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GIFT OF

THE TRUTHABOUT

BULGARIA

BY A. T. CHRISTOFF

Is true Freedom but to breakFetters for our own dear sake,And, with leathern hearts, forgetThat we owe mankind a debt?No! True Freedom is to shareAll the chains our brothers wear,Arid, with heart and hand to beEarnest to make others free!

James Russell Lowell

HENRY CHRISTO CHRISTOFF(Candidate-Officer)

34th Training Battery, Camp Taylor, Ky.Born Bansko, Macedonia, July 10, 1896.

Lost his life by an accident while performing his duty atCamp Taylor, Ky., Dec. 8, 1918.

THE TRUTHABOUT

BULGARIA

0_C

IN MEMORYOF

OUR SON, HENRY CHRISTO CHRISTOFFAND

ALL YOUNG MEN OF EVERY NATION WHO MADETHE SUPREME SACRIFICE IN THE CAUSE OF

LIBERTY AND DEMOCRACY

I/

FOREWORD.Many thousands of our boys made the su-

preme sacrifice. Millions more were ready to dothe same. These boys were idealists. They sacri-ficed themselves for democracy, so that freedom,justice and peace might reign upon the earth.That no people should be left under the oppres-sion of other people, simply because they lack thebrute power to resist such oppression. Will notthe blood of our noble sons cry out against usif we leave the unfortunate Macedonians under ayoke incomparably worse than that of the Turk?

If the reading of this pamphlet does not bringthe conviction that the great bulk of the Mace-donian population is Bulgar, and thereforeshould be allowed to unite with their brothers ofFree Bulgaria; will not the brief recital of crueloppression practiced upon them by Greece andServia arouse our holy indignation and make usinsist before the Governments of America, Franceand England that Macedonia be created into a freeand independent country, where the people canexercise their God-given right to mould their owndestinies ?

The writer has been a witness and a partici-pant in most of the events referred to in thisbooklet and could write his story without quotinganybody. However, not wishing to be criticizedas partial to the country of his birth, he con-sidered it prudent to quote authorities whom no-body can accuse of partiality. "Bulgaria and HerPeople," by Prof. W. S. Monroe, Page Co., Boston;and "Report of the International Commission toInquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Bal-kan Wars," Carnegie Endowment for Internation-al Peace, Washington, D. C., have been freelyquoted. These books are the result of the mostpainstaking investigations of men who have aworld reputation for intelligence, impartiality andintegrity of character, representing all the GreatPowers of Europe and the United States.Kansas City, Kansas A. T. CHRISTOFF.

The Truth About Bulgaria.WHO ARE THE BULGARIANS?

"The Bulgarians, a Turanian race, akin to theTatars, Huns, Petchenegs and Finns, made their ap-pearance on the banks of the Pruth in the latter partof the Seventh century. They were a horde of wildhorsemen, fierce and barbarous, practicing polygamy,and governed despotically by their Khans (chiefs)and Boyars or Bolyars (nobles). Their original abodewas the tract between the Ural mountains and theVolga, where the Kingdom of Great (or Black) Bol-gary existed down to the Thirteenth century. In 679,under their Khan Asparukh (or Isperikh), theycrossed the Danube, and, after subjugating the Sla-vonic population of Moesia, advanced to the gates ofConstantinople and Salonica. " * * The invadinghorde was not numerous, and during the next twocenturies it became gradually merged in the Slavonicpopulation. Like the Franks in Gaul the Bulgars gavetheir name and a political organization to the morecivilized race which they conquered, but adopted itslanguage, customs and local institutions, not a traceof the Ugrian or Finnish element is to be found in theBulgarian speech. The complete assimilation of aconquering race may be illustrated by many parallels.iThe Bulgarians, therefore, are that portion of the Sla-vonic race, which is found till the present time in Moe-sia,, Thrace and Macedonia.

The Christian religion was officially adopted inBulgaria in 964, through Bysantia. "Morally, Bul-garia was slowly but surely undermined by its inter-course with the Bysantine empire. The nobles andthe priesthood were most affected by this sinisterinfluence, and it is noticeable that in the old as in thenew Bulgaria the ablest men have usually sprungfrom the virgin soil of the peasantry." 2

The Bulgarians have a very interesting historybefore their subjugation by the Turks, but its recitalis of no importance for our present discussion.1 Encyclopaedia Britanica, llth JSdition, Vol. IV, p. 779.

FIVE CENTURIES OF A DOUBLE YOKE.In 1398 the subjugation of Bulgaria by the Turks

was completed. The live centuries that separate tnefall 01 Bulgaria and her lioeration in 1878 are justlyconsidered as tne dark ages 01 Bulgarian history. "Forlive hundred years the Bulgars bore the double yokeof Turkish political oppression and Greek ecclesias-tical tyranny." 3

Tne Turks laid waste the country. Butcheredthe llower of the nation, borne of tne nobles em-braced Mohammedanism to escape death. The choic-est land was confiscated and given to tne Turkish no-bles. The Bulgarians were practically made serfs. Thelinest looking boys were taken to Constantinople toreplenish the ranks of the janissaries. These becamethe scourge of their own people. The fairest maidenswere carried away to the harems to satisiy the lustsof the Turkish nobles. The country was ilooded byMoslem desperadoes, who exacted the most appetizingdinners from the Bulgarian population, and departingdemanded the host to pay them money lor the wear andtear of their teeth. All kinds of taxes were collected. Tnefarmer was obliged toi pay a tax for every goat,sheep, pig, cow, steer, horse, hive of bees, land tax(emlyak), and then the tenth part of the produce ofthe land (ushur), income tax (tedjaret), road tax,and a tax (from cradle to the grave) for exemptionfrom military service (bedel). Highways were in adeplorable condition; and on account of brigands,travelling was extremely dangerous. Even in his owncounty a man had to have a sort of passport (teskere).Bribery was brought to perfection. The ChristianBulgarian had no human rights. His testimony incourt, if contradicted by a Moslem, was not valid. TheChristian must stand when a Turk passes by. Per-forming labor for the government, as building roads,transporting military material, moving officials fromone city to another, and similar services, without pay(angare) was very common. Bands of brigands car-ried away flocks and herds. The Christians were not

2, 3 Bulgaria and Her People, Will S. Monroe, p.p. 25, 26.

allowed to carry firearms. The churches, built onlyby special tirman from the Sultan, were low, very oi-ten mere basements, and walled around so as not toDe seen from tne street. No bells were allowed to cantne faithiul to worship.

".But the political and economic bondage of theTurks was scarcely less irksome tnan tne religious andintellectual bondage of the Greeks. The entire spirit-ual government 01 the Bulgars was turned over to theureeK Phanariotes of Constantinople, for handsomeunancial consideration, of course! Less than a yearalter the fall of Tirnovo the venerable Patriarch Juum-enius was expelled and the Bulgarian See was subor-dinated to tne Patriarch of Constantinople. Greekbishops displaced Bulgarian bishops. Bibles in theSlavonic tongue were replaced by the Scriptures inGreek. All offices within the church were for sale,and we hear of Greek barbers and restaurant keepersholding posts as bishops; and the ecclesiastical rulersfrom Constantinople, like the political, having paiddearly for their offices, had to recoup themselves atthe expense of their parishioners. 'The art of extor-tion among Greek bishops and priests/ wrote a con-temporary German traveller in Bulgaria 'has beenreduced to a system, so that between Greek ecclesias-tics and. Turkish governors the lot of the Bulgarianpeasant is a hard one.' The Greek liturgy replacedthe Slavonic throughout the country, and all Bulga-rian books and manuscripts were committed to theflames. So late as the year 1823 the metropolitanGreek Phanariot Hilarion, in repairing the cathedralat Tirnovo, discovered a closed chamber that containednumerous relics and the ancient libraries of the Bul-garian patriarchs, including the library of Eumenius.The relics he sold in Rumania, and the Bulgarianbooks and manuscripts he solemnly committed to theflames. 4 Schools such as existed in the country,were conducted by Greek priests; the Greek alphabetand Greek books were used, and the Kyrillik alphabetof the Bulgarians was entirely forgotten. 'The Greek

4 Histoire de la Bulgaria. By R. P. Guerin Songeon. Paris,1913, p. 480.

7

clergy ended what the Turks began/ remarks WilliamMiller, and he adds, 'but the spiritual tyranny of thePhanariotes was even worse than the political tyran-ny of the Turks. For. the Turks were not bigots, thePhanariotes were/ " 5

"The Phanariot Hierarchy, ignorant of the lan-guage and the customs of the people, not caring fortheir needs and moreover, dispising them, plunderedthe Bulgarians in every way, and to deprive themeven of the consciousness of their condition, accordingto the spirit of the Turkish government kept thepeople in ignorance, destroyed everything that re-minded them of their nationality, annihilated the Sla-vic church services, introducing the unintelligibleGreek liturgy. *

: Was destroying Slavic booksand manuscripts. * * The rapacity of the Phana-riotes knew no limit; the slavery and the ignorance oi'the people were complete.

# * * If anyone succeeded to attain to a morehuman city life, he ceased to be a Bulgarian and be-came a Greek, for the Bulgarian was not worthy tolive a city life; this was permitted only to the Greek.The Bulgarian ought to remain a peasant, born forheavy labor. * * *

"Truly, the Patriarchate of Ohrid was still exist-ing, which could, if it wished, become for the Bulga-rians a moral center and support, but in the XVIIIcentury it was only in name Bulgarian, but in factits Hierarchs since long ago were Greeks. At last, thePhanariotes did not wish to leave even this doubtfulreminder of Bulgarian antiquity and in 1767 the inde-pendent church or Ohrid was destroyed.

" * * * The Bulgarians did not exist as a na-tion. They were only a crowd of oppressed, torturedand destroyed people. The very word narode (a na-tion) was lost, and substituted by the word "bora,"taken from the Greek and meaning villagers, predes-tined to all kinds of heavy labor. * * *" 6

* * * The Phanariot clergy unscrupulous, ra-

5 Bulgaria and Her People. Will S. Monroe, p.p. 27-29.6 History of Slavic Literature, by Pipin and Spasovich, (In

Russian).

pacious and corrupt succeeded in monopolizing thehigher ecclesiastical appointments and filled the par-ishes with Greek priests, whose schools, in whichGreek was exclusively taught, were the only means ofinstruction open to the population. By degrees Greekbecame the language ol the upper classes in all theBulgarian towns, the Bulgarian language was writtenin Greek characters, and the illiterate peasants,though speaking the vernacular, called themselvesGreeks." 7

"So completely did the identity of the Bulgariannation seem lost that foreign travelers in the regionspoke of them as a kind of Greeks, and down tothe Crimean war any Bulgar lucky enough to claimwealth and education was likely to describe himselfas a Greek." 8

"The Hellenization of Bulgaria was never quitecomplete, although the Slavic language was no longertaught, it continued to be spoken by the peasants. Mr.Brailsford, in his authoritative work on the Races ofMacedonia, attributes this persistance of the Bulga-rian language to the failure of the Greeks to makeany sort of provision for the education of Bulgarianwomen. He writes concerning the growth of Greekinfluence after the advent of the Turks in Bulgaria:'It depended almost entirely upon the church, and itmust have been immeasureably stronger in the Balkanpeninsula after the coming of the Turks than everbefore. It embraced not only Macedonia, but Ruma-nia, Bulgaria, and even Servia as well. The few Slavsin the interior who were educated at all were taughtto regard themselves as Greeks, and the very tradi-tion of their origin was in danger of dying out. Twofatal errors alone wrecked what was nothing less thana scheme for the Hellenizing of the Balkan peninsula.The women were not educated; and for all the Greekschools might do, every Slav child learned his owndespised tongue at his mother's knee. The peasantswere also neglected. The Greeks regarded them with

7 Encyclopaedia Britanica, llth Edition, Vol. IV, p. 781.8 The Roots of the War, by Wm. Stearns Davis. The Century

Co., p. 72.

9

unmeasured and stupid contempt which a quick town-bred people instinctively feels for a race of cultiva-tors. They were barbarians, beasts of burden, menonly 'in the catalogue/ The Greeks denied the rightsof men to the Slav peasants and refused to acceptthem as brethren. The consequence was that thepeasants never quite lost their sense of separation,and a certain dim consciousness of nationality re-mained, rooted in injuries and hatred. The nemesiscame at the beginning of the nineteenth century.'^

THE AWAKENING.The annihilation of the Bulgarian nationality

seemed to be complete. The town Bulgarians consid-ered it an insult to be called Bulgarians. In the peas-ant parlance, the word Greek and townsman weresynonymous; also the words Grkinia (Greek lady) andKokona (lady) were synonymous with townswoman.The Bulgarian Gospodin Ivan (Mr. Ivan) was changedto Kyr ^anaki, Gospodja Maria (Mrs. Maria )to Ko-kona Mariola, etc. Vurgaros Hondrokephalos (block-headed Bulgarian) was a very common saying in thosetimes. Of the nearly five million Bulgarians in the worldin those dark days, the number of men who could readand write the Bulgarian language and were notashamed of their nationality was very small.

In the Eastermost of the three fingers of the Chal-cidian peninsula, only a few miles southeast of Sa-lonica, each of the three Slavic nations, belonging tothe Eastern Orthodox church, had and still has a mon-astery Zograph (Bulgarian), Hillendar (Servian)and Panteleymon (Russian). In the middle of theXVIII century a Bulgarian from the diocese of Sam-okov was the Abbot of the Servian monastery. Hisbrother Paissy was the assistant Abbot. The Greekand Servian monchs insulted constantly FatherPaissy, who was not ashamed of his nationality, thatthe Bulgarians had no history. According to his owntestimony his heart was "consuming itself with zealand sorrow" for his nation. He travelled extensivelyand labored hard to collect material for his history.

9 Bulgaria and Her People, by Will S. Monroe, p.p. 29, 30.10

One happy day in 1762 he penned the words "Konets iBogu Slava." (Finis, Glory to God). The Bulgarianpeople now had a history. His book was entitled,"History of the Bulgarian People with Accounts ofTheir Tsars and Saints." In the introduction, amongother things, Father Paissy says: "I saw many Bul-garians who go after a strange language and strangecustoms and ridicule their own tongue. For this rea-son I wrote here, for those scoffers of their ownfathers, who do not love their own nationality and lan-guage, I wrote that they may know. * * * They turnto strange politics, and care not for the Bulgariantongue, but learn to read and speak Greek, and areashamed to call themselves Bulgarians. * * *thou unwise and foolish one, why art thou ashamedto call thyself a Bulgarian, and readest not thine owntongue, and speakest it not. Have not the Bulgarianshad a kingdom and a commonwealth? But thou sayestthe Greeks are wiser and more political, for that rea-son, thou sayest, it is better to side with the Greeks.But see, foolish one, there are many nations wiser andmore glorious than the Greeks, has any Greek left histongue and learning, and nationality, as thou, foolishone, who leavest thine, and hast no benefit from theGreek wisdom and politics. Thou Bulgarian, be notdeceived, know thy nation and tongue, and learn thineown tongue; better is the Bulgarian simplicity and in-nocence." Then he continues to prove that the Greeksare cunning, proud speculators, and intriguers theirsuperiority to the Bulgarians consists in these; butthey have no family or civic virtues. Their mindthinks of unjust rapacity, and contempt of the simpleBulgarians. True, the Bulgarians are now only la-borers and shepherds, but it is Greek treachery thatbrought them to this, argues Father Paissy.

This book was copied secretly throughout thecountry from Hillendar to the Danube, and fromthe shores of the Black Sea to the Albanian mountains.The Bulgarian nation became a nation again. Bulga-ria had a history.

THE WAR OF LIBERATION.The spark struck by Father Paissy in a few years

ll

developed into a full conflagration. The Bulgariannationality was not dead. It was only asleep. Schoolswere springing up over Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia.The Phanariotes saw their hopes of Hellenizing theBalkan peninsula, the bulk of whose people were Bul-garians, threatened with failure. They turned looseall their low passions against the school masters. Theyassassinated many of them, others were accused beforethe Turkish government as enemies of the state andcast in jail, where dampness, stench, vermin and tor-ture ended their lives as martyrs for the nationalcause. Even, as in the case of Milladinoff Brothers ofStruga, when the Turkish government prevailed uponby European diplomats, would have set them free,the Greek Hierarchy, bribing the Turkish jailers, sentthem poison, and they were found dead in theircells the morning they were to be released. But thebitter cup of suffering for the national heroes did notstop the movement. When one dropped the fight, tenwere ready to resume it.

The national leaders saw that the Greek Hierar-chy was the deadly enemy of the Bulgarian nation-ality. As long as they submitted to the spiritual au-thority of the Greek Patriarch at Constantinople heclaimed before the world that they were Greeks. Aspiritual war was started for an independent Bulga-rian church. The people of Macedonia took a most ac-tive part in this fight against Hellenism. The Phana-riotes used their long-tried methods of intrigue andcalumny against the Bulgarian leaders. The Turkishprisons were actually full of the flower of the Bulga-rian people. Russia and other powers were begged tohelp induce the Sultan to recognize the independenceof the Bulgarian church. They turned a deaf ear. Thena delegation was sent to Rome to negotiate with thePope a union of the Bulgarian church with Rome.Kukush and Todorak, only a few miles north of Salo-nica, turned Roman Catholic. Other towns followedtheir example. Russia was scared that the EasternOrthodox Church of the Balkans will perish. Thetsar brought pressure to bear upon the Sultan. OnFeb. 28, 1870, the latter issued a firman "establish-ing the Bulgarian exarchate, with jurisdiction over

12

fifteen dioceses, including Nish, Pirot and Veles, theother dioceses in dispute to be added to these in casetwo-thirds of the Christian population so desired." 10The Greek Patriarch pronounced his "Anathema"against the new church and excommunicated its mem-bership from the Holy Universal Eastern OrthodoxChurcn. Community after community added them-selves to their national church. Macedonia was notbehind Thrace and Moesia in this great Bulgarian na-tional movement. The Greek clergy, in their desper-ate struggle to hold the people from joining tneirnational cnurch, among other low means, went so faras to deny the Omniscience of God, by telling the igno-rant people that Almighty God did not know the Bul-garian language, that His linguistic ability did not gobeyond Hebrew, Greek and Latin, in which tongueswas written the accusation of Jesus on the Cross.The Bulgarian people had only five years in which toundo, to a great extent, the results of the most infa-mous Greek propaganda of five centuries.

When some of the national leaders were fightingthis war against the Phanariotes, others were can-vassing the country as Apostles of Freedom, preach-ing the Gospel of armed revolt against the Turkishmisrule. In this movement also Macedonia took avery active part. Small outbreaks here and there ex-cited the Turks to atrocities, the equal of which hasnot been recorded in history. European diplomacyfailing to convince the Sultan of the wisdom of intro-ducing reforms, the tsar was given a free hand. OnApril 24, 1877, Russia declared war on Turkey. Thecampaign was over in less than a year. Bulgariaemerged a free nation from five centuries of the mostterrible political and spiritual bondage in the historyof the human race.

THE TREATIES OF SAN STEFANO AND| BERLIN."The victorious advance of the Russian army to

Constantinople was followed by the treaty of San Ste-fano (March 3rd, 1878), which realized almost to thefull the national aspirations of the Bulgarian race. All

10 Encyclopaedia Britanica, llth Edition, Vol. IV, p. 781.13

the provinces of European Turkey in which the Bul-garian element predominated were now included in anautonomous principality, which extended from theBlack Sea to the Albanian Mountains, and from theDanube to the JSgean, enclosing Ochrida, the ancientcapital of the Shishman's, Dibra and Kastoria, as wellas the districts of Vranya and Pirot, and possessing aMediterranean port at Kavala. The Dobruja, notwith-standing its Bulgarian population, was not included inthe new state, being reserved as compensation to Rou-mania for the Russian annexation of Bessarabia;Adrianople, Salonica and the Chalcidian peninsulawere left to Turkey. The area thus delimited consti-tuted three-fifths of the Balkan Peninsula, with a pop-ulation of 4,000,000 inhabitants. The great powers,however, anticipating that this extensive territorywould become a Russian dependency, intervened; andon the 13th of July of the same year was signed thetreaty of Berlin, which in effect divided the 'Big Bul-garia' of the treaty of San Stefano into three por-tions. The limits of the principality of Bulgaria asthen defined, and the autonomous province of EasternRumelia, have been already descrioed; n the remain-ing portions, including almost the whole of Macedonia,and part of the Vilayet of Adrianople, was left underTurkish administration. * Vranya, Pirot andNish were given to Servia, and the transference ofDobruja to Roumania was sanctioned. This artificialdivision of the Bulgarian nation could scarcely be re-garded as possessing elements of permanence." 12

The English prime minister Beaconsfield lookedon the provisions of the treaty of San Stefano "asinsuring a dangerous Russian preponderance in theBalkan peninsula. He vigorously insisted that thewhole treaty should be revised by a general Europeancongress. For a time war between Russia and Eng-land seemed impending; and Austria was also discon-tented. The Congress finally met at Berlin in thesummer, and succeeded in making a treaty which wasaccepted.

* * *i

i VI11 Encyclopaedia Britanica, llth Edition, Vol. IV, p. 772.12 Encyclopaedia Britanica, llth Edition, Vol. IV, p. 782,

14

B0ROERS OF TURKEY BEFORF RUSSO-TURKISH V/ARBORDERS or BULGARIA

,TREATY or S/N STEFA NO

RETURNED TO TURKEY .TREATY OF BERLINHf|!|l!||||lllll CEDED TO SERVIA . TREATY " BERLINWg&Z% AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE . TREATY or BERLIN.

1. The Bulgaria of San Stefano was far from including all the Bulgarianpeople. The white region toward Constantinople is rurally solidly Bulgar, andalso the great bulk of its urban population. Dobrudja is almost 100% Bulgar.The same is true for many miles beyond the rest of its borders.

15

"English jealousy of Russia thus severed Bulga-ria, which was one of race and sympathy, and at thesame time left under Turkish yoke the Christians ofMacedonia. The latter provision was simply a calam-ity for the unfortunate Macedonians." 13

"But the readjustments were made very unskill-fully, with far greater care on the part of the oppon-ents of Russia to prevent the wide expansion of herpower than to make any redistribution of the Balkanlands that would meet the reasonable demands of na-tional hopes and international justice." 14

"Nobody left Berlin really satisfied, save Bea-consfield, and he was to die in 1881 too soon to re-alize the imperfection of his vaunted achievement."^

"English responsibility in these new complica-tions and difficulties has been set forth by the Dukeof Argyle: 'We, therefore, need not linger over theblow struck at the idea of a federation of the Balkannationalities when Bulgaria one and indivisible ac-cording to the treaty of San Stefano, was dividedinto three by the treaty of Berlin. The whole courseof succeeding events was the result of this grave error.The most recent events lie there in germ/

"The reunion of free Bulgaria of the still vassalOriental Rumelia, and as the immediate consequencethereof, the Serbo-Bulgarian war of 1885, the grow-ing rivalry between the nationalities in a still subjectMacedonia, the new propaganda of the secondary na-tionalities, the isolation of Greece in its 1897 attempt,the fetishism of the status quo mitigated and correctedas it was by the intrigues of the powers, the miscar-riage of the hypocritical plan of reforms in Macedoniain 1907-1908, the intermezzo of the Turkish revolutionwith its failure to solve an insoluble problem, then thegreatness and decline of the Balkan "Alliance" allwere the natural results of the mistake of Berlin, amistake which now everybody sees without the powerto correct." 16

13 Europe in the XIX Century, by H. P. Judson, p.p. 274-275.14, 15 The Roots of the War, by Wm. S. Davis, and others, p.p

93,97.16 Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the

Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. p. 40.16

WHY BULGARIA JOINED THE CENTRALPOWERS?

The writer realizes that in trying to answer thisquestion he is encountered by a strong prejudiceagainst Bulgaria, because the powers she joined madethemselves obnoxious to the world by their aims andtheir methods in the world war. Dr. Lyman Abbot,the venerable editor of the Outlook, in a letter to afriend of mine, who has been a missionary in theBalkans for nearly thirty years, states: "My sym-pathy would naturally have been with Bulgaria be-cause my wife's uncle, Dr. Cyrus Hamlin, was thelirst president and practically the founder of RobertCollege in Constantinople, and through him I havehad personal acquaintance with Bulgaria, and thecharacter of her civilization and its people, but whenBulgaria joined the band of brigands who have beendevastating iiiurope, and joinea tnem oecause shecould get better terms irom them than from the Allies,joined them because theirs was, to use your ownphrase 'the side that showed her triendsnip' she neces-sarily alienated all those who believed in justice andliberty, and became tainted with the evil reputebrought upon the Central Powers by the lawless crim-inality of Germany in Belgium and France/' Theeditor of "The Worlds Work/' in a note on "The OldBulgaria and the New," says: "The last nation tojoin the Central Powers in their onslaught on the lib-erties of mankind was Bulgaria. Bulgaria's adhesionto the Germanic cause was one of the most shamefulepisodes in modern history. It is doubtful, indeed, ifall history contains any proceeding more cynical andmore base. The story of the Bulgarian nation sup-plied the reason for assuming that Bulgaria's sym-pathies would inevitably go with the Entente. * * *in all probability the sympathies of the Bulgarianmasses, like the sympathies of the Greek electorate,were with the Entente." 17 General Smuts, in hismessage to South Wales, classes Bulgaria with Ger-

17 The World's Work, November, 1918, p. 12.

17

many, Austria, Turkey and the Devil. IS In talkingwith many intelligent American frienls the writerfinds that the above quoted sentiments are quite gen-eral in America, and, perhaps, more so in the BritishEmpire. "Our sympathies," they say, "were withBulgaria during the Balkan wars. We knew she washeld up by her false allies, but when she joined Ger-many she made a great mistake."

Far be it from the writer to try to advocate thejustice of Germany's and Austria's cause. We all knowwhat they wanted, and what they did. But he asksthe reader to suppress his feelings, and use only hisreasoning power, in considering the influences thatpushed Bulgaria towards the Central Powers.

What follows are the writer's own observations.He is not posing as an interpreter or a spokesman ofofficial Bulgaria. He is writing as an American citi-zen, whose native country happened to be Bulgaria,and perhaps has studied events in connection withthat country, with a greater interest than a native-born citizen.

Look at the map where Bulgaria of San Stefanois shown. Look again at the same map how that Bul-garia was unmercifully cut to pieces by the treaty ofBerlin. Why was Bulgaria cut up like that? Why wasDobruja given to Rumania? Was it because the in-habitants of Dobruja were not Bulgarians ? No. Theauthor of the article in Encyclopaedia Britanica givesus the bare facts. "The Dobruja, notwithstanding itsBulgarian population, was not included in the newstate, being reserved as compensation to Rumania forthe Russian annexation of Bessarabia." Why werethe districts of Pirot, Nish, Leskovac and Vranya givento Servia? Was it because the population was Serv-ian? No. It was simply because Be^consfield imag-ined that a Great Bulgaria, so near Constantinople,would become a Russian dependency and thus greatlyendanger British interests in the Near East. Whywas Macedonia and the largest portion of Thrace leftto the Turk? Was it because there was any doubt asto the character of the population? No. But because

18 A speech delivered at Tonapandy, Rhonda, on Oct. 29, 1917,18

a Great Bulgaria was not in the interests of Englandand Austria. Why was Eastern Rumelia created?Surely not because the diplomats at Berlin had anydoubt as to the kind of people who lived there, butsimply to mutilate the body of Bulgaria, and makeher harmless in their future plans. "A brief consid-eration of these provisions will show that they werenot dictated by any sincere desire to arrive at a last-ing and satisfactory settlement of the Balkan trou-bles. Each nation in the congress was intent uponsecuring for itself every possible advantage, irrespec-tive oi the rights, wishes, or welfare of the Balkanpeople. Great Britain, Russia, and Austria-Hungarywere all equally at fault. Great Britain, in fact, ninedays before the congress met, concluded a treaty withTurkey whereby, in return for the permission to oc-cupy the Turkish island of Cyprus she pledged herselfto maintain, by the use of force, if necessary, the in-tegrity of the Sultan's remaining possessions in Asia.Furthermore, Great Britain was a party to the crimeof thrusting the Macedonian Christians back underthe Turkish yoke, because she believed her own inter-ests demanded a Turkey at the Dardanelles strongenough to repulse the encroachments of Russia. Aus-tria-Hungary's motives in occupying Bosnya and Her-zegovina were wholly selfish. H

; * The short-sighted-ness and selfishness of the diplomats at Berlin borefruits in the continuous unrest of later years in theBalkan region a condition which ultimately precipi-tated the most terrible of European wars/' 19 "Thisartificial division of the Bulgarian nation could scarce-ly be regarded as possessing elements of perma-nence." 20 "English jealousy of Russia severed Bul-garia, which was one of race and sympathy." 21 "Bul-garia one and indivisible according to the treaty ofSan Stefano was divided into three by the treaty ofBerlin." 22

19 The History of Europe from 1862-1914, by Lieutenant-Colonel L. H. Holt, U. S. Army, and Captain A. W. Chil-ton, U. S. Army, professors in U. S< M. A., p.p. 214-215,

20 Enclycopedia Britanica, llth Edition, Vol. IV, p 782.21 Europe in the XIX Century, by H. P. Judson, p. 275.22 Report of the International Commission, p. 40*

At Berlin Bulgaria was crucified, mostly at theinsistance of Beaconsfield, the prime minister of Eng-land, then the friend of Turkey. The acquisition ofthe Turkish island of Cyprus by England, always hasbeen considered by educated Bulgarians as Judas'thirty silver pieces for the betrayal and crucifixion ofBulgaria. Compared with Beaconsfield, Judas hasbeen considered a gentleman, because after his crimehe had conscience enough to go and hang himself. Itis recorded that the Russo-Polish Princess RadzivilJmet Beaconsfield at a brilliant reception the night thatthe news of the Cyprus convention was made public,As he wandered among the throng of buzzing, criticiz-ing, yet admiring generals and diplomats, the princessasked the prime minister, "What are you thinkingof?" "I am not thinking at all," replied Beaconsfieldmagnificently, "I am merely enjoying myself." 23

Since that time Bulgaria has trained and kept acomparatively large army, and watching for an op-portune moment to undo the crime committed in Ber-lin and unite her people under one government. In1885 Eastern Rumelia united with Bulgaria. The ini-tiative was on the part of Rumelia and not Bulgaria.Russian hatred and Servian jealousy led to the Serbo-Bulgarian war of that year. Servia wanted to pre-serve the balance on the Balkans and struck treacher-ously at Bulgaria. The war was unfortunate for theServians themselves. In 1912, for the sake of unitingher people, who composed the great bulk of the popu-lation in Macedonia and Adrianople Vilayet, Bulgariamade an alliance with her eternal enemies, Greece andServia. The Balkan wars of 1912 and 1913 are toorecent to need any recounting. Bulgaria bore thebrunt of the war agaisnt Turkey. Greece and Serviaengaged themselves, in marching through Macedoniaand occupying the territory inhabited by Bulgarians.While Bulgaria was yet busy fighting the common en-emy Servia and Greece formed a secret alliance tocheat Bulgaria of her rightful claims of Macedonia.They dug trenches at the outskirts of the occupied ter-

23 The Roots of the War, by Wm. Stearns Davis, p.. 93.

20

ritory and fortified themselves against Bulgaria.While it could not be settled who struck first, eachVarty blaming the other, it is a settled fact that Ser-via and Greece had decided to keep the territory whichwas inhabited by Bulgarians and already had beenpromised Bulgaria by her treaty with Servia. Foroervia her own treaty was a scrap of paper. Greeksand Servians would fight, but not cede an inch to Bul-garia. They did fight. Turkey had her chance anddid not pass it by. Rumania, pushed by Russia, joinedBulgaria's enemies. Exhausted by doing the lion'sshare of the fighting against Turkey, Bulgaria wasoverpowered, crushed and robbed unmercifully.

Bulgaria put against Turkey 300,000 fighting menand received 12,347 square miles of territory, with125,000 population, and lost to Rumania 2,687 squaremiles, leaving her a net gain of only 9,660 square miles.

Greece put 150,000 men, gained 18,000 squaremiles and added to her population 1,700,000 souls.

Servia 150,000 soldiers, gained 15,000 squaremiles and 1,500,000 inhabitants.

This is the square deal Bulgaria received at thepeace conference of Bucharest on August 10, 1913. Sheappealed to Christian and humanitarian Europe forsympathy and help in this terrible hold-up. Therighteous diplomats of the so-called great powersturned a deaf ear to her cry of distress. Bulgaria hadno friends. England, Russia and Austria-Hungary hadtheir plans for the disposal of the "sick man's" coun-try, it pleased them greatly to see Bulgaria, thestrongest and most progressive of the Balkan nations,humiliated and dismembered.

On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, thecrown prince of Austria, and his consort, were assassi-nated at Sarajevo, Bosnya, by Pan-Servian agents.Though not a sufficient cause, yet a pretty fair excusefor Germany to plunge the world into the bloodiestwar in history.

We have seen that Bulgaria had many grievances.She had an Alsace-Lorraine question with Rumaniafor the whole of Dobruja; another with Servia forNish, Pirot, Vranya and Northwestern Macedonia;

21

still another with Greece in regard to SouthwesternMacedonia; and another with Turkey for the Adrian-opolis vilayet. All her neighbors had robbed her ofpart of her territory and people ; and none of the greatpowers a real friend.

The great war had started. Germany broke Bel-gian neutrality and this drew England into the war.France had no choice, she was attacked, she had tofight. The tsar was watching lor an opportunity toget even with Germany and Austria-Hungary. Turkeyjumped into the fire. Italy had some grievancesagainst Austria and deserted her former allies. Ger-many and Austria had no attraction for the Bulgarianpeople. Naturally the Bulgarians would have favoredthe Entente. But there was Servia on their side, afterGreece, Bulgaria's worst enemy. Her treachery andbreech of contract in regard to Macedonia were too re-cent to forget. But Bulgaria was ready to torgiveand to forget, if Servia would restore the part of Ma-cedonia which she had grabbed, and whicn she knewwas inhabited by Bulgarians. But Servia would notcede an inch.

From an American friend who left Bulgaria inJanuary, 1918, and who has moved among the highercircles at Sofia, the writer learns that Bulgaria madethree unsuccessful approaches to join the Entente.Through the influence of Russia her moderate claimswere rejected. A special Bulgarian commission wassent to Petrograd. For two months they tried in vainto obtain an audience with Tsar Nickolas II. Thesame commission went to London. There they had avery cordial reception, but their mission was frus-trated, thanks to influences from Petrograd.

In August, 1915, Radoslavoff, the prime ministerof Bulgaria, declared:

"We will fight but for one end, thatis to extend our frontiers until they embrace the peo-ple of our own blood, but that end must be assured usbeyond all doubt. If we are asked to fight alone, weare ready. If we are asked to fight with Greece, Ser-via and Rumania, in a new Balkan Alliance on theside of the Allies,we say : 'Give us back our Macedonia,and we will fight in the way we can serve you best/

'

But official Russia had an eye on Constantinople.22

The Russian press claimed that the Allies had prom-ised it to her. But Constantinople would be practic-ally useless without the adjoining territory to makethe Black Sea a Russian lake, and most of that terri-tory was Bulgaria. Therefore she must be pushed ontiie side of the Central Powers, so that Russia mayhave a good excuse to invade Bulgaria and make ofher a Zadunayskaya Gubernia (Trans-Danubian Prov-ince) . Russia was successful. She took good care thatBulgaria was not assured the support of the Ententein her endeavor to unite her people.

Servia was in great trouble. Bulgaria declaredwar against her, but not before ample warning thatunless the grabbed Bulgarian territory was restoredwar would follow.

Bulgaria never declared war against England,France, Russia or Italy. It was these countries thatdeclared war on Bulgaria. They themselves know why.Bulgaria did not sink any ships and drown innocentwomen and children, nor bomb the civilian populationof any city in the world, and thus provoke their right-eous indignation.

Bulgaria did not go into the war "against the lib-erties of mankind." On the contrary she went in forthe liberation of her own people in Macedonia, whosuffered more under Servian and Greek oppression,than under the bloody regime of Sultan Hamid.

Bulgaria did not go into the war for German au-tocracy or German Mittel Europa. She went into thewar to liberate and unite her people, whom ChristianEurope had unmercifully crucified for selfish ends.When Bulgaria entered the war, it was not yet a warof Democracy agaisnt Autocracy. Russia, the worstautocracy in the world, was on the side of the Allies.There is not a more democratic nation in Europe thanBulgaria. Any intelligent, unprejudiced person canfind this out for himself.

Bulgaria does not cherish any ill-will against herneighbors. She is not against the national unity ofthe Greeks, Rumanians and Servians. All she wantsfrom them is to restore the territory they grabbedfrom her and give her a chance to develop her nationallife.

23

Bulgaria's enemies have accused her of atrocitiesand barbarism. Almost all these accusations emanatefrom Servian and Greek sources. We know that theyare extremely biased. We also know that the Greeksand Servians are not puritanically trained to discrim-inate between the truth and falsehood. We are toldthat prisoners of war were very thin and starved wnenreleased from Bulgaria, but are the Bulgarian sol-diers and her civil population very fat? Tne pressin the allied countries published broadcast the Servianfalsehood that the Bulgarians sold several thousandServian women and girls to the lurks. How were theytransported from Servia to Turkey? In what mar-ket were they sold? What is the matter with tneconsuls of the neutral countries at Sofia and Constan-tinople? Are they asleep on tne job? Why dm tneynot iniorm their governments in regard to this terri-ble crime"/ In tne small monchiy publication, "TneBalkan Immigrant," lor November, iyiS, Miss MaryM. Haskell, a returned missionary, says: "Havereaders of the Balkan Immigrant read the tales circu-lating in the American press which would lead one tosuppose Bulgarians to be a cruel and selfish people,not fit to exist ? The American missionaries have livedin the country many years and all through the recentwars, we have traveled, we have known people of allparties and nationalities, not only in Bulgaria but inMacedonia also. At times Bulgarian soldiers havepaid back their foes in their own coin, but thank God,there have been no systematized cruelties as then-enemies fabricate. Time will show this, when unpre-judiced men can make tours of investigation and re-port to the State Department."

SERVIAN CLAIMS IN MACEDONIA.Before the treaty of Berlin, the Servian national

leaders, with the exception of a few extreme Chauvin-ists, did not claim any portion of Macedonia to be Ser-vian. They knew that the Slavs of that country be-longed to the Bulgarian group. Their eyes wereturned towards Bosnia and Herzegovina, populatedwith their brothers by blood, speech and sympathies;and also the sanjak of Novi Bazar, adjoining Bosnia

24

and Servia. In their national awakening all the Bul-garians from the Danube to the ^Egean, and from theBlack Sea to the Albanian Mountains acted in unison.Under Turkish misrule Moesia (Berlin Bulgaria),Thrace (Berlin Eastern Rumelia and the AdrianopleVilayet, clear to the walls of Constantinople) and Ma-cedonia were the home of the United Bulgarian nation.In 1870 all this territory, including Pirot, Nish, Lesko-vac and Vranya districts, threw off the spiritual yokeof the Phariariotes. The Servians were contented toremain ecclesiastically under the Greek Patriarch.There was no compulsion on the part of anybody toinduce the people to join the new church under theBulgarian Exarch. By their free act the people of Ma-cedonia declared to the world that they are neitherGreeks nor Servians. It is a well established fact thatignorant peasants are very reluctant to join a newchurch, publicly "anathemized" and excommunicatedby the head of the church the Patriarch of Constan-tinople. Yet the people of Macedonia risked going toa very hot climate in the world to come, rather thanbe called Greeks in this sinful world. However, therewere quite a number of communities which remainedwith the Phanariotes. The word "Exarchist" meantinvariably a Bulgarian, .while the word "Patriarchist"meant a Greek, Servian, Vlakh, Albanian or Bulgarianwho submitted to the ecclesiastical authority of thePhanariotes.

By the treaty of Berlin (Art. XXV) it was de-creed that "The provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovinashall be occupied and administered by Austria-Hun-gary. The government of Austria-Hungary not de-siring to undertake the administration of the Sanjakof Novi Bazar. * " This cut the Servians off theirlawful sphere of influence and extension towards thesea, and also of the hope of ever uniting the people oftheir own blood. The sanjak of Novi Bazar was notpre-empted yet, but Austria had already put up thesign "Verboten." It was in the interests of Austria-Hungary to divert the attention of Servia in a differ-ent direction. "After the Berlin congress, Austria-Hungary entered into closer relations with King Milanof Servia. He signed the secret treaty of 1881, in

25

CZ ] BUtaARlA,GREECE ND SERVl A ne I9f.

CONTESTiO RECION BETWEEN BUUCkARlA aio SCR.VIASHADED, CAINS AFTER THE BALKAN VJKRS , I9IO.-ISI3

THE BALKANS BEFORE AND AFTER THE BALKAN WARS.2. Bulgaria went into the alliance to free and unite her people in Mace-

donia and Thrace. Notice how her treacherous allies deprived her of allMacedonia. Notice also the black spot, the southern borders of which theServians were not to cross in their territorial claims. The population of thisregion is solidly Bulgar. The most cruel Servian attrocities occurred there.

which (Art. 7) Austria-Hungary formally declaredthat she 'would not oppose, would even support Serviaagainst other powers in the event of the latter's find-ing a way of extending its southern boundary, excep-tion being made in the case of the sanjak of Novi Ba-zar.' In 1889, when this treaty was renewed, Austria-Hungary promised in even clearer terms 'to aid in theextension of Servia in the direction of the Vardar val-ley/ Thus at the very moment when Austria-Hungarywas depriving Servia of any possibility of westward ex-tension, by joining the section of the Servian populationinhabiting Bosnia and Herzegovina to herself, Austriandiplomacy was holding out by way of compensation,the hope of an extension toward the South, in thoseterritories whose population had, up to 1860-1870, beenuniversally recognized as Bulgarian, even by the Serv-ians,

j (

"At this period the network of Servian schools spreadspecially fast, thanks to the aid of the Turks, who hereas elsewhere followed their habitual policy of playingoff the Servian and Greek minorities against the strong-er and more dangerous majority of the Bulgarian ex-archists." 24

In 1896-1897 there were in Macedonia 843 Bulga-rian schools, against 77 Servian schools, 1,306 Bulgarianteachers (Servian 118) ; 31,719 scholars in the Bulga-rian schools (2,873 in the Servian) ; there were also14,713 children in Bulgarian kindergartens.

"These figures show that at the close of the nine-teenth century the overwhelming majority of the Slavpopulation of Macedonia was sending its children to theexarchist Bulgarian schools." 25

Before the Balkan wars the people of free Bulgariawould have rather had Macedonia autonomous as awhole under Turkish suzerainty than independent oncondition of partition between Bulgaria, Servia andGreece. But the government secretly from the peoplesigned a treaty of partition with Servia on March 13,1912. A highly detailed map of the contested territorywas attached to the treaty. Servia agreed not to claimany territory beyond the Southern boundary of this

24, 25 Report of the International Commission, p.p. 26, 27.

27

contested region. The Bulgarians were not to claim any-thing beyond its northern limit. The Tsar of Russiawas to arbitrate the exact place of the border betweenBulgaria and Servia within the limits of the contestedterritory. This region is roughly shown by the blackpatch on our map. 26 However, Servia treated hertreaty with Bulgaria in German fashion, as a mere tscrap of paper. While Bulgaria was still busy fighting

'

the common foe, her treacherous ally, Servia, was en-gaged in the wholesale Servianizing of the popula-tion beyond the line which she contracted not to crossin her claims. The clergy, teachers and prominent citi-zens were given the choice between declaring them-selves as Servians, or undergo the most barbaroustreatment. The people were ordered to change the Bul-garian ending off in their names to the Servian itch;for example Ivanoff to Ivanitch. The writer will intro-duce a few quotations from the report of the Interna-tional Commission which illustrate the oppressive meas-ures of Servia in her endeavor to Servianize the Bulga-rians of Macedonia.

The Bulgarian bishop Neophite of Veles, said to hispersecutor, the Servian Sub-Prefect: You know "Whatthe Servian priests and school masters* are doing in thevillages. They are visiting the Bulgarian villages withsoldiers and forcing the people to write themselvesdown as Servians, drive out their Bugarian priests andask to have a Servian priest given them. Those whorefuse to proclaim themselves Servians are beaten andtortured." 27

The International commission is in possession of acopy of the Servian formula of renunciation of Bulga-rian nationality. This is the formula which the priestsand their flocks had to address to Mr. Vincentius, theServian Metropolitan of Uskub:

I and the flock confided to my charge by God wereformerly Servian, but the terrors with which the Bul-garian comitajis representing the revolutionary orga-

26 An exact copy of the map of the contested territory is foundon page 45 of the Report of the International Commission.

"Imported from Servia.27 Report International Commission, p.p. 53, 54.

28

nization inspired us, and the violence they used to-ward us, compelled us and our fathers before us to turnfrom the patriarchate to the exarchate, thus makingBulgarians of the pure Servians we were. Thus wecalled ourselves Bulgars under fear of death until thearrival of our Servian army, until the moment of ourliberation from the Turks. Now that we are no longerin fear of bombs, stones and bullets, we beg your Holi-ness, on our own behalf and on behalf of our flocks,to deign to restore us to our Holy Church of Uskub, torestore us to the faith which we have for a time be-trayed through fear of death. Kissing your holy righthand, we ask you to pray to God to pardon our sin.Signed at Sopot, March 28, 1913.

This formula was sent, in Servia, by a Servian of-ficial, Daniel Tsakits, secretary of the Malinska commu-nity at Koumanovo, to the Bulgarian priest NikolasIvanov, with the following letter:

Father Nikolas, thou shalt sign this letter that Isend thee, and after thee all the villagers of Sopot areto sign, likewise the Trstenichani, the Piestchani, theStanevchani, and Alakintchani, who are thy parision-ers. The whole to be ready by Saturday. Greetingfrom Daniel Tsakits, 27, III, 1913, Malino.

"Take care that those who sign do not make off."Similar tactics were resorted to at Monastir and

other places. This was simply'

'adding insult to in-jury."

After the Second Balkan war, whic$i was very un-fortunate for the Bulgarian nation, Macedonia was di-vided between Greece and Servia, not upon the princi-ple of nationality, but upon the prniciple of robbersdividing up their booty. The martyrdom of Macedoniabegan. The country was put under a special law. OnOctober 4, 1913, the Servian government issued a de-cree on "public security" in the recently acquired ter-ritories, which amounted to the establishment of a mili-tary dictatorship, and called forth cries of horror inthe foreign press.28 The full text of this document isgiven in the Report of the International Commission,

28 Report of the International Commission, p. 160.

29

p.p 160-162, and in Prof. Monroe's book, "Bulgaria andHer People," p.p. 384-391.The treatment of the people in Servian Macedonia*

aroused the indignation even of the Servian Socialistpaper, Radnitchke Novine. "If the liberation of theseterritories is a fact, why then, is this exceptional re-gime established there ? If the inhabitants are Servianswhy are they not made the equals of all the Servians;why is the constitutional rule not put in operation ac-cording to which 'All Servians are equal before thelaw'? If the object of the wars was unification, whyis not this unification effectively recognized, andwhy are these exceptional ordinances created, suchas can only be imposed upon conquered countries byconquerors? Moreover, our constitution does not ad-mit of rules of this nature!" 29

"As a matter of fact, if one did not know whatMacedonia is, one might guess it from, the publicationof these ordinances. Clearly Macedonia was not 'OldSeryia' unified, since the population is treated as 'reb-els in a perpetual state of revolt.'

" 30

The regime of Servian anarchy is summed up ina letter published in the "Manchester Guardian."The writer is a man of high character and a ministerof religion it is safer not to indicate his church. Heis a native of the country, but has had a Europeaneducation, and is not 'himself a member of the perse-cuted Bulgarian community:

"The situation grows more and more unbeara-ble for the Bulgarians a perfect hell. I had oppor-tunities of talking with peasants from the interior.What they tell us makes one shudder. Every groupof four or five villages has an official placed over itwho, with six or seven underlings, men of disreputa-ble antecedents, carries out perquisitions, and on thepretext of searching for arms steals everything thatis worth taking. They indulge in flogging and rob-bery and violate many of the women and girls; Tri-

* The term\ Servian Macedonia is just as congruent as GermanBelgium.

29 Report of the International Commission, p. 162.30 Report International Commission, p. 162.

30

butes under the form of military contributions are ar-bitrarily imposed. One village of 110 families hadalready been fined 6,000 dinars (T.240) and now ithas to pay another 2,000 (T.80.) The priest of the vil-lage, to avoid being sent into exile, has had to pay aransom of T.50. Poor emigrants returning fromAmerica have had to pay from ten to twenty napo-leons for permission to go to their homes. The offi-cials and officers carry out wholesale robberiesthrough the customs and the army contracts. Thepolice is all powerful, especially the secret service.Bands of; Servian terrorists (comitadjis) recruitedby the government, swarm all over the country. Theygo from village to village, and woe to anyone whodares to refuse them anything. These bands havea free hand to do as they please, in order to Serbizethe population. Shepherds are forbidden to drivetheir flocks to pasture lest (such is the excuse) theyshould supply the Bulgarian bands with food. In aword, it is an absolute anarchy. We shall soon havea famine, for the Serbs have taken everything, andunder present conditions no one can earn a living.Everyone would like to emigrate, but it is impossi-ble to get permission even to visit a neighboring vil-lage." 31

Does this look like liberation? Does it show thatthe Macedonians are Servians?

THE GREEK CLAIMS IN MACEDONIA.Let us examine some statistics:The Bulgarians claim that there are in Macedo-

nia 1,181,336 Bulgarians, 228,702 Greeks, and 700Servians.

The Greeks claim 652,795 Greeks, 332,162 Bul-garians and no Servians.

The Servians affirm that Macedonia is inhabitedby 2,048,320 Servians, 201,140 Greeks, and 57,600Bulgarians.

The International commission from whose reportwe take the above figures, says: "The Bulgarianstatistics alone take into acount the national con-

31 Report International Commission, p. 170.

31

sciousness of the people themselves. The Serviancalculations are generally based on the results of thestudy of dialects and on the identity of customs; theyare therefore largely theoretic and abstract in char-acter. The Greek calculations are even more artifi-cial, since their ethnic standard is the influence ex-ercised by Greek civilization on the urban popula-tion, and even the recollections and traces of classi-cal antiquity." 32

Mr. Brancoff's statistics of Macedonia are theonly ones that go into details. He says that Macedo-nia has 190,000 Greeks, against 1,172,132 Bulgars, notincluding the Pomaks (Mohammedanized Bulgar-ians). "The Greek population of Macedonia is con-fined to the southern regions, yet even here in some dis-tricts the Bulgars are in the majority. Thus theKaza of Lerin (Fiorina) has 43,488 Bulgars and 110Greeks; in the Kaza of Ochrid, with 44,432 Bulgars,there are 3,084 Vlakhs, but no Greeks whatever; theKaza of Vodena has several hundred Gypsies along-side its 31,136 Bulgars, but no Greeks. And, if inthe town of Kastoria, the 4,000 Greeks outnumberthe Bulgars ten to one, the entire village populationis Bulgar, and the Kaza of Kastoria has 57,400 Bul-gars against 11,075 Greeks. The city of Salonicawith a total population of 130,000, has 20,000 Greeksand 8,000 Bulgars. But while in the city of Salonicathe Greeks comprising one-sixth of the population,outnumber the Bulgars more than two to one, in theKaza of Salonica, outside the city, the Bulgars num-ber 25,000 and the Greeks 17,265.

"East of Salonica the ^gean coast is more Greekthan Bulgar in its urban population; but, again, whilein the town of Serres there are 2,488 Bulgars against5105 Greeks, in the Kaza of Serres there are 47,560Bulgars, against 28,543 Greeks and in the whole san-jak of Serres 259,186 Bulgars to 50,298 Greeks. In-deed, the town of Serres is a Hellenized island in aBulgarian sea. The town, of Drama also has 432 Bul-gars, 700 Greeks, and 1,500 Vlakhs but the Kazaof Drama numbers 11,016 Bulgars, 3,890 Greeks and

32 Report International Commission, p.p. 28, 30.

32

1,914 Vlakhs. That is to say, even in those districtsof Macedonia where Greeks are to be found at all,North of Thessaly and along the ^gean coast theyare mainly town merchants or else nomadic fisher-folk, while the native population, tilling the soil andchristening village and mountain, and river and for-est, is Bulgar.

4

'Of course only along the ^Egean coast do theGreeks exceed the Bulgars in the towns. The Bul-gar town population all over Macedonia is 214,260,against 52,080 Greeks, of whom 20,000 are in Salon-ica." 33

How is it that the Greeks are almost invariablyfound in the towns, as islands surrounded by a seaof Bulgarians? Would not the facts given in the sec-tion "Five Centuries of a Double Yoke," furnish uswith the clue that these Greeks are nothing else butHellenized Bulgarians? Such results from five hun-dred years of the most unscrupulous Greek propa-ganda, supported by the political regime of the un-speakable Turk, are only a little more than completefailure. The Bulgarian speaking Patriarchists formthe connecting link in the evolution of the Bulgar intothe Macedonian Greek. However, the Bulgarians arevery generous. They do not wish to claim these rene-gade Bulgarians. They are more than willing tocredit the Greek claims with these Hellenized Bul-gars. The Bulgarians claim Macedonia on the basisof an overwhelming majority of self-consciousand self-confessed Bulgars.

In 1869-70, about eight years before the libera-tion of Bulgaria, Luben Karaveloff, a prominent Bul-garian man of letters wrote: "The Greeks show nointerest in knowing what kind of people live in sucha country as Macedonia. It is true that they say thatthe country formerly belonged to Greeks, and there-fore ought to belong to them again. * * But weare in the Nineteenth century and historical and cano-nical rights have lost all significance. Every peoplelike every individual ought to be free, and every na-

33 Journal of Race Development, January, 1918, Prof. R. A.TsanofFs paper on "Bulgaria's Case," p. 302.

tion has the right to live for itself. Thrace and Ma-cedonia ought then to be Bulgarian since the peoplewho live there are Bulgarians."

In spite of the very strong opposition of theGreek hierarchy, assisted by corrupt Turkish officials,the population of Macedonia fought for religiousfreedom from the ecclesiastical yoke of the Phanar-iotes, and when victory came in 1870, they joined theBulgarian national church. Houses of worship werebuilt, national schools sprang up even in the smallestvillages. The teachers, native Macedonians, were notpaid by a foreign propaganda organization, as wasthe case with the Greek, and after with the Servianschools, but by the people themselves. There wereno comitadjis to terrorize the people to become Bul-garians. On the contrary, there were Greek intrig-uers and corrupt Turkish officials to scare them toremain Pseudo-Greeks. Almost all Greek dioceseslost their Bulgarian flocks. Though Bulgarian bish-ops were appointed to care for the new nationalchurch, the Greek Patriarch continued to appointGreek bishops, notwithstanding the fact that theGreek constituency would not have justified even theappointment of a priest. If the political movementand afterwards the liberation of Bulgaria were de-layed at least twenty years, the Greeks would havelost, perhaps, two-thirds of those whomthey claim as Greeks in Macedonia. More than halfof the so-called Greeks use the Bulgarian language astheir mother tongue. The Phanariotes have coinedout the term, "Bulgarop'hone Greeks" (Bulgarian-speaking Greeks), to designate the Bulgarians stilladhering to the Greek Patriarchate. The writer wasborn in Thrace and spent seven years in Macedoniain the capacity of a Congregational home missionary.He has never met a genuine Greek or any other for-eigner who could speak Bulgarian without being de-tected right away that he is a foreigner. But thePatriarchist Bulgarians speak the language just asnaturally as their Exarchist brethren. But like thePomaks (Mohammedan Bulgars) these Grecomans(Bulgaro-Greeks) are more bigoted than the genuineGreeks. They hate their true brethren, the Bulga-

34

rians. These Grecomans furnished the Turkish gov-ernment with spies against the Internal MacedonianRevolutionary Organization.

There was a Supreme Macedono-AdrianopleCommittee at Sofia, Bulgaria. Though its presi-dents were Macedonians, yet apparently this organi-zation was in the hands of Official Bulgaria, and veryoften served the dynastic ends of the king. The Su-preme Committee was far from satisfying the aimsand ideals of the Macedonian population. Therefore,the necessity of a new organization in the midst ofthe people whose interests it was to serve. The Cen-tral Macedonian Committee was organized. GotzeDelcheif of Kukush, a few miles north of Salonica,was the soul of the movement. His official positionwas a school master, but his real work was to awakenand organize the population for an armed revoltagainst the Turkish misrule. His ideal was Macedo-nia for the Macedonians. He was a Socialist, and evenconstitutional kings were not much to his liking. Thewriter happened to be in Macedonia at the very con-ception of this organization. Gotze Delcheff was theprincipal of the national school of our town. The writ-er disagreeing with Delcheff as to methods of work, apretty serious quarrel followed. Asi a result the writ-er was deprived of the honor of being one of the char-ter members of the Central Macedonian Committee.But later they embraced one another with a brotherlykiss, customary to the revolutionists. Delcheff's realmission was given publicity by a young man in aspree of drunkenness. He had to disappear, and fromthat time on canvassed the country secretly from oneend to the other with an armed squad (his body-guard), and gave his whole time to the work of orga-nizing and directing.

Official Greece and Servia opposed this movementbecause they considered it an enemy to their propa-ganda. While the organization was constantly grow-ing many Macedonians, betrayed by Grecomans orother Turkish spies, took to the mountains, forminginto armed bands of thirty or forty and waging gueiilia war on the Turkish army. More than 300,000Turkish troops were constantly kept on the go chasing

the bands. The aim was to bankrupt Turkey econom-ically. The bands also assisted in smuggling fire-arms and ammunitions from across the borders.

In 1897 Greece, deceiving herself, that the Ma-cedonians will assist her by a revolt, provoked Tur-key to war. "On the 9th and 10th of April Greekirregulars crossed the frontier either with a view to

tprovoke hostilities or in the hope of fomenting a ris-'ing in Macedonia.

* * * Tne Turkish forces had now drawn to-gether and the Greeks were threatened on bothflanks. In the evening (April 23) a general retreatwas ordered, and the loose discipline of the Greekarmy was at once manifested. Rumors of disasterspread among the Greek ranks, and wild panic sup-ervened. * * : The general debacle could not, how-ever, be arrested, and in great disorder the mass ofthe Greek army fled southwards to Pharsala. Therewas no pursuit and the Turkish comander-in-chief didnot reach Larisa till the 27th. Thus ended the firstphase of the war, in which the Greeks showed tenac-ity of defence, which proved fruitless by reason ofinitially bad strategic dispositions entailing far toogreat dispersion, and also because there was no planof action beyond a general desire to avoid risking adefeat which might prevent the expected risings inMacedonia and elsewhere. * * *

: The Greek forces being much demoral-ized, the intervention of the tsar was invoked by tele-graph; and the latter sent a personal appeal to thesultan, who directed a suspension of hostilities. Onthe 20th (May) an armistice was arranged.

"*..** Under the terms of the treaty of peace,signed on the 20th of September, and arranged bythe European powers, Turkey obtained an indem-nity of L. T. 4,000,000, and a ratification of the Thes-salian frontier, carrying with it some strategic ad-vantage. History records few more unjustifiablewars than that which Greece gratuitously pro-voked." 34

The Mcedonian organization was pretty well pre-

34 Encyclopedia Britanica, llth Edition, Vol. XII, p. 424.

36

pared and could be of material assistance to theGreeks in harassing the Turkish lines of communica-tion and causing* a general disturbance in the countryback of the fighting line. However, much as theyhated the Turks, the population of Macedonia hatedthe Greeks more. The physical wrongs of the Turkswere as nothing compared with the spiritual and in-tellectual crimes of the Greeks. ' The organizationnot only did not proclaim a revolt, but recalled theusual bands from the mountains, so that Turkey mighthave a free hand. Not even a Macedonian dogwagged its tail in assistance of the much-hatedGreek. Thus the people of Macedonia once more letthe Greeks and the world know that they are notGreeks.

Servia and Greece tried to win territory fromTurkey, but both failed completely. Without the as-sistance of Bulgaria they could not gain an inch.They approached Bulgaria several times for a Bal-kan Alliance, and in 1912 succeeded in their plans.Bulgaria believed that her sworn enemies had cometo their senses. The Balkan wars followed with thewell known results. If Bulgaria knew of the treach-ery of her false allies, and that Macedonia wouldchange a bad master for two worse ones, she wouldhave spurned even the idea of alliance with Serviaand Greece.

Before the Second Balkan war the Greeks werefully convinced that they cannot Hellenize the popu-lation of Macedonia, therefore they decided on thenext best extermination.

The International Commission had a fair oppor-tunity to collect information and study the facts.Therefore, we will let these impartial and honestjudges speak: 'The facts which emerge clearly fromour depositions are (1) that the village submittedfrom the first; (2) that it was sacked and burned;(3) that the Greek troops gave themselves up openlyto a debauch of lust; (4) that many of the peasantswere killed wantonly and without provocation." 35"The great mass of evidence goes to show that

35 Report International Commission, p. 102.

37

there was nothing singular in the cases which thecommission itself investigated. In one instance anumber of Europeans witnessed the brutal conductof a detachment of Greek regulars under three offi-cers. Fifteen wounded Bulgarian soldiers took re-fuge in the Catholic convent of Paliorti, near Ghev-gheli; and were nursed by the sisters. Father Al-ioati reported this fact to the Greek commandant,whereupon a detachment was sent to search the con-vent for a certain Bulgarian voyevoda (chief ofbands) named Arghyr, who was not there. In thecourse of the search a Bulgarian Catholic priest, Fa-ther Trepche, and the Armenian doctor 01 the con-vent were severely flogged in the presence of theGreek officers. A Greek soldier attempted to violatea nun, and during the search a sum of L. T. 300 wasstolen. Five Bulgarian women and a young girl wereput to the torture, and a large number of peasantscarried off to prison for no good reason. The officerin command threatened to kill Father Alloati on thespot and to burn down the convent. If such thingscould be done to Europeans in a building under theprotection of the French flag, it is not difficult to be-lieve that the Bulgarian peasants fared incompara-bly worse." 36

"The commission regrets that the attitude of theGreek government towards its work has prevented itfrom obtaining any official answer to the chargeswhich emerge from this evidence. The broad factthat the whole of this Bulgarian region, for a dis-tance of about one hundred miles, was devastated andnearly every village burned, admits no denial. Nordo we think that military necessity could be pleadedwith any plausibility.* * * The Greeks did not waitfor any provocation.

* * * but everywhere burnedthe villages, step by step with their advance. Theslaughter of peasant men could be defended only ifthey had been in the act of resistance with arms intheir hands. No such explanation will fit the caseson which we have particularly laid stress, nor haveany of the war correspondents who followed the

36 Report International Commission, p. 103.

38

Greek army reported conflicts along the main line ofthe Greek march with armed villagers. The violationof women admits of no excuse; it can only be de-nied." 37

"Denial unfortunately is impossible. No verdictwhich could be based on the evidence collected by thecommission could be more severe than that whichGreek soldiers have pronounced upon themselves. Ithappened that on the eve of the armistice (July 27)the Bulgarians captured the baggage of the Nine-teenth Greek infantry regiment at Dobrinishte (Raz-log.) It included its post bags, together with thefile of its telegraphic orders, and some of its ac-counts. We were permitted to examine these docu-ments at our leisure in the Foreign Office at Sofia.* * * We studied with particular care a series oftwenty-five letters, which contained definite avowalsby these Greek soldiers of the brutalities which theyhad practiced. Two members of the commissionhave some knowledge of modern Greek. We satisfiedourselves (1) that the letters (mostly illiterate andill-written) had been carefully deciphered and hon-estly translated; (2) that the interesting portions ofthe letters were in the same handwriting as the ad-dresses on the envelopes (which bore the officialstamp) and the portions which related only personalnews; (3) that no tampering with the manuscriptshad been practiced. * * *

" 38

"The letters require no commentary. Some of thewriters boast of the cruelties practiced by the Greekarmy. Others deplore them. * * * Most of the let-ters dwell on the slaughter of non-combatants, in-cluding women and children. These few extracts,each from a separate letter, may suffice to convey theirgeneral tenor:

By order of the King we are setting fire to allthe Bulgarian villages, because the Bulgarians burnedthe beautiful town of Serres, Nigrita, and severalGreek villages. We have shown ourselves far morecruel than the Bulgarians. * * *

37 Report International Commission, p.p. 103, 104.38 Report International Commission, p. 104.

39

Here we are burning the villages and killing theBulgarians, both women and children.? * *

We took only a few (prisoners), and these wekilled, for such are the orders we have received.

We have to burn the villages such is the order-slaughter the young people and spare only the oldpeople and the children. *

What is done to the Bulgarians is indescribable;also to the Bulgarian peasants. It was a butchery.There is not a Bulgarian town or village but is burned.

We massacre all the Bulgarians who fall intoour hands, and burn the villages.

Of the 1,200 prisoners we took at Nigrita, onlyforty-one remain in the prisons, and everywherewe have been we have not left a single root of thisrace.

We picked out their eyes (five Bulgarian prison-ers) while they were still alive.

The Greek army sets fire to all the villageswhere are Bulgarians and massacre all it meets.* * *God knows where this will end.

'These letters relieve us of the task of summingup evidence. From Kukush to the Bulgarian frontierthe Greek army devastated the villages, violated thewomen, and slaughtered the non-combatant men. Theorder to carry out reprisals was evidently obeyed. Werepeat, however, that these reprisals began beforethe Bulgarian provocation. *

* * Systematically andin cold blood the Greeks burned one hundred andsixty Bulgarian villages and destroyed at least 16,000Bulgarian homes. * * *" 39

Before we close this chapter we will give the tes-timony of Mr. H. M. Wallis, a member of the Societyof Friends of England, who has made a special studyof the region devastated by the Greeks during theSecond Balkan war. His article "The Devastation ofMacedonia," was published in the Quarterly Review,April, 1914. Volume 220, p.p. 506-523. "The advanceof the Greek army has been held up to the admirationof military men as a miracle of speed. Its slowness isthe fact which calls for explanation; two furlongsper hour is no Marathon race, but it is all King Cpn-stantine was able to exact from a force outnumberingits opponents by four or five to one. Why? Because

39 Report International Commission, p.p. 105, 106.

his gallant boys had something else to do. * * * *What went on behind the line of Greek advance nopen may tell. The maltreatment of Bulgarian womenseems to have been a specialty of these dastards, whoduring their month of 'fighting' could never, as Gen-eral Ivanoff assures me, be got to charge with thebayonet."

Professor Monroe says: "The majority of theinhabitants of Macedonia are Bulgarians." Then heasks: "Where are these Macedonian Bulgars today?"Mr. Wallis answers they have disappeared. "So faras human agency can effect it, they have been oblit-erated. By shot, shell, and bayonet, by torture andfire, by proscription, imprisonment, and forcible ex-ile the whole non-Greek element has been destroyedor chased out. * * *'

"Whither? Into Bulgaria. * * I believe thatof approximately 130,000 refugees, who are now KingFerdinand's guests, and are fed by his bounty andthe bounty of the Bulgarians, there are about 100,-000 whose homes were in what is now New Greece."

"King Constantine had a singular opportunity ofproving to Europe the capacity, civilization and mag-nanimity of himself and his people. He preferred toplay the role of Tamerlane; he has made a desert andcalls it 'Greece/'

"After five centuries of Turkish rule the Bul-gars of Macedonia still retained their language, cus-toms and nationality. The brutal methods of dena-tionalization employed by the Greeks and Serviansmerit the severe condemnation of all civilized na-tions." 40 ^