Christianity in the Middle EastSome Resources in English

Adam McCollum, Ph.D.

This list of resources for learning about Christianity in the Middle East fromearliest to recent times includes surveys, reference material, a small number of de-tailed studies, and a few primary sources in English translation. I have included onlyworks available in English, but the intended audience of these resources ranges fromthe general educated public to certain varieties of scholar. As to the classificationsaccording to which the bibliography is arranged, there is, of course, some overlap,but it seemed better to give some division to the works listed here than none at all.It is hoped that this bibliography will be useful to interested readers in aiding theirdesire to explore the Church in the Middle East in all its facets.

Thus saith the LORD of hosts; Behold, I will save my peoplefrom the east country, and from the west country (Zech 8:7).

GeneralARANGASSERY, L. A Handbook on Catholic Eastern Churches. Changanassery, India:HIRS Publications, 1999.ATIYA, Aziz S., ed. The Coptic Encylopedia. 8 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1991.BADR, Habib, et al., eds. Christianity: A History in the Middle East. Beirut: Middle EastCouncil of Churches, 2005.BAUMER, Christoph. The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christiani-ty. London: I. B. Tauris, 2006.BROCK, Sebastian, ed. The Hidden Pearl: The Syrian Orthodox Church and its AncientAramaic Heritage. 3 vols. With the assistance of David G. K. Taylor. Rome: TransWorld Film, 2001.________. Studies in Syriac Christianity. Hampshire: Ashgate, 1992.BURKITT, F. Crawford. Early Christianity outside the Roman Empire. Cambridge: Cam-bridge University Press, 1899.________. Early Eastern Christianity. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1904.

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CHAILLOT, C. The Syrian Orthodox Church of Antioch and All the East: A Brief Introduc-tion to its Life and Spirituality. Geneva: Inter-Orthodox Dialogue, 1998.FORTESCUE, Adrian. The Lesser Eastern Churches. London: Catholic Truth Society,1913.GILLMAN, Ian and Hans-Joachim KLIMKEIT. Christians in Asia before 1500. Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press, 1999. GRIFFITH, Sidney H. The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims inthe World of Islam. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008.HYATT, H. M. The Church of Abyssinia. London, 1928.KAZHDAN, Alexander P. et al, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. 3 vols. NewYork and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.NICHOLS, A. Rome and the Eastern Churches. Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1992.PARRY, Ken, ed. The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. Oxford: Blackwell,2007.________, et al., eds. The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity. Oxford: Black-well, 2001.ROBERSON, Ronald. The Eastern Christian Churches: A Brief Survey. 7t ed. Rome: Pontificio Istituto Orientale, 2007. [Available online at http://www.cnewa.org/gen-eralpg-verus.aspx?pageID=182].ROMENY, R. B. ter Haar, ed. Religious Origins of Nations? The Christian Communities of the Middle East. Leiden: Brill, 2010.SORO, Mar Bawai. The Church of the East: Apostolic and Orthodox. Adiabene Publica-tions, 2008.ULLENDORFF, E. The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 1973.WONDMAGEGNEHU, Aymro and J. MOTOVU, J. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church. AddisAbaba: Ethiopian Orthodox Mission, 1970.

HistoryANGOLD, Michael, ed. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 5, Eastern Christiani-ty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.ASMUSSEN, J. P. “Christians in Iran.” In Ehsan Yarshater, ed., The Cambridge Historyof Iran, vol. 3(2), The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. Cambridge: CambridgeUP, 1983. Pp. 924-48.

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ATIYA, A. A History of Eastern Christianity. London: Methuen, 1968.BADGER, George Percy. The Nestorians and their Rituals. London: Masters, 1852.BAUM, Wilhelm and Dietmar WINKLER. The Church of the East: A Concise History.Translated by Miranda G. Henry. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.BROCK, Sebastian. “Eusebius and Syriac Christianity.” In Harold W. Attridge andGohei Hata, eds. Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism. Detroit: Wayne State UniversityPress, 1992. Pp. 212-234.CRAGG, Kenneth. The Arab Christian: A History in the Middle East. Louisville: West-minster/John Knox, 1991.EMHARDT, William Chauncey and George M. LAMSA. The Oldest Christian People: His-tory and Traditions of the Assyrian People and the Fateful History of the Nestorian Church.New York: Macmillan, 1926. Reprint: Piscataway: Gorgias, 2006.GILLMAN, Ian and Hans-Joachim KLIMKEIT. Christians in Asia before 1500. Surrey: Cur-zon, 1999.JENKINS, Philip. The Lost History of Christianity: The Thousand-Year Golden Age of theChurch in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia—and How it Died. New York: HarperOne,2008.KAMIL, Jill. Coptic Egypt: History and Guide. Rev. ed. Cairo: American University inCairo Press, 1990.KAPLAN, S. The Monastic Holy Man and the Christianization of Early Solomonic Ethiopia.Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1984.MACEVITT, Christopher. The Crusades and the Christian World of the East: Rough Toler-ance. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.MALAN, S. C. A Short History of the Georgian Church. London: Saunders, Otley, andCo., 1866.MATTHEW, C. P. and M. M. THOMAS. The Indian Churches of Saint Thomas. Delhi: IS-PCK, 1967.MCCULLOUGH, W. Stewart. A Short History of Syriac Christianity to the Rise of Islam.Chico: Scholars Press, 1982.MEINARDUS, Otto F. A. Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity. Cairo and NewYork: American University and Cairo Press, 1999.MOFFETT, Samuel Hugh. A History of Christianity in Asia. 2 vols. Maryknoll, NY:Orbis, 1998-2005.MOOSA, Matti. The Maronites in History. Piscataway: Gorgias, 2005.

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O’LEARY, Delacy. The Ethiopian Church, Historical Notes on the Church of Abyssinia.London, 1936.PACINI, Andrea, ed. Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of theFuture. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.RASSAM, Suha. Christianity in Iraq. Gracewing, 2005.SEGAL, J. B. Edessa ‘The Blessed City’. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970.SELASSIE, Sergew Hable, ed. The Church of Ethiopia: A Panorama of History and SpiritualLife. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Orthodox Church, 1970.SHAHID, Irfan. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century. Washington, D.C.:Dumbarton Oaks, 1984.________. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century. Washington, D.C.: Dumbar-ton Oaks, 1989.________. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century. 2 vols. Washington, D.C.:Dumbarton Oaks, 1995.________. Rome and the Arabs: A Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs.Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1989.TANG, Li. A Study of the History of Nestorian Christianity in China and its Literature inChinese. European University Studies, Series 27, vol. 87. Frankfurt am Main: PeterLang, 2004.TAYLOR, William Henry. Antioch and Canterbury: The Syrian Orthodox Church and theChurch of England 1874-1928. Piscataway: Gorgias, 2005.WIGRAM, W. A. An Introduction to the History of the Assyrian Church or the Church of theSassanid Persian Empire 100-640 A.D. London: Society for Promoting ChristianKnowledge, 1910.YOUNG, W. G. Patriarch, Shah, and Caliph. Rawalpindi, 1974.

Islam and ChristianityJOSEPH, J. The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: Encounters with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers. Studies in Christian Mission 26. Leiden: Brill, 2000.________. Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East: The Case of the Jacobites in an Age of Transition. Albany: SUNY Press, 1983.GABRIELI, Francesco. Arab Historians of the Crusades. University of California Press, 1984.

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HOURANI, Albert. A History of the Arab Peoples.HOYLAND, Robert G. Seeing Islam as Others Saw It: A Survey and Evaluation of Christ-ian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam. Darwin Press, 1998.MAALOUF, Amin. The Crusades through Arab Eyes. Schocken, 1989.RILEY-SMITH, Jonathan. The Crusades, Christianity, and Islam. Columbia University Press, 2008.SHEDD, William Ambrose. Islam and the Oriental Churches: Their Historical Relations. New York: Young People’s Missionary Movement, 1908.

Liturgy, Theology, SpiritualityAYDIN, Eugene. “Rediscovering the Didactic and Missiological Aspects of Liturgyfor Today.” In Roberta R. Ervine, ed. Worship Traditions in Armenia and the Neighbor-ing Christian East. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2006. Pp. 297-306.BROCK, Sebastian P. “The Christology of the Church of the East in the Synods ofthe Fifth to the Early Seventh Centuries: Preliminary Considerations and Materi-als.” In G. Dragas, ed. Aksum-Thyateira: A Festschrift for Archbishop Methodios. Lon-don, 1985. Pp. 125-142. Reprint, in Studies in Syriac Christianity. Hampshire andBrookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1992.________. The Luminous Eye: The Spiritual World Vision of Saint Ephrem. Kalamazoo:Cistercian Publications, 1992.________. “Some Distinctive Features in Syriac Liturgical Texts.” In Roberta R.Ervine, ed. Worship Traditions in Armenia and the Neighboring Christian East. Crest-wood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2006. Pp. 141-160.________. Spirituality in the Syriac Tradition. Moran Etho 2. Kottayam: St. EphremEcumenical Research Institute, 1989.CHAILLOT, C. “The Ancient Oriental Churches.” In Geoffrey Wainwright and KarenB. Westerfield Tucker, eds., The Oxford History of Christian Worship. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2006. Pp. 131-74 [with an excursus on the Maronites by L. VANROMPAY.]COBYBEARE, F.C. and A. J. MACLEAN, trans. Rituale Armenorum, being the Administra-tion of the Sacraments and the Breviary Rites of the Armenian Church, together with theGreek Rites of Baptism and Epiphany...and the East Syrian Epiphany Rites. Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1905. GRILLMEIER, Aloys. Christ in Christian Tradition. Vol. 2, From the Council of Chalcedon(451) to Gregory the Great (590-604). Part 1, Reception and Contradiction: The Development

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of the Discussion about Chalcedon from 451 to the Beginning of the Reign of Justinian. Trans-lated by Pauline Allen and John Cawte. London and Oxford: Mowbray, 1987.KING, Archdale. The Rites of Eastern Christendom. 2 vols. Rome: Catholic BookAgency, 1948. Reprint, Piscataway: Gorgias, 2007.MACLEAN, Arthur John, trans. East Syrian Daily Offices. London: Rivington, Perceival,and Co., 1894. Reprint, Piscataway: Gorgias.MURRAY, Robert. Symbols of Church and Kingdom: A Study in Early Syriac Tradition.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.PELIKAN, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine.Vol. 1, The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100-600). Chicago and London: Univer-sity of Chicago Press, 1971.________. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine. Vol. 2, TheSpirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700). Chicago and London: University of ChicagoPress, 1974.LA PORTA, Sergio. “The Liturgical Imagination of Medieval Armenian Monasti-cism.” In Roberta R. Ervine, ed. Worship Traditions in Armenia and the NeighboringChristian East. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2006. Pp. 197-221.ROCCASALVO, J. L. The Eastern Catholic Churches: An Introduction to their Worship andSpirituality. Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1992.TAFT, R. The Christian East: Its Institutions and its Thought: A Critical Reflection. Orien-talia Christiana Analecta 251. Rome: Pontificio Istituto Orientale, 1996.VARGHESE, Baby. West Syrian Liturgical Theology. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004.WALLACE-HADRILL, D. S. Christian Antioch: A Study of Early Christian Thought in theEast.ZEKIYAN, Boghos Levon. “Armenian Spirituality: Some Main Features and InnerDynamics.” In Roberta R. Ervine, ed. Worship Traditions in Armenia and the Neighbor-ing Christian East. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2006. Pp. 263-284.

Bible and ExegesisCOWLEY, R. Ethiopian Biblical Interpretation: A Study in Exegetical Tradition andHermeneutics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.DIRKSEN, Peter B. The Old Testament Peshitta. In Martin Jan Mulder and Harry Sys-ling, eds. Mikra: Text, Translation, Reading & Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in An-cient Judaism & Early Christianity. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1988. Reprint, Peabody, MA:Hendrickson, 2004. [pp. 255-297]

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KANNENGIESSER, Charles. Handbook of Patristic Exegesis: The Bible in Ancient Christiani-ty. Leiden and Boston, Brill, 2006. [Pp. 1377-1473 covers literature in Syriac, Armen-ian, Georgian, Coptic, and Ethiopic.]MILLER, Robert D., ed. Syriac and Antiochian Exegesis and Biblical Theology for the 3rdMillennium. Gorgias Eastern Christian Studies. Piscataway: Gorgias, 2008.ROMENY, Bas ter Haar, ed. The Peshitta: Its Use in Literature and Liturgy. Papers Read atthe Third Peshitta Symposium. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2006.THOMSON, Robert W. “Homilies and Biblical Commentary in Classical ArmenianWriters.” In Roberta R. Ervine, ed. Worship Traditions in Armenia and the NeighboringChristian East. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2006. Pp. 175-186.VAN ROMPAY, Lucas. “The Christian Syriac Tradition of Interpretation.” In MagneSaebø, ed. Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. Vol. 1, From the Beginnings to the Middles Ages(Until 1300). Part 1, Antiquity. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1996. [Pp.612-641]

LiteratureSurveys and StudiesBARSOUM, Ignatius Aphram I. The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. 2d rev. ed. Translated by Matti Moosa. Piscataway: Gorgias Press, 2003.BROCK, Sebastian P. A Brief Outline of Syriac Literature. Mōrān Eth’ō 9. Kottayam: St.Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute, 1997. [Includes many excerpts translated from Syriac authors.]DI BERARDINO, Angelo, ed. Patrology: The Eastern Fathers from the Council of Chalcedon (451) to John of Damascus († 750). Translated by Adrian Walford. Cambridge: James Clarke, 2006.DROBNER, Hubertus R. The Fathers of the Church: A Comprehensive Introduction. Trans-lated by Siegfried S. Schatzmann. Peabody: Hendrickson, 2007. [For our purposes, generally most useful for its bibliographies on authors in the traditions we are study-ing, pp. 547ff.]HARDEN, J. M. An Introduction to Ethiopic Christian Literature. London, 1926.SARKISSIAN, Karekin. A Brief Introduction to Armenian Christian Literature. London: Faith Press, 1960. Reprint, New Jersey: Michael Barour, 1974.WRIGHT, William. A Short History of Syriac Literature. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1894.YOUNG, Frances, Lewis AYRES, and Andrew LOUTH, eds. The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. [Mostly

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concerned with Greek and Latin authors, but the descriptions of genres can be help-ful for other traditions too; also with a chapter on Syriac literature by S. Brock.]

Selected Works in TranslationFor this section I have been especially selective. Generally works are only in-

cluded that are very significant, are available online (esp. GoogleBooks and/or Archive.org), are easily accessible at many libraries, and/or are affordable.Anonymous and anthologiesBECKER, Adam. Sources for the Study of the School of Nisibis. Translated Texts for Histo-rians 50. Liverpool University Press, 2008.BROCK, Sebastian P. The Syriac Fathers on Prayer and the Spiritual Life. Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications, 1988.BUDGE, E. A. W. ed. and trans. The Book of Paradise. 2 vols. London, 1904.________, ed. and trans. The Contendings of the Apostles. 2 vols. London: Henry Frowde, 1899. [ET in vol. 2.]________, ed. and trans. The Histories of Rabban Hôrmîzd the Persian and Rabban Bar ‘Idtâ. 3 vols. London: Luzac, 1902. [ET in vol. 2, pts. 1-2.]________, ed. and trans. The History of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the History of the Likeness of Christ. 2 vols. London: Luzac, 1899. [ET in vol. 2.]________, trans. Legends of our Lady Mary the Perpetual Virgin and her Mother Ḥannâ. London: Medici Society, 1922.________, ed. and trans. The Lives of Mabâ’ Ṣĕyôn and Gabra Krĕstôs. London: W. Griggs, 1898. COLLESS, Brian E. The Wisdom of the Pearlers: An Anthology of Syriac Christian Mysti-cism. Cistercian Studies 216. Kalamazoo: Cistercian, 2008.CURETON, W., trans. Ancient Syriac Documents. London and Edinburgh: Williams andNorgate, 1864.DORAN, Robert. Stewards of the Poor: The Man of God, Rabbula, and Hiba in Fifth-Cebtu-ry Edessa. Cistercian Studies 208. Kalamazoo: Cistercian, 2006.HARRAK, Amir, trans. The Acts of Mār Mārī the Apostle. Writings from the Greco-Roman World. Atlanta: SBL, 2005.HOWARD, George, trans. The Teaching of Addai. SBL Texts and Translations 16, EarlyChristian Literature Series 4. Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1981.

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KITCHEN, Robert A. and Martien F. G. PARMENTIER. The Book of Steps: The Syriac Liber Graduum. Cistercian Studies 196. Kalamazoo: Cistercian, 2004.MINGANA, Alphonse, ed. and trans. Woodbrooke Studies. 7 vols. Cambridge: Heffer and Sons, 1927-34. [Contains various texts in Syriac and Arabic with English translations.]PALMER, Andrew and Sebastian BROCK. The Seventh Century in West-Syrian Chronicles. Introduction by Robert Hoyland. Translated Texts for Historians 15. Liverpool: Liv-erpool University Press, 1993.PRATTEN, B. P., trans. Memoirs of Edessa and Other Ancient Syriac Documents. In The Ante-Nicene Fathers 8. Christian Literature Publishing Company, 1886. Reprint, Peabody: Hendrickson, 1999. Pp. 645-743.[Bardaisan]DRIJVERS, H. J. W., tr. The Book of the Laws of Countries. Dialogue on Fate of Bardaiṣan of Edessa. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1965.AphrahatGWYNN, John, trans. Aphrahat. Select Demonstrations. In The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fa-thers, Second Series 13. Christian Literature Publishing Company, 1898. Reprint, Peabody: Hendrickson, 1999. Pp. 345-412.EphremBROCK, Sebastian P. St. Ephrem the Syrian. Hymns on Paradise. New York: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1997.________ and George A. KIRAZ, trans. Ephrem the Syrian. Select Poems. Eastern Christ-ian Texts 2. Provo: BYU Press, 2006.MATTHEWS, Edward G. and Joseph P. AMAR, trans. St. Ephrem the Syrian. Selected Prose Works. Edited by Kathleen E. McVey. Fathers of the Church 91. Washington: CUA Press, 1994. MCVEY, Kathleen E., trans. Ephrem the Syrian. Hymns. Classics of Western Spirituali-ty. New York: Paulist Press, 1989.MITCHELL, C. W., ed. and trans. S. Ephraim’s Prose Refutations of Mani, Marcion, and Bardaisan. 2 vols. London: Williams and Norgate, 1912, 1921.NarsaiCONNOLLY, R. Hugh, trans. The Liturgical Homilies of Narsai. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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Jacob of Sarug (also spelled Serug)See the current series published by Gorgias Press, The Metrical Homilies of Mar Ja-cob of Sarug, a subset of the series entitled Texts from Christian Late Antiquity (http://www.gorgiaspress.com/bookshop/c-63-texts-from-christian-late-antiqui-ty-1935-6846.aspx). Each volume includes an introduction, English translation (with facing Syriac text), brief commentary, and indices. Several volumes are available, with many more to be published over the next few years.PhiloxenusBUDGE, E. A. W., ed. and trans. The Discourses of Philoxenus. 2 vols. London: Asher, 1894 [ET in vol. 2.]Isaac of NinevehBROCK, Sebastian P., trans. The Wisdom of St. Isaac of Nineveh. Texts from Christian Late Antiquity 1. Piscataway: Gorgias, 2006. HANSBURY, Mary, trans. Saint Isaac of Nineveh. On Ascetical Life. Popular Patristics Se-ries. New York: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1989.WENSINCK, A. J., trans. The Mystic Treatises of Isaac of Nineveh. Amsterdam, 1923.Thomas of MargaBUDGE, E. A. W., ed. and trans. The Book of Governors: The Historia Monastica of Thomas of Marga, A.D. 840. 2 vols. London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, and Trübner, 1893. [ET in vol. 2.]Theodore Abu QurrahLAMOREAUX, John C., trans. Theodore Abu Qurrah. Library of the Christian East. Pro-vo: BYU Press, 2006.Yaḥyā ibn ‘AdīGRIFFITH, Sidney H. Yaḥyā ibn ‘Adī. The Reformation of Christian Morals. Eastern Christian Texts. Provo: BYU Press, 2002.Ishodad of MervGIBSON, Margaret Dunlop. The Commentaries of Ishodad of Merv. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911. [ET in vol. 1]Job of EdessaMINGANA, Alphonse. Book of Treasures of Job of Edessa. Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons, 1935.

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BarhebraeusBUDGE, E. A. Wallis, trans. The Chronography of Gregory Abu’l Faraj...Bar Hebraeus, Be-ing the First Part of his Political History of the World. 2 vols. London: OUP, 1897. Reprint, Piscataway: Gorgias, 2003.________. The Laughable Stories Collected by Mar Gregory John Bar-Hebraeus. London: Luzac, 1897. Reprint, Piscataway: Gorgias, 2003.

Some Websiteshttp://www.armenianchurchlibrary.com/Contains liturgical resources and essays on a variety of topics from the Armenian Church perspective (mostly in English, some in Armenian and Russian).

http://bethmardutho.cua.edu/Hugoye/The website for the journal Hugoye: Journal for Syriac Studies, a leading journal in the field. All current and past articles are freely available. Some of the article are in-volved and technical, but a great many will be of use to the general reader interested in the subject.

http://www.copticchurch.org/onlinelibraryContains some essays on various topics, mostly by modern Coptic clerics.

http://www.eotc-patriarch.org/index.htm

Site for the Ethiopian Orthodox Täwaḥǝdo Church.

http://rbedrosian.com/historyw.htmlContains several texts dealing with the history of the Armenian church.

http://sor.cua.edu/index.htmlResources on the Syrian Orthodox Church.

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http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/oriental/index.htmOne of Roger Pearse’s helpful pages, this contains a bibliographical-historical guide to the main movers and shakers of Syriac, Armenian, Georgian, Coptic, Ethiopian, and Arabic Christian writers.

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