Christopher Chase-Dunn

Alexis Álvarez

Dan Pasciuti

Institute for Research on World-SystemsUniversity of California, Riverside

Constant Regions and PMNs2000 B.C.E.

Constant Regions and PMNs1400 C.E.

Constant Regions and PMNs1500 C.E.

Constant Regions and the Central PMN1800 C.E.

Contending Empires and Limited Territory

2nd Largest Empire

Lar

gest

Em

pir

e

Saturation Threshold

Correlations between City and Empire Sizes by PMN

Region Pearson’s rPartial

Pearson's r# of time

points Years

East Asia 0.39* -0.01 30 1900 B.C.E. - 1800 C.E.Central 0.61** 0.49** 39 1500 B.C.E. - 1990 C.E.

Indic -0.38 -0.18 8 1800 B.C.E. - 1500 C.E.

Correlations between City and Empire Sizes by Region

Region Pearson’s rPartial

Pearson's r# of time

points Years

Egypt -0.216 0.160 10 2300 B.C.E. - 550 B.C.E.Mesopotamia 0.784* 0.763* 8 2800 B.C.E. - 550 B.C.E.

East Asia 0.473** 0.122 29 1360 B.C.E. - 1800 C.E.Europe 0.892** 0.876** 24 430 B.C.E. - 1800 C.E.

South Asia 0.286 0.126 15 600 C.E. - 1800 C.E.West Asia 0.636** 0.562** 27 2000 B.C.E. - 1500 C.E.

* Significant at the 0.05 level.** Significant at the 0.01 level.

0.0

200.0

400.0

600.0

800.0

1000.0

1200.0

Largest Empire Largest CityBiv. Corr.: 0.636**

Partial Corr.: 0.562** ** sig @ 0.01 level

Ur

Mar

i

Bab

ylon K

hatt

usha

sh

Bab

ylon

Cal

ah Nin

eveh

Bab

ylon

Sele

ucia

Ant

ioch

Cte

siph

on

Cte

siph

on

Bag

hdad

Con

stan

tinop

le

Tab

riz

Sara

iT

abri

z

Con

stan

tinop

le

Bag

hdad

Isla

mic

Cal

ipha

te

Ach

aem

enid

Per

sia

ParthiaH

ittite

s

Sum

er

Bab

ylon

Mita

nni

Hitt

ites

Ela

m

Ass

yria

Bab

ylon

Ass

yria

Med

ia

Ale

xand

er

Sele

ucid

Hun

s

Sassanid Persia

Gha

znav

idSe

ljuk

Alm

orav

id-A

lmoh

ad

Fatim

id-A

yyub

id-M

amel

uk

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00-1

500

-140

0

-130

0

-120

0

-110

0

-100

0

-900

-800

-700

-600

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

Largest EmpireLargest City

Egypt

Assyria

Roman Empire

Sassanid Persia

Islamic Caliphate

Mongol-Yuan

Russia

Largest Empires and City Populations of the Central PMN

Biv. Corr. = 0.61**Partial Corr. = 0.49**

: log10(Mm2) * 100

: log10(Estimated Population) * 1000

YEAR

Achaemenid Persia

0.0

200.0

400.0

600.0

800.0

1000.0

1200.0

-200

0-1

860

-172

0-1

580

-144

0-1

300

-116

0-1

020

-880

-740

-600

-460

-320

-180 -4

010

024

038

052

066

080

094

010

8012

2013

6015

00

Largest Empire 2nd Largest EmpireBiv. Corr.: 0.490**Partial Corr.: 0.239**

Isla

mic

Cal

ipha

te

Fat

imid

-Ayy

ubid

-Mam

eluk

Sas

sani

d P

ersi

a

Ach

aem

enid

Per

sia

Par

thia

Hit

tite

s

Sum

er

Bab

ylon

Hit

tite

s

Sum

erA

ssyr

ia

Mit

anni

Mit

anni

Hit

tite

s

Ela

mH

itti

tes

Ela

m

Ass

yria

Hit

tite

s

Hit

tite

s

Bab

ylon

Ura

rtu

Ura

rtu

Med

ia [var

ious

]

[onl

y 1

emp

data

]

Par

thia

Sel

euci

d

Par

thia

Hun

s

Hun

s Tah

irid

Sam

anid

Byz

anti

ne E

mpi

re

Gha

znav

id

Khw

ariz

m

Byz

anti

ne E

mpi

re

Bab

ylon

Ass

yria

Med

ia

Ale

xand

er

Sel

euci

d

Hun

sS

assa

nid

Per

sia

Sas

sani

d P

ersi

a

Gha

znav

idS

elju

kA

lmor

avid

-Alm

ohad

Fat

imid

-Ayy

ubid

-Mam

eluk

** sig @ 0.01 level

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

-200

0-1

600

-120

0-8

00-4

30 100

360

620

900

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

Largest City 2nd Largest City

Ur

Lag

ash

Sus

a

Jeru

sale

m

Bab

ylon

Ecb

atan

a

Ant

ioch

Cte

siph

on

Con

stan

tino

ple

Bag

hdad

Mer

v

Bag

hdad

Con

stan

tino

ple

Tab

riz

Sam

ark

and

Con

stan

tino

ple

Mar

i

Bab

ylon

Kha

ttus

hash

Bab

ylon

Cal

ah

Nin

eveh

Bab

ylon

Sel

euci

a

Ant

ioch

Cte

siph

onA

ntio

ch

Con

stan

tino

ple

Cte

siph

on Bag

hdad

Con

stan

tino

ple

Bag

hdad

Tab

riz

Sar

ai

Tab

riz

Biv. Corr.: 0.794**Partial Corr.: 0.755**

** sig @ 0.01 level

REGIONS OF URBANIZATION

Ten Largest Cities in 650 B.C.E.

CITIES EST POPNineveh 120Lintzu 80Loyang 70Memphis 65Babylon 60

NAMES OF THE FIVE LARGEST

CITIES EST POPBabylon 200Yenhsiatu 180Athens 155Syracuse 125Loyang 100Patna 100Memphis 100

Ten Largest Cities in 430 B.C.E.NAMES OF THE SEVEN LARGEST

CITIES EST POPChangan 400Patna 350Alexandria 300Seleucia 200Carthage 150

Ten Largest Cities in 200 B.C.E.NAMES OF THE FIVE LARGEST

CITIES EST POPRome 450Loyang 420Changan 333Alexandria 250Seleucia 250

Ten Largest Cities in 100 C.E.NAMES OF THE FIVE LARGEST

CITIES EST POPConstantinople 300Ctesiphon 250Rome 150Antioch 150Nanking 150Patna 150

Ten Largest Cities in 360 C.E.NAMES OF THE SIX LARGEST

CITIES EST POPConstantinople 120Ctesiphon 80Loyang 70Antioch 65Nanking 60

Ten Largest Cities in 500 C.E.NAMES OF THE FIVE LARGEST

CITIES EST POPCtesiphon 500Changan 400Constantinople 350Loyang 200Kanauj 120

Ten Largest Cities in 620 C.E.NAMES OF THE FIVE LARGEST

CITIES EST POPBaghdad 700Changan 600Loyang 300Constantinople 250Kyoto 200

Ten Largest Cities in 800 C.E.NAMES OF THE FIVE LARGEST

CITIES EST POPBaghdad 900Changan 500Constantinople 300Cordova 200Kyoto 200

Ten Largest Cities in 900 C.E.NAMES OF THE FIVE LARGEST

CITIES EST POPCordova 450Kaifeng 400Constantinpole 300Angkor 200Kyoto 175

Ten Largest Cities in 1000 C.E.NAMES OF THE FIVE LARGEST

CITIES EST POPKaifeng 442Constantinople 200Kyoto 175Baghdad 150Cairo 150Kaylan 150Marrakesh 150

Ten Largest Cities in 1100 C.E.NAMES OF THE SEVEN LARGEST

CITIES EST POPConstantinople 200Merv 200Cairo 175Fez 160Kaifeng 150Kyoto 150Pagan 150

Ten Largest Cities in 1150 C.E.NAMES OF THE SEVEN LARGEST

CITIES EST POPHangchow 255Cairo 200Fez 200Pagan 180Kamakura 175

Ten Largest Cities in 1200 C.E.NAMES OF THE FIVE LARGEST

CITIES EST POPHangchow 320Cairo 300Fez 200Kamakura 200Pagan 180

Ten Largest Cities in 1250 C.E.NAMES OF THE FIVE LARGEST

CITIES EST POPHangchow 432Peking 401Cairo 400Paris 228Kamakura 200

Ten Largest Cities in 1300 C.E.NAMES OF THE FIVE LARGEST

CITIES EST POPHangchow 432Peking 400Cairo 350Paris 215Canton 150Kyoto 150

Ten Largest Cities in 1350 C.E.NAMES OF THE SIX LARGEST

CITIES EST POPNanknig 487Vijayanagar 400Cairo 360Paris 280Hangchow 235

Ten Largest Cities in 1400 C.E.NAMES OF THE FIVE LARGEST

CITIES EST POPPeking 600Vijayanagar 455Cairo 380Hangchow 250Tabriz 200

Ten Largest Cities in 1450 C.E.NAMES OF THE FIVE LARGEST

CITIES EST POPPeking 672Vijayanagar 500Cairo 400Hangchow 250Tabriz 250

Ten Largest Cities in 1500 C.E.NAMES OF THE FIVE LARGEST