Chronological Table

Social history by its very nature is concerned more with processes than events. Thus the enclosure movement and the building of canals, turnpike roads and railways proceeded over long years within the period 1760-1850s. But specific dates and events provide important signposts along the route of these broader changes.

Date Contemporary events Publications

1759 The Bridgewater Canal constructed. Over the next 60 years 2200 miles of still water and 2000 miles of river navigation opened

1768 Arthur Young, A Six Weeks' Tour through the Southern Counties

1769 Arthur Young, A Six Months' Tour through the North of England

1770 Oliver Goldsmith, The Deserted Village; Arthur Young, Rural Economy; or Essays on the Practical Parts of Husbandry

1776 Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations

c.1776-77 First annual sheep-shearing fair at Holkham (Norfolk); Thomas Coke of Holkham practised the 'Norfolk System' of large farms, long leases and crop rotations

1777 Foundation of the Bath and West Agricultural Society

1780 c.40% of labour force engaged in agriculture

1781 James Watt patented the rotary steam-engine

169

170 Life and Labour in Rural England, 1760-1850

Date Contemporary events Publications

1782 Gilbert's Act (permitting parishes to use workhouses merely for the aged, poor and infirm and not as a place of punishment). By 1830 only about 1000 out of 15 000 parishes had availed themselves of this power

1783 Lancelot ('Capability') Brown died

George Crabbe, The Village

1785 Meikle's threshing machine William Cowper, The Task

1787 Wilberforce began William Marshall, The parliamentary campaign Rural Economy of Norfolk against the slave trade

1791 London Veterinary College established

1793 Outbreak of war with France; lasted with one short break until1815. Accelerated Enclosure Movement (2000 Acts in this period). Board of Agriculture founded; it lasted until1822

1795 Bad harvests and food riots; David Davies, The Case of Speenhamland system of Poor Labourers in Husbandry Relief

1798 The Smithfield Club T.R. Malthus, Essay on the inaugurated Principle of Population; Sir

Frederic Eden, The State of the Poor

1799 First patent for a reaping machine issued to Joseph Bryce of London

1800 Robert Bloomfield, The Farmer's Boy

1801 First General Enclosure Act; first decennial Census of England and Wales (population 9 million - 18 million in 1851)

1803 Ellenborough's Act (poachers Humphry Repton, The offering armed resistance to Theory and Practice of lawful arrest might be hanged) Landscape Gardening

Chronological Table 171

Date Contemporary events Publications

1806 Humphry Repton, An Inquiry into the Changes of Taste in Landscape Gardening

1807 George Crabbe, The Parish Register

1810 c.33% of labour force engaged George Crabbe, The in agriculture Borough

1811 The National Society (for Promoting the Education of the Poor in the Principles of the Established Church) founded

1814 The British and Foreign School Jane Austen, Mansfield Society formed to provide Park education for Protestant children of all denominations

1815 Battle of Waterloo; end of Jane Austen, Emma Napoleonic Wars; Corn Law passed restricting sale of foreign grain until domestic price had reached a particular level (wheat 80s. a quarter). Ineffective and controversial. Amended in 1820s

1816 Game Law passed (possession of poaching equipment by night subject to seven years' transportation); agricultural riots in East Anglia

1817-19 Economic recession; poor relief at £8 million per annum (1783 -less than £2m; 1815-16 £5.7m)

1819 Peterloo 'Massacre'

1820 John Clare, Poems Descriptive of Rural Life

1821 Report from the Committee on John Clare, The Village the Depressed State of Minstrel and other poems; Agriculture in the United Kingdom, Parl. Papers, 1821,

William Cobbett began Rural Rides

Vol. 9 (average wages 9-10s. per week-in 181412-15s.)

172 Life and Labour in Rural England, 1760-1850

Date Contemporary events Publications

1822 Machine-breaking in Norfolk

1824 Mary Russell Mitford had first volume of Our Village published

1827 Mantraps and spring guns prohibited for use in preserving game

1828 Night Poaching Act passed (maximum sentence 3 months' hard labour with subsequent personal surety of £10 and two others of £5 each: transport-ation only for a third offence)

1830 'Swing' riots in southern and William Cobbett completed south-midland counties among Rural Rides destitute agricultural labourers; first steam-engine for drainage purposes (installed at West on Zoyland); opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway

1831 Archaic qualifications to shoot game abolished; penalties for poaching relaxed

1832 Reform Act passed 1833 First government grant for

elementary education (£20 000)

1834 Poor Law Amendment Act; 'Tolpuddle Martyrs'- 6 Dorset labourers sentenced to transportation for administering unlawful oaths in connection with illegal societies (allowed to return to England after c.3 years)

1835 Introduction of guano as John Clare, The Rural fertiliser from Peru Muse

1836 Tithe Commutation Act (cash system replaced payment in kind)

Chronological Table 173

Date Contemporary events Publications

1838 Foundation of the English R.S. Surtees,jorrocks' Agricultural Society (in 1840 jaunts and jollities the Royal Agricultural Society (originally in New Sporting of England); Anti-Corn-Law Magazine, 1831-34) League established to agitate for free trade

1839 First Royal Agricultural Society Show; use of mobile steam-engines in agriculture; County Police Act permitted magistrates at quarter sessions to establish a police force in county areas. Only about half the counties of England and Wales had adopted the measure before county forces were made obligatory in 1856

1842 Superphosphate factory at Charles Apperley Deptford; Lawes and Gilbert's ('Nimrod'), The Life of a experiments at Rothamsted led Sportsman to use of inorganic fertilisers

1843 Select Committee on R.S. Surtees, Handley Cross Allotments (expanded, 1854)

1844 The Royal College of William Barnes, Poems of Veterinary Surgeons founded Rural Life in the Dorset

Dialect

1845 The Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, established

1845-47 'Railway mania' (2440 miles of track in 1845; 6080 in 1850) made possible the large-scale movement of livestock for the first time, other than on foot

1846 Repeal of the Corn Laws

1851 Census: 1 788 000 men and Charles Kingsley, Yeast; 229 000 women in agriculture, James Caird, English horticulture and forestry Agriculture in 1850-51 (21.5% of labour force); The Great Exhibition at Crystal Palace (Hussey's and

174 Life and Labour in Rural England, 1760-1850

Date

1851 - contd

1851-56

1853

1856

1859

Contemporary events

McCormick's American reapers shown to the British public at the Exhibition; forerunners of a new era of harvesting technology); Fowler's drainage apparatus for pipe-laying utilised Development of steam­powered cultivators

Fowler's patent for ploughing with two traction engines

Publications

R.S. Surtees, Mr. Sponge's Sporting Tour

George Eliot, Adam Bede

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176 Life and Labour in Rural England, 1760-1850

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Special Assistant Poor Law Commissioners on the, Parliamentary Papers, 1843, Vol. XII

Farington, Joseph, The Farington Diary, ed. James Greig, 8 vols (London, 1922-28)

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Classics (London, 1952) Gaskell, Elizabeth C., Mary Barton (1848), Knutsford edn (London,

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Oliver Goldsmith, ed. Arthur Friedman, 5 vols (Oxford, 1966) --, The Deserted Village (1770) in A Book of English Poetry, ed.

G.B. Harrison (Harmondsworth, 1968) --, The Vicar of Wakefield in Collected Works of Oliver

Goldsmith, ed. Arthur Friedman, 5 vols (Oxford, 1966)

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Gunning, Henry, Reminiscences of the University, Town, and County of Cambridge from the Year 1780, 2 vols (London, 1854)

Hansard, 3rd Series, Vol. 87 (1846) Hardy, Mary, Mary Hardy's Diary, ed. B. Cozens-Hardy (Norfolk

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Complete Poetical Works of Thomas Hood, ed. Walter Jerrold, Oxford Edition (London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, 1906)

Howitt, William, The Rural Life of England, 2 vols (London, 1838)

Hyams, Edward (ed.), Taine's Notes on England (London, 1957) jackson's Oxford journal, 1795 Kingsley, Charles, Alton Locke, Everyman's Library (London,

1970) --,Yeast (London, 1925 ed.) Lloyd's Evening Post, 14-16 June 1762 Lucas MSS at Bedfordshire Record Office, L.30/11/215, f.86 and 109 Marshall, William, On the Appropriation and Inclosure of

Commonable and Intermixed Lands (London, 1801) --, On the Landed Property of England (London, 1804) Martineau, Harriet, Forest and Game-Law Tales, 3 vols (London,

1846) Mayett, Joseph, Autobiography of, MS. at Buckinghamshire Record

Office, D/X371 Mitford, Mary Russell, Our Village, 5 vols (London, 1824-1832) Olmsted, Frederick Law, Walks and Talks of an American Farmer

(Ann Arbor, 1967) Olney, R.J., Lincolnshire Politics 1832-1885 (Oxford, 1973) Osbaldeston, George, Squire Osbaldeston: His Autobiography, ed.

E.D. Cuming (London, 1926) 'Paston, George' [Emily M. Symonds], Sidelights on the Georgian

Period (London, 1902) Peacock, Thomas Love, Crotchet Castle (Harmondsworth, 1982) Poor Law Report of 1834, The, eds S.G. and E.O.A. Checkland

(Harmondsworth, 197 4) Roberts, William, Memoirs of the Life and Correspondence of Mrs.

Hannah More, 2nd edn, 4 vols (London, 1834) Saint-Fond, B. Faujas, Travels in England, Scotland and the

Hebrides, 2 vols (London, 1799)

178 Life and Labour in Rural England, 1760-1850

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, Selected Poems, World's Classics (London, 1960)

Skinner, John, journal of a Somerset Rector 1803-1834, eds Howard and Peter Coombs (London and New York, 1984)

Surtees, R.S., Ask Mamma, Folio Society ed. 1954 --,Handley Cross (London, 1930) --,Mr. Sponge's Sporting Tour, World's Classics (London, 1958) Tennyson, Alfred, The Poems of Tennyson, ed. Christopher Ricks

(London, 1969) Thirsk, Joan and lmray, Jean (eds), Suffolk Farming in the

Nineteenth Century (Suffolk Record Society, 1958) Trollope, Anthony, Barchester Towers, World's Classics (London,

1960) --, Framley Parsonage, World's Classics (London, 1957) --, The Small House at Allington, World's Classics (London,

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Correspondence, ed. W.S. Lewis et al., Vol. 38 (of 48 vols) (London, 197 4)

Wesley, John, The journal of, ed. Nehemiah Curnock, 8 vols (London, 1909)

White, Gilbert, The Natural History ofSelborne (1789), Everyman's Library (London, 1949)

Woodforde, James, The Diary of a Country Parson 1758-1802, ed. John Beresford, World's Classics (London, 1967)

Wordsworth, William, The Poetical Works, ed. E. de Selincourt, 5 vols (Oxford, 1952)

--,The Prelude in The Poetical Works of William Wordsworth, ed. Thos Hutchinson (London, 1904)

Wrekington Hiring in Collection of Broadsides, etc. at British Library, 1875. d.13

Young, Arthur, A Six Weeks' Tour Through the Southern Counties of England and Wales (London, 1768)

--, MSS at the British Library, Add. MSS 35,129, f.78

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The following list includes a selection of books on the economic, social and literary history of the later Georgian and early Victorian period. For the most part, these are general surveys only, designed to

Bibliography 179

amplify or explain the broad theme of the book, rather than detailed studies of specialised topics within the period covered.

Ashton, T.S., An Economic History of England: The 18th Century (London, 1972)

Bettey, J.H., Rural Life in Wessex 1500-1900 (Bradford-on-Avon, 1977)

Bohstedt,John, Riots and Community Politics in England and Wales 1790-1810 (Cambridge, Mass., 1983)

Bovill, E.W., English Country Life 1780-1830 (London, 1962) --,The England of Nimrod and Surtees 1815-1854 (London, 1959) Chambers, J.D. and Mingay, G.E., The Agricultural Revolution

1750-1880 (London, 1966) Deane, Phyllis and Cole, W.A., British Economic Growth 1688-1959

(Cambridge, 1964) Duckworth, Alistair M., The Improvement of the Estate: A Study of

jane Austen's Novels (Baltimore and London, 1971) Fuller, Margaret, West Country Friendly Societies (Reading, 1964) Hammond, J.L. and Barbara, The Village Labourer, Guild Books,

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Albion's Fatal Tree (London, 1975) Hobsbawm, E.J. and Rude, George, Captain Swing (London, 1969) Holderness, B.A.,' "Open" and "Close" Parishes in England in the

Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries', Agricultural History Review, Vol. XX (1972)

Horn, Pamela, The Rural World 1780-1850 (London, 1980) Jones, E.L., The Development of English Agriculture 1815-1873

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Mathias, Peter, The First Industrial Nation, 2nd edn (London, 1983) Mingay, G.E., English Landed Society in the Eighteenth Century

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(London, 1953)

180 Life and Labour in Rural England, 1760-1850

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England 1540-1880 (Oxford, 1984) Thompson, F.M.L., English Landed Society in the Nineteenth

Century (London, 1963) Turberville, A.S. (ed.),]ohnson's England, 2 vols (Oxford, 1965) Turner, Michael, Enclosure in Britain 1750-1830 (London, 1984) --, 'Parliamentary Enclosure and Landownership Change in

Buckinghamshire', Economic History Review, 2nd Series, Vol. XXVIII (November, 1975)

Watson, Frederick, Robert Smith Surtees (London, 1933) Williams, Raymond, Culture and Society 1780-1950

(Harmondsworth, 1982) --, The Country and the City (London, 1973)

Index

Agricultural depression 18, 19, 20, 64-73, 81-104, 139, 144, 171

Agricultural employment 9, 20, 24, 47, 165-7, 169, 171

Agricultural implements & machinery 36-7, 45, 81-3, 156, 159, 170, 172, 173, 174

Agriculture 1, 3, 4, 26, 36, 47, 73, 74

Andrews, C. Bruyn 41, 60, 63, 110, 121

Arch, Joseph 143 Argyll, Duke of 31-3 Arson 82, 86, 92 Austen, Jane 19, 29, 33, 37, 38, 40,

44, 60, 61, 171

Barnes, Rev. William 130, 145, 148, 173

Bath 10, 11, 35, 108 Beaufort, Duke of 108, 150 Bedford, Duke of 31, 36, 147, 150,

151 Bedfordshire 52, 53, 141 Bergonzi, Bernard 25 Berkshire 18, 19, 51, 84, 85, 90,

102, 141, 162 Birth rate 8, 9 Blomfield, Alfred 152, 153 Bloomfield, Robert 14, 56-8, 170 Borrow, George 22 Brighton 35 Bristol 6, 7 Britton, John 14, 106, 107, 108 Bronte, Charlotte 2, 3, 125 Bronte, Emily 27 Brown, Lancelot ('Capability') 38,

170 Buckingham, Duke of 150, 151 Buckinghamshire 50, 71, 72, 100,

141

Buckmaster, John 100-1 Byng, Col. John 40, 42, 59, 62,

107, 109, 121 Byron, Lord 66, 67

Caird,James 155, 156, 157, 162, 173

Cambridgeshire 5, 6, 47, 62, 102, 150

'Captain Swing' 82, 83-6, 88, 89, 121, 172

Cardiff 6 Cawdor, Earl 98 Chadwick, Owen 116, 152 Checkland, S.G. 90, 91 Cheshire 4, 5, 9, 26, 47, 73 Child bearing, see Birth rate Child labour 9, 56, 77, 78, 122,

126, 127, 163--4 Child welfare 75, 78, 163 Church of England 29-30, 112-19,

122, 123, 147, 149, 160 Clare, John 48, 61, 62, 80, 81, 83,

118-19, 121, 171, 172 Clergy 29-30, 34, 51, 96, 106,

112-19,124,144, 149,152--4 'Close' parishes 44, 148-9 Cobbett, William x, 19, 21, 22, 25,

69, 70, 74, 79, 82, 83, 171, 172 Coke, Thomas 169 Corn Laws 66, 67, 83, 100-1, 102,

103--4, 167, 171, 173 Cottage industries, see Rural crafts Country estates 30--44 Country life 1, 13, 16, 23-5, 108-

110 Cowper, William 12, 40, 170 Crabbe, Rev. George 25, 42, 43,

89, 114, 115, 116, 122, 140, 141, 170, 171

Crime 21, 22, 83-8, 121, 139--42

182 Index

Cumberland, Duke of 106 Cumbria 13, 26, 47, 97, 145, 150,

157-9, 162

Dairying 4, 24, 47, 75, 76 Davies, Rev. David 51, 170 Derbyshire 5 Devon 54, 68, 76, 77 Devonshire, Duke of 31, 35, 147 Dickinson, William 157-9 Diet 21, 23-4, 31-3, 52, 166 Disraeli, Benjamin 15, 92, 93, 97 Dorset 4, 76, 77, 145, 161, 172 Drunkenness 11, 24, 101, 128,

165-7 Durham 97 Dyer, John 48, 49

Eden, Sir F.M. 17, 18 Education 56, 78, 121-7, 148, 166,

168, 171 Eliot, George 23-4, 28, 75, 107,

160--1, 174 Enclosure 15, 17, 44, 46--51, 144,

157, 158, 161, 170 Essex 4, 44, 84, 150

Fairs & markets 4-5, 53, 70, 82, 119, 132

Family life x, 45, 78, 79, 80--1, 158-9

Farmers 8, 19, 20, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 40, 44, 50, 57, 59, 64, 65, 67-8, 70, 71, 73, 87, 88, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 135, 142, 144, 149, 154-9, 161, 165, 166, 167

Farming methods 4, 40, 41, 46, 47, 48, 57, 73, 74, 75, 76, 81, 117, 133, 147, 154, 155-9, 169, 172, 173

Feasts & festivals 16, 30, 35, 78, 128, 129-34

Flint 54 Food shortages 52-4, 64 Foxhunting 69, 108, 109, 110,

134-8 Fremantle, Anne 35

French wars 18, 19, 48, 58-63, 81, 162, 170, 171

Friendly societies 128-31 Fuel, supplies of 28, 41, 79, 81 Fuller, Margaret 128

Gamekeepers 78, 137, 139, 140, 141

Game preservation 110, 134, 137-43, 172

Gaskell, Elizabeth C. 2, 3, 4, 145-6

Gentleman's Magazine, The 37, 119, 120, 153

George III 36 Girling, Elizabeth 60 Gloucestershire 5, 166 Glyde, John, Jr 95 Goldsmith, Oliver 15-17, 18, 30,

48, 109, 169 Graham, Sir James 98, 150, 154,

167 Greville, Charles 95-6 Gunning Henry 4, 6 Gypsies 22

Hampshire 9, 79, 84, 85 Hardy, Mary 55, 56 Harvest failures 52-3, 170 Herefordshire 166 Hertfordshire 138, 141, 150 Hood, Thomas 94 Horn, Pamela 72, 73, 134, 148 Housing 9, 20, 21, 27, 28, 41, 45,

51, 80--1, 111, 148, 159, 164-5 Howitt, William 104-5, 111, 112,

130 Huntingdonshire 41

Improvements 36, 37, 38-40, 41, 49, 73, 111-12, 147, 150, 154, 158, 173, 174

Industrialisation 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 11, 17, 64, 162, 169

Keith, W.J. 1, 13 Kent 4, 74, 83, 84

Kent, Nathaniel 36, 38 Kingsley, Rev. Charles 25, 78,

163, 164, 173

Labourers, agricultural 20, 21, 23-4,26,27, 34, 35,41, 53, 54, 56-8, 70, 79, 80, 83, 89, 94, 128, 145, 148, 149, 159, 161, 163, 164-7

Lancashire 26, 162 Landed society 17, 26, 30-44, 59,

65,69,96-105,106,107,109, 110, 111, 134-43, 144-51, 167, 168

Law enforcement 54-5, 81, 82, 83-8, 106, 119, 120, 139-43, 147, 172, 173

Leicestershire 5, 47, 150 Leisure interests 5-6, 30, 31, 32-3,

37,68,69, 106,107-8,128, 129-43, 150, 154, 159

Lincolnshire 47, 48, 83, 99, 145, 150

Livestock farming 4, 6, 26, 48, 64, 73

London 4, 5, 6, 33, 37, 61, 108, 110, 164

Lucas papers 52-3

Magistracy 44, 54, 55, 67, 70, 72, 82, 83,84-6,87, 88,96, 106, 142, 173

Marketing methods 4-6, 7, 53, 120, 159, 160-1

Markets, see Fairs & markets Marlborough, Duke of 109 Marriage 8, 9, 107, 132, 150-1 Marshall, William 44, 49, 50, 170 Mathias, Peter 47 Mayett, Joseph 71-2 Migration 8, 17, 72-3, 74, 81, 92,

107, 163 Militia & yeomanry 59-60, 62-3,

71 Mingay, G.E. 26, 28, 34 Mitford, Mary R. 18, 19, 21, 22,

25, 84-6, 124, 172 Monck, Sir Charles 99-100

Monmouthshire 166 More, Hannah 123

Index 183

Nonconformity 82,113-14,115, 116, 118, 160

Norfolk 4, 55, 60, 116, 119, 150, 152

Northamptonshire 48, 61, 91, 119 Northumberland 99 Northumberland, Duke of 31, 37

Olmsted, Frederick L. 165-6 'Open' parishes 44, 148, 149-50 Oxfordshire 84, 91, 141

Parliament 34, 46 'Paston, George' 60 Peacock, Thomas L. 121, 142 Pinchbeck, Ivy 75 Poaching 46, 88, 106, 134, 137,

139-43, 170, 171, 172 Politics 15, 26, 31, 34, 82, 93, 96-

105, 153, 161, 172 Poor Law Amendment Act, 1834

75, 90-2, 95, 127, 128, 172 Poor relief 52-3, 54, 67, 71-2, 73,

75, 82, 88-96, 170, 171 Population, size of 1, 8-10, 17, 73,

81, 92, 107, 163, 169, 170, 171, 173

Portland, Duke of 138 Poverty 16-17,20-1,41,42,50-1,

65-73, 76, 77, 78, 83, 90-6, 140, 141, 171

Prices 6, 7, 19, 34, 52, 53, 54, 64, 65-6,67,71, 72, 73,90,104

Piickler-Muskau, Prince 96-7, 136

Radnor 4 Rentals 66-7, 69, 70, 73, 97, 98,

100, 104, 142, 156 Repton, Humphry 38, 39, 170,

171 Richmond, Duke of 103-4 Riots 53-6, 64, 65, 81, 82, 83-6,

88, 89, 170, 172 Romantic movement 1, 12, 13, 14,

56-8

184 Index

Royal Agricultural Society of England 154, 173

Rural crafts & cottage industries x, 2, 9, 27-8, 45, 56, 77, 128, 129, 149, 151, 158-61

Rural sports 31, 36, 69-70, 108, 110, 111, 131, 132, 134-43, 148, 150, 154

Rutland 141 Rutland, Duke of 95-6

Saint-Fond, B. Faujas 31-3 Sales, Roger 13, 84 Schools, see Education Schools, H.M. Inspectors of 125,

126 Selborne 9, 10, 19 Servants 20, 31, 35, 42, 43, 57,

123, 124, 125, 151, 159, 160 Shelley, Percy Bysshe 65 Sickness 8, 76, 89, 152 Skinner,John 117 Smith, Rev. Sydney 10 Social behaviour & manners 11,

14, 16, 17,20-1,23-4,29,30, 31-3,34,43-4,46,48,65, 70, 78, 89,92,93, 115,122, 12~ 132, 149, 152-4, 158-9, 160, 163-4, 165-6

Social distinctions 17, 29-37, 43, 66, 70, 78, 122, 123, 125, 144, 149, 160, 167

Somerset 46, 76, 117, 123 Speenhamland system 90, 170 Spring, David 147, 167 Stone, Lawrence 38, 168 Stubbs, George 36, 139 Suffolk 4, 44, 47, 56, 65, 67, 75,

81, 84, 94, 95, 162 Superstition 112, 118-21 Surrey x, 4, 19, 74 Surtees, R.S. 7, 11, 69, 109, 110,

135, 136, 137, 155-6, 173, 174 Sussex 4, 74, 75, 83, 84, 162

Taine, Hippolyte A. 144, 164, 165 Tennyson, Alfred 1, 74, 157 Textile workers x, 2, 9, 64, 75

Thirsk, Joan 134 Thompson, F.M.L. 64, 97, 142 Tithes 68, 116-18, 172 Transport:

railways 7, 110, 112, 163, 172, 173

road 7, 10, 11, 28, 108 water 6, 7, 10, 169

Trollope, Anthony 97, 98, 103, 113, 135, 146, 147, 148, 149

Trollope, Mrs Frances 93

Urbanisation 1, 11, 12-13, 25

Village community 9, 11, 12, 16-17,18-19,23-4,29-30,42, 106-12, 145

Wages 20-1, 34, 64, 72, 75, 76-7, 79, 82, 83, 90, 91, 162, 164, 165, 166

Wales 6, 7, 26, 44, 75 Walpole, Horace 106 Warton, Joseph 11 Warwickshire 23 Watson, Frederick 11 Wellington, Duke of 150-1 Wesley,John 113-14, 116 Westmorland 33, 44 White, Rev. Gilbert 9, 10, 19 Wiltshire 4, 76, 84, 106, 128, 141,

162, 166 Witchcraft 119-20 Women workers:

cottage industries x, 9, 56, 75-9, 157-9

education 122, 124-5 land 9, 24, 57, 58, 75-9, 157-9

Woodforde, Rev. James 34 Worcestershire 4, 87 Wordsworth, William 12, 13, 25,

44, 45, 131

Young, Arthur 6, 7, 34, 50, 59, 144, 169

Yorkshire 2, 4, 5, 26, 44, 47, 52, 72, 150, 162