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ChilledChilled BeamsBeamsThe Energy Efficient Solution For SchoolsThe Energy Efficient Solution For Schools
Clint Schwartz, PE
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a re e eamsa re e eams
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Airflow PatternAirflow Pattern
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Air Distribution Pattern w/ UFADAir Distribution Pattern w/ UFAD
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Typical Installation Above CeilingTypical Installation Above Ceiling
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Typical InstallationTypical Installation Fidelity InvestmentsFidelity Investments
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How They WorkHow They Work
PrimarySlab or soffitair supply
Sus ended Ceilin
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TwoTwo--WayWay Distribution PatternDistribution Pattern
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Typical InstallationTypical Installation
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DesignDesignons era onsons era ons
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Thermal Output TestThermal Output Test StandardsStandards
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WaterWater SupplySupply vs. Roomvs. Room DewpointDewpoint TemperatureTemperature
Extract FromExtract FromIndependent Independent EnergieEnergie
Passive
+ 0.5 C ( + 0.9 F )
Active
- 1.5C ( - 2.7F)
e a ve o room a r ew po n
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OAOA DewpointDewpoint vs. Roomvs. Room DewpointDewpoint 200 BTU/hr/person200 BTU/hr/personpace ewpo nt vs. ent at on r
80.00
70.00
F) Supply DP
60.00
SpaceDewpoint(
45 DP
50 DP
55 DP
60 DP
Max DP
50.00
40.00
5 10 15 20 25 30Ventilation Air (cfm/person)
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Primary/Secondary Chilled Water LoopsPrimary/Secondary Chilled Water Loops
Primary ChilledWater Supply
HEAT
EXCHANGER
Primary ChilledWater Return
Supply
TemperatureController
3-wayModulating
ValveT
eWaterPump
Return Water BypassSecondary(Tempered)
Chilled WaterSupply to
2-way Chilled WaterValves one er
eamsSecondaryChilled Water
Return
To Chilled Beam
Zones
zone)
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Dedicated ChillerDedicated Chiller
3-way
Dedicated
Chiller
TSupply
TemperatureController
ChilledWater
ModulatingValve
Return Water B ass
StorageVessel
Pump
Chilled WaterSupply to Beams
Chilled
WaterReturn
To Chilled Beam
Zones
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Thermal ZoningThermal Zoning
Chilledwatersupply
Chilledwaterreturn
Isolationvalve
Isolation
valve
2 waycontrolvalve
T Zonethermostat
e eams w n a s ng e ermazone
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Water Piping Condensation SensorWater Piping Condensation Sensor
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Thermal ComfortThermal Comfort -- DiffuserDiffuser
What does a diffuser do? Delivers fast cold (or hot) air to the space
It directs the discharge
What does a diffuser do? Delivers fast cold (or hot) air to the space
It directs the discharge
The primary air
Provides fresh air requirement
a es use o e oan e ec
Reduced velocity by mixing
Changes temperature by mixing
a es use o e oan e ec
Reduced velocity by mixing
Changes temperature by mixing
on ro s empera ure
Controls humidity
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Thermal ComfortThermal Comfort -- Chilled BeamChilled Beam
Beam vs. diffuser
Increases volume, Example: assume 60% water 40% air
Beam vs. diffuser
Increases volume, Example: assume 60% water 40% air
100 cfm by diffuser, 40 cfm @ beam but withinduction ratio of say 5:1, = total air discharged is 40 x5 = 200 cfm
100 cfm by diffuser, 40 cfm @ beam but withinduction ratio of say 5:1, = total air discharged is 40 x5 = 200 cfm
100 cfm = 6 ac/hr, 200 cfm = 12 ac/hr (room air movement)
The increased discharge temperature helps but the highervolume throws further
100 cfm = 6 ac/hr, 200 cfm = 12 ac/hr (room air movement)
The increased discharge temperature helps but the highervolume throws further
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Where Does The EnergyWhere Does The Energyav ngs ome romav ngs ome rom
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Water vs. AirWater vs. Air
Water weighs 800 times more than water 1 lb. of CHW (6T) transports 25% more
cooling energy than 1 lb. of air (20T)
On a volumetric basis: 1 FT of CHW (6T) transfers 1000 times
more cooling energy vs. 1 FT of air (20T)
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Water vs. AirWater vs. Air
1 : 327
w
18 x 18
Ai r Duct
1 diameter
Water Pipe
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Chilled BeamsChilled Beams
Airflow requirementreduced by 60 to 70%Airflow requirementreduced by 60 to 70%
removed by chil led water
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DOE ReportDOE Report Energy Savings PotentialEnergy Savings Potential
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DOE ReportDOE Report 15 Technologies Investigated15 Technologies Investigated
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DOE ReportDOE Report Simple PaybackSimple Payback
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LEED AnalysisLEED Analysis Constitution Center, Washington DCConstitution Center, Washington DC
22.4%
Baseline Building Constitution Center
Savings
Energy Usage nergy sage
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No motor to cool Reduced airflow
of cooling by air requires7 to 10 times more
water.
Elevated CHWS
g er c er Longer free cooling
(water-cooled chiller)
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Compressor EfficiencyCompressor Efficiency -- ChillersChillers
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Lower Humidity, Raise TemperatureLower Humidity, Raise Temperature
Save energy by havinghigher db, lower rh
at 78/45% vs. 75/50%
Less temp difference
3 To 5% energy costreduction for each F
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Reduced Outdoor Air vs. VAVReduced Outdoor Air vs. VAV
Multiple space equation in ASHRAE 62.1 canadd up to 70%7 to required outdoor air in VAVvs.Project: Reynolds and Reynolds- 4th Floor
Zone Box Max. Cfm Min Pos Min. Cfm OA Reg. % OA Room Nos. Zone Type
1 7045 30% 2114 620 29% n/a Exterior Office Space ,
3 220 100% 220 0 0% 402,404 Restrooms4 455 30% 137 100 73% n/a Round Stairwell Y = X /(1+X-Z)5 1765 30% 530 275 52% 406,420 Copy/Coffee/Corr X = OA rate for all branches on system / Total supply airflow6 1455 30% 437 325 74% 408 Break Rm/Stairwell Z = OA rate for critical space / Total supply air in critical space7 350 100% 350 0 0% 414,416 Electrical/SER Y = Corrected fraction of OA / Total suppy airflow
8 285 50% 143 120 84% 422,424 Huddle Rooms9 935 70% 655 520 79% 426 Staff Team Room X = 0.63
515 80% 412 340 83% 428 on erence Z = 0.87
11 650 50% 325 260 80% 432,434,436,438 Huddle Rooms Zone No. 1212 415 100% 415 360 87% 480 Conference Y = 0.8313 505 50% 253 205 81% 460,464,468,470 Huddle/Storage14 895 40% 358 260 73% 472 Diagnostics Lab Corrected Fraction of Outdoor air = Y (Total supply airflow)15 485 100% 485 420 87% 474 Conference16 445 100% 445 380 85% 482 War Room OA = 13125 c fm17 2680 30% 804 600 75% 484 Break/Coffee Rm18 1100 30% 330 180 55% 486,488 Mail/Corr/Copy/Stairwell19 350 100% 350 0 0% 490,492 SER/Electrical20 255 100% 255 0 0% 496,498 SW Rest21 845 60% 507 400 79% 476, 478 Video Conf/AV
Totals 42890 15894 9985
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er reas o av ngser reas o av ngs
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Structural Height SavingsStructural Height Savings
600mm26
126 11
96 96
f.f.l.8
6
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Structural Height SavingsStructural Height Savings -- Constitution CenterConstitution Center
-0
-0
22
84
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Maintenance SavingsMaintenance Savings
No Moving Parts
No Fans
No Power Requirements
No Filter No CondensatePump/Drain
Vacuum
Simple Controls
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AstraZenecaAstraZeneca Waltham, MassachusettsWaltham, MassachusettsOur first Waltham building using chilled beams was opened in
. en we en arge our ac y n , we aga n wen wchilled beams. Our new buildings under construction will also be
using chilled beam technology.
The beams at our facility have not required any maintenance or cleaning. The facilitydoes not have rugs, and the chilled beams are supplied by the same air handlers thatserve laboratories.
The three principal advantages that I see for chilled beams over a VAV system are (i)the level of quiet operations, (ii) the energy efficiency, and (iii) the virtual freedom frommaintenance.
Bruce MacGregorSystem Specialist
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pec a y e eamspec a y e eams
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--
Available in 2 x 2 and2 x 4 sizes
Primarily forpartitioned office
a lications
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TroxTrox QLCIQLCI
Induction Nozzles Primary air delivered at 50 to 55F
Mixing within terminal elevates supplyair to appropriate temperature
Room air induced through coil
Supplements space cooling
Eliminates se arate heatin s stem
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How Does it Work?How Does it Work?
Return @ 80Return @ 80--8585ooFF
Convective Heat SourceConvective Heat Source
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Ventilation EffectivenessVentilation Effectiveness
VEFF =CRETURN - CSUPPLY
CROOM - CSUPPLY 1VEFF =
CRETURN - CSUPPLYCROOM - CSUPPLY
1
CROOM
CRETURN
CFLOOR CROOM CCEILING
Elevation
Occupied
T50Occupied
ZoneElevation
one
22
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COCO22 Comparison with Unit VentComparison with Unit Vent
1600
Identical classrooms
Tests conducted over two
Minnesota Elementary School
io
n(PPM)
1200
1400 Mixed Air System (UV) wee per o
CO2 concentration at six foot
Concentra
600
800
Mixed system: 1100 PPM
DV System: 400 PPM
20% reduction in CO levels
C
O
400
Displacement System
produced 15% improvementin student performance
Time Source: Technical University of Denmark(Indoor Air 2005)
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Displacement ConditioningDisplacement Conditioning Cooling OperationCooling Operation
Return Air450 CFM
(82 to 85F)
100% Exhausted450 CFM
Primary Airflow
450 CFM
(50 to 55F)
Room Air
900 CFM
(75 to 78F)
Chilled Water
Supply Airflow
1350 CFM
(62 to 68F)
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Displacement ConditioningDisplacement Conditioning Heating OperationHeating Operation
Return Air
450 CFM
100% Exhausted
450 CFM
Optional HeatRecovery
Primary Airflow
450 CFMRoom Air
900 CFM
Hot Water
Supply Airflow
(70 to 72F)
1350 CFM
(82 to 85F)
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Displacement ConditioningDisplacement Conditioning Staggered OperationStaggered Operation
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Installation ExampleInstallation Example Ocean City Community College, NJOcean City Community College, NJ
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--
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--Customized DesignCustomized Design
eam os s
Cooling &
Heating 40%
Other services 10%
Lighting 30% Aesthetics 20 %Aesthetics 20 %
~ + 25% of aesthetics = + 5% of total price
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--Royal Bank of ScotlandRoyal Bank of Scotland
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--Airbus, UK: Pearce, CarillionAirbus, UK: Pearce, Carillion
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--Bow Call CenterBow Call Center
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--Chamber of Commerce, LuxembourgChamber of Commerce, Luxembourg
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--Indirect LightingIndirect Lighting
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--Innovative LightingInnovative Lighting
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--Innovative LightingInnovative Lighting
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--Innovative LightingInnovative Lighting
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--Capital CostCapital Cost-
delivered to the job ready to installas one unit. $ Cost Neutral
All connections are quick coupletype.
Pre-assemble units average up to12 ft in length.
Cost data courtesy
of
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--Accelerated Construction ScheduleAccelerated Construction Schedule MSCB vs. FCUMSCB vs. FCU
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ayou p onsayou p ons
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TraditionalTraditional -- DX Cooling w/ Hot Gas ReheatDX Cooling w/ Hot Gas Reheat
Reduced efficiency
Requires multiplecompressor stages Compressor cycling issues
require capacity modulationat part load
,
but preferably six
Requires modulating hot-gas reheat to maintainspace comfort Limited at part load as
reheat requirements can
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Cooling w/ ReheatCooling w/ Reheat PsychrometricsPsychrometrics
123
1
3
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Energy RecoveryEnergy Recovery Heatpipe (Plate HX Alternative)Heatpipe (Plate HX Alternative)
Sensible only energytransfer More beneficial in
heating
Need frost prevention
Preheat frost control
Face and b ass
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HeatpipeHeatpipe PsychrometricsPsychrometrics -- CoolingCooling
135
6
1
2
4
3
2 4
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Passive WheelPassive Wheel PsychrometricsPsychrometrics -- CoolingCooling
6
5 3 1
1
4
4
2
2
3
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WringerWringer
nergy recovery w t
no exhaust air Provides free re-cool
and reheat based onthe temperature
difference betweenou oor a r an a rleaving the cooling coil
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Wringer PsychrometricsWringer Psychrometrics
4
5
3
2112
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Active Desiccant Wheel (Condenser Heat Regeneration)Active Desiccant Wheel (Condenser Heat Regeneration)
Reduced mechanical
cooling requirement
to sensible energy
Slow rotational s eed As low as 1/10 RPM
Increased COP
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How It WorksHow It Works
Moisture transfer based on difference in RH
Moisture transfers from high RH to low The greater the difference in RH, the greater the
mechanism for moisture transfer
Conversion of latent heat to sensible Evaporative cooling in regeneration airstream and
oppos e n supp y process a rs ream
Heat increase is heat of vaporization of water
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Active Wheel PsychrometricsActive Wheel Psychrometrics
A
B
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Which System Uses LeastWhich System Uses Least DehumidificationDehumidification Energy?Energy?
SingleHXEnergyUseComparison
Wringer
Heatpipe
EnthalpyWheel
$0 $2,000 $4,000 $6,000 $8,000 $10,000 $12,000 $14,000 $16,000 $18,000
BruteForce
Dehumidification Heatin FrostControl FanPenalt
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Hybrid SystemHybrid System -- TwoTwo HeatpipesHeatpipes or Platesor Plates
Increases recoveredenergy while utilizing
heat exchangers
Need to have frost
Preheat coil in OA orEA positions
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TwoTwo HeatpipeHeatpipe PsychrometricsPsychrometrics
7
1
24
6
3
24
6
7
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Hybrid SystemHybrid System Passive Wheel andPassive Wheel and HeatpipeHeatpipe or Plateor Plate
Increases energyrecovered
Provides freereheat
Need to have frostprevention strategy Preheat coil in OA
or EA
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Passive Wheel andPassive Wheel and HeatpipeHeatpipe
7
24
6
1
24
3
7
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Passive Wheel and Wringer CyclePassive Wheel and Wringer Cycle
Combines energy recovery withdehumidification
Need frost prevention strategy Prefer modulating wheel with vfd
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Passive Wheel and Wringer CyclePassive Wheel and Wringer Cycle
24 57
14
2
35
7
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Passive Wheel and Active WheelPassive Wheel and Active Wheel
om nes eat recovery
and dehumidification Exhaust air stream is theSide Re urn Air
condensing air stream No separate condensing
unit
re - oo
DX Coil Fan SupplyAfterheat
ED
B C
Bottom Deck
h
eel
Need frost prevention forenthalpy wheel Modulating enthalpy
G H I
Enthalpy Wheel
DHW
J
Control-Can
Compressors
w ee w eac oTop Deck A on o
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Passive Wheel and Active WheelPassive Wheel and Active Wheel
AG
F
BC
D
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Energy Usage ComparisonEnergy Usage Comparison
DrycoolERV
DOAUOperationalCostComparison
TwoSensHXEnthalpyWheel/SensHXEnthalpyWheel/Wringer
Heatpipe
Wringer
HCU
n a py ee
$0 $2,000 $4,000 $6,000 $8,000 $10,000 $12,000 $14,000 $16,000 $18,000
BruteForce
Dehumidification Heatin FrostControl FanPenalt
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an s or s en ngan s or s en ng