/reward

• Think all good bhvrs. Should get rewards!

• If you accidentally hurt someone, is it as morally wrong as hurting someone on purpose?

• Conventional• 7-11 or forever

• Base rt/wrong on the expectations of society

• Consider intentions because society does– (manslaughter v.

murder 1)

• If your morals are inconveniant, do you ignore them?

• Post-Conventional• 11+ if ever!!

• Base morals on human rights that you developed on your own!

• If good/right idea is inconvenient it is ignored

• Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

• He was WICKED smart!

• Sensorimotor Stage• Birth-2 yrs.

• Time spent on senses&moving

• Reach for pleasurable things

• No object permanence ( if you cant see it, it doesn’t exist!)

• End of stage: language begins

• Preoperational• 2-7 yrs.

• Have object permanence

• Believe everything has their abilities

• Inc. Language• No reversibility:

Can’t see life from a diff. perspective

• No conservation: ex Glasses of water

• Concrete Operational

• 7-11 yrs. • Some never leave

• Inc. reasoning• Have reversibility &

conservation• Difficulty seeing multiple

traits of an object• Strict rules/ no grey

areas• multiple classification,

and seriation. Their humor is also very concrete and linear.

• Formal Operational/

Operational • 11 + yrs( if ever!!)

• Have symbolic thoughts (math, philosophy)

• Controversial: some critical thinking must be taught in industrial H.S. (a biased stage!)