Chronology Ancient Near East From 9000 to 1 BCE

7/30/2019 Chronology Ancient Near East From 9000 to 1 BCE

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ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES 1

Near Eastern Chronology at a Glance JOHN LEWIS 11/5/05

YEAR BC 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400

Rise of the Polis

Early Minoan Middle Minoan Late Minoan Aetolia Settled Peloponnesian WarAegean Sea ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13th Century Breakdown||

Predynastic Archaic Old 1st Middle Hyksos 2nd New 18th Ramessids 3rd Kushite Persian PtolemiacDynastic Kingdom Intermediate Kingdom Invasions Intermed Kingd Dynasty | Intermediate Invasions Period Rule

Egypt ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

||

2400 2000 1700-1270 | 1020 738 587-37Patriarchal Abraham [Egyptian Captivity---------] to Canaan Kings Assyrian Babylonian

| Conquest Captivity

Hebrews -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|

13th Century Breakdown

Amurru |Ugari t, H itt it es CollapseAlalakh, Emar Sack of Ugarit, Hazor

Syria / Palestine-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|||

Amorites Hittite Middle |Infiltrate State Hittites | Lydians Persians Macedonians

Asia Minor -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|||

Isin 1st Dynasty-]Assyria 1500 1360 | Assyria Assyria Neo- Ninevah fallsLarsa Dynasty --]Shamsi- Mittani Assyrian | Tilgath 2nd Rise Assyrian to Babs, Medes

adad Middle | Pilser I 880 612

North Mesopotamia -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |

| |Lagash-umma Uruinimgina of Lagash | |Sumer Archaic War Ur 3rd Dynasty Fall of Babylonia Kassites in | Nebuchadnezzar Cyrus takesCities UR Ur to East Hammurabi Babylonia ------------------] sacks Susa; ends Babylon 539

AkkadSargon I Gudea of Lagash takes Babylonia | 2nd Elamite period

South Mesopotamia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Early Dynastic Periods: |

Late Uruk I: 2900-2750 IIIa: 2600-2450 |Period: 3500-3100 II:2750-2600 IIIb: 2450-2350 |

Jamdet-Nasr |Periiod: 3100-2900 Hammurabi Middle | Elam takes Rise of Cyrus

takes Fars area Elamites | Babylonia 1155 Persians: 559 BC

East -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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Near Eastern Chronology in Detail

Dates for Mesopotamia based largely on Van De Mieroop,A History of the Ancient Near East(Oxford: Blackwell, 2004).Dates for Egypt: GrimalA History of Egypt(Oxford: Blackwell, 2005)D.I = 1st Dynasty

DATE BC EGYPT MESOPOTAMIA LEVANT COAST

GREEKS

SOURCES, AND

COMMENTS

PREHISTORIC ERA

9000 Proto-Neolithic

8000 Aceramic-Neolithic

7000 Neolithic Hassana: northern Mesopotamia

Earliest seals, kilns, smelting

Pottery-Neoltihic [Van De Mieroop ch. 1]

6000 Halafin culture

5000 1st Predynastic Period:Chalcolithic Ubaid [Grimal ch.1]

4500 2nd Predynastic Preiod: Naqada I or

Amratian @ el-Amra (near Luxor)

Potters wheel, plow invented; the sail (?) Ubaid

4000 4300-3100: Uruk, Sumerians, southern Mesopotamia3500 3rd Predynastic, 2nd Naqada period. Gerzean

@ el Gerza (near Faiyum)

Late Uruk (Levels XIV-III)

Jemdet Nasr period Cylinder Seals (some found in

Egypt)

3761: Year 1 of Jewish

Calendar. 1 a.m. = 1

anno mundi

[Van De Mieroop ch. 2

Origins: Uruk]

3300 3rd Naqada period Pictographic writing on clay

HISTORIC PERIODS BEGIN

3150

Scorpion

Macehead

Archaic-Dynastic Period: Earliest Kings

3150-2700 Kings, known as Menes

Scorpion, Narmer, Aha

United Upper and Lower Egypt: D.I & D.II.

Thinite Period @ This near Abydos2 Tombs of Wadjii @Abydos & Saqqara

Stele of King Wadjii

Narmer Palette

Step Pyramid of Djoser@ Saqqara

Sumerian Cities: Uruk, Ur, Lagash, Eridu; Eanna; Kish

in competition

Cuneiform writing on stone[Grimal ch.2]

3100-2900 3100: Reign of Aha ends Jemdet Nasr Period

Uruk III; Eanna Precinct

Dramatic dating,Epic of Gilgamesh


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2800-2350 EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD [Van De Mieroop ch. 3

Competing City-States]

2800 Old Kingdom. Pyramids at Sakkara, Ghiza Archaic Ur [Grimal ch.4-5]

2780-20 D(ynasty).III: Djoser Scorpion (courtier =

Imhotep). Adopts theocratic title Golden

Horus and Son of Ra for monarchs.

Step Pyramid at Saqqara

2720-2560 D.IV Snofru.

Cheops = Khufu

Djedefre

Chephren (pyramid)

Greeks: Herodotus on

Egyptians

2560-2420 D.V Userkaf. Kings linked solidly to

priesthood.

2500 King Mesilin of Kish

Tablets from Fara and Abu Salabikh

2500-2350 Lagash Umma Border Wars

2420-2270 D.VI Teti

Pacifies tension with nobles

Tomb of Harkhuf at Aswan, records Nubian

expedition

2400 Pepy I Mery-Tawi Loved in Two Lands.

Autobiography of Weni, an official

Urinimgina of Lagash 2400-2000 Early

Minoan Period

2400-2350 Merenre Antiemdjaf Anti = war god.

Expands into Nubia

Bau-temple archive, Girsu

2350 Pepy II (a long reign). Decline of Old

Kingdom in growth of local official

power, kingdom splits into 2 viziers.

Nitocris (difficult succession)

King Lugalzagesi of Umma

Ebla Archives


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2334-2279 Akkad (Agade): Sargon I

Central Mesopotamia, Agade overthrows Lugalzagesi

Dramatic date,Autobiography of Sargon

Jews: Patriarchal Period.

Roots of Jews in

Mesopotamia; to Canaan


Political Centralization]

2278-70 Nebhepetre Mentuhotpe II

last Old Kingdom ruler

Akkad: Rimush. Akkad weakens in succession struggles

2270-2100 1st Intermediate Period

D.VII-X

Egypt fragmented politically

D.X: Wall of the Prince built vs. Sinai

Amorites (Semetic Bedouins) movement into Palestinecause displacements; to Nile Delta and elsewhere?

[Grimal ch.6]

2269-55 Akkad: Manishtushu

2254-18 Akkad : Naram-Sin

Victory Stele of Naram Sim

2217-2193 Akkad: Sharkalishari

2189-69 Akkad: Dadu

2168-54 Shu-Turul

2100 Middle KingdomD.XI Gudea of Lagash Gudea Cylinders [Grimal ch.7]

2112-2095 Earliest confirmed use of site at Temple ofKarnak. List in Hall of Ancestors claims

to D.III. Building site for


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1990-1790 D.XII

Ammenemes I. Amun is at head combines

Amun w/ Heliopolis theology.

1970: co-rule w/ son

1961 Ammenemes killed; Sesostris I

1928 Ammenemes II1910-1830 Karum-Kanesh level II

1897 1895 Sesostris II

1878 Sesostris III (main figure of legend)

Conquest of Nubia, and sealing of borders

The First Semneh Stele

Isin and Larsa at war

1894-1595 1st Dynasty of Babylon: Samuabum (Amorite) founds

Babylon and Assyria struggle after fall of Ur

1834 Larsa: Kudur-Mabuk dynasty

1822-1763 Larsa: Rim-Sin I

1810-1740 Karum-Kanesh level Ib

1808-1781 Assur: Shamsi-Adad seizes throne; Assyria rises.

Kingdom divides on his death.


Territorial States]

1800-1762 1800: Egyptian Tale of Sinuhe Mari archives

1795 Ari under Yasmah-Addu rule

1793 Larsa: Rim-Sin conquers Isin. End of 1st Dynasty of Isin

1792-50 Babylon: Hammurabi I inherits throne. 6th king.

Babylonian Law Code

cf. Hebraic Laws at Exodus

21-23; Leviticus 17-26;

Deuteronomy 12-26

1790-1633 D.XIII & XIV

1776 Death of Shamsi-Adad. Allows the Amorite Hammurabi

(his vassal?) to rise

1766-62 Babylon: Hammurabi conquers southern

Babylonia, Fars. End of Larsa DynastyEnd of Eshnunna

1761 Babylon: Hammurabi conquers Mari

1749-12 Babylon: Samsuiluna loses control of southern

Babylonia

1711-1684 Babylon: Abi-eshuh

1674-1552 Hyksos Period. Semetic Foreign rule.

D.XIV to 1633

D.XV & XVI Hyksos

D.XVII Thebes

1700-1270 Egyptian

Captivity of Jews

[Grimal ch.8]


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1650-1550 Second Intermediate Period Old Hittite State (Hatta)

Hattusili I (1650-20) founds

Hittite Laws (copied through later centuries)

1620-1590 Hatti: Mursili I

1595 Hittite Mursili sacks Babylon (Hammurabi II). End

of Old Babylonian dynasty.Kassites (Mountain People) rise

1552 New Kingdom: Ahmose I ends Hyksos rule

iaH-msi(w)(The Moon Is

Born)

D.XVIII 1552-1350

Pyramid at Abydos (last royal tomb)

His mummy from Deir el-Bahari

The Autobiography of Ahmose

Greek: 1580-1400

Late Minoan I

[Grimal ch.9]

1525 1526-06 Amenhotep I1506-1493 Tuthmosis Hatti: Telepinus Restores unity

1500 1493-79 Tuthmosis II

1479-25 Tuthmosis III

Egyptian Book of the Dead: Compiled Spells

and Incantations.

Main Regional powers:

Middle Elamites (Western Iran) under Igi-halki; first re-

integration since Hammurabis attacks. Construction

of Liyan, eastern Persian Gulf (w/ziggurat); rise of

Elamite language

Kassites (Babylonia) until 1155

Middle Hittites (Anatolia)

Mittani: Parattarna rules North Mesopotamia / Syria

(later supplanted by Assyria)

Smaller powers:

Syro-Palestinian Ugarit, Alalakh, EmarThese powers rise, decline by 1200

Greek: Volcanic

Destruction of

Knossos (Rebuilt)

Mycenaean Rise


Club of Great Powers]

[Van De Mieroop ch.8

Western States]


Kassites, Assyrians and

Elamites]

1486-1450 Tuthmose III. Raids through Palestine into

Euphrates valley

1425-01 Amenhotep II. Expands into Syro-Palestine

1400 1401-1390 Tuthmosis IV Mittani: Artatama I

Western Iran unified

Greek: Fall of Knossos

1400-1182 Ugarit Kingdom in Syro-Palestine Greek: 1400 1100

Late Minoan II

Mycenaean Palaces

1390-52 Amenhotep III Babylonia: Kadashman-Enlil I


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1363-28 1st Rise of Assyria: Assur-uballit I

Limits strength of Babylonia in Tigris Valley

Middle Assyrian Period

Asyrian Empire lasts until 612 and fall of Ninevah

1365-35 Amarna Archive: Diplomatic Letters btw. Egyptian

(Amenhotep II / Akhnaten) & Mesopotamian Kings1363-18 Ugarit: Niqmadu II

Baal Cycle (Conflict myth: Baal defeats sea-god Yam.

Similar, Enum-Elish)

1352-48 Amenhotep IV

1350-1200 Mittani: Tushratta

Tale of Aghat, Ugarite narrative

Legend of King Kirta, Ugarite narrative

cf.II Samuel9-20;I Kings

1-2

1348-38 Akhnaten: Experiment in Monotheism [Grimal ch.10]

1344-22 1338-36 Smenkhkare Hatti: Suppiluliuma I. Subdues Mittani, vassals made of

Ugarit, Qadash, Amurru and other former Mittani

vassals. Viceroy est. At Carachemish

Treaty of Suppiluliuma and Mattiwaza of the Mittani

Treaties: cf.Exodus 20-24;

Deuteronomy;Joshua 24

1340 1336-27 Tutankhamun

1327-23 Ay

Babylonia: Burnaburiash II

1325 1323-1295 Horemheb

1328: Death of Babylonia: Kurigalzu II

Amurra: King Aziru: allegiance from Egypt to Hatti.

Hittites and Egypt divided Syro-Palestine.

Ugarit, Amurru: Syro-Palestinian cities

1313-1280 Amurru: Tuppi-Teshub

1321-1295 Hatti: Mursili II (son of Suppiluliuma)

Treaty of Mursili II and Tuppi-Teshub

1305-1207 Assyria: sustained military expansion1305-1274 Adad-nirari I

1300 Hatti: Muwatalli II

Ziggurat w/ internal stairway at Chaga Zanbil (Elamite)


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1295-1188 D.XIXThe Ramessids

1295-94 Rameses I

1294-79 Sethos I (Seti)

1279-1212 Rameses II (son of Sethos)

[Grimal ch.11]

1275 Mittani: Shattiwaza

1274 Egyptian aggression ends peaceful divisionof Palestine with Hittites

Assyria: 1273-44 Shalmaneser IBattle of Qadesh (Kadesh): Hittites under Muwatalli II

limit Egypts expansion north under Rameses II.

Egyptian Account of the Battle of Kadesh

Peace Treaty between Rameses and Mutwatalli II

(Hittite version)

Ca. 1270: End of EgyptianCaptivity of the Jews:

OT Exodus 12.21

Genesis 47.11,Exodus 1.11

ref. Rameses area

1272-67 Hatti: Mursili III

1267-37 Hatti: Hattusili III usurps Jews Journey to Canaan

Conquest of Canaan?

Joshua

Infiltrate Canaan?Judges

1260 1259 Rameses II and Hattusili III (Hittites)

treaty

Babylonia: Kadashman-Enlil II

Assyria: Shalmaneser I controls Babylon

1250 Elam: Untash-Napirisha

1237-09 Hatti: Tudhaliya IV

1225 Babylonia: Kashtiliashu IV

Assyria: Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243-07) sacks Babylon

1209 Merneptah (1213-1204); vs. people of the

countries of the sea. Forays into Syro-

Palestine; earliest non-biblical ref. to

Jewish people (not a state)

Moves admin. center from Pi-Rameses back

to Memphis

Amurra (Shaushga-muwa) and Hatti (Tudhaliya IV)

treaty


Collapse of Regional

System]

1207-00 1205:Merneptah Stele (Arnold & Beyer 50) Assyria: Tukulti-Ninurta I assassinated; Assurnadinapli

(1206-03)

Hatti: Suppiluliuma II

Merneptah Stele: only

mention of Jews as people

in Egypt literature


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1200-1150 1202-1199 Amenmesse

1202-1196 Sethos II

1196-90 Siptah

1196-88 Twosre

Foreign attacks (Sea Peoples) limit influence of

major states: Assyria, Babylonia, Elam, Egypt

Assyria reduced to heartland

Collapse of Hatti State in Anatolia;1185 Hittite-

dependent Emar sacked (west Euphrates)

Sack of Ugarit, Hazor, as Syrian cities becomeindependent

Arameans control Syrian countryside

Philistines settle in Levant Coast

Letters from Ugaritdocument ships of the enemy

(Van De Mieroop183)

Jews: 1st Archaeological

evidence in Canaan

Greek: End of Mycenaean

Greeks. Siege of Troy.

Cyprus develops.

1188-1069 D.XX

1188-86 Sethnahkte

1186-54 Rameses III

1180 Rameses III (1186-54) fights peoples who

come by sea (Van de Meiroop 184)

Judges.Renewal of Legal,

Religious, Political, Order

1175 Elam: Shutruck-Nahhunte I

1155 1154-48 Rameses IV Elam: Shutruk-Nahhunte invades Babylonia; end ofKassite dynasty. 2nd Dynasty of Isin (to 1026)

1150 Elam: Kutir-Nahhunte (son of Shutruck)

1145 1148-44 Rameses V Elam: Shilhak-Inshushinak

1140 Assyria: Assur-resha-ishi I

1144-36 Rameses VI

1136-28 Rameses VII

1128-25 Rameses VIII

1120 1125-07 Rameses IX. The kingdom built by

Rameses II is falling aprart. Nubia breaks

off. Challenges from priests at Thebes.

Babylonia: Nebuchadnezzar I (1125-04) sacks Susa

(1110). Elamite kingdom subordinated (to 740

End of Middle Elamite period

1107-1098 Rameses X

1198-69 Rameses XI

1069 Smendes

1114-1076 Assyrian Reforms: Tiglath-Pileser I

Collections of 14th c. laws:Middle Assyrian Laws

Royal Records (Arnold/Beyer #39)

1069-945 Third Intermediate Period: D.XXI Tanite

Kings; rule with Theban Chief Priest

EpicEnuma Elish. (Conflict myth w/ sea god.) [Grimal ch.13]

1049-31 1040-993 Psusennes I unites kingly and

religious powers. Buried at Tanis.

Assurnasirpal I

1030-19 Assyria: Shalmaneser II

1020 Period of Kings.

Death of Samuel.

Saul made king. Revolt

by David; Saul slain.

OTSamuel I&II1002 David King of Hebrews


10/17


OTSamuel II

993 993-984 Amenemope

984-978 Osorkon the Elder

978-959 Siamun

970 Egypt (Siamun) wastes Philistine city Gezer;I Kings

9.16.

Solomon, King

OTKings I & II: Death of

David to fall of Judah966-35 959-945 Psusennes II Asssyria: Tilgath-Pileser II

945-715 D.XXII: Bubasite Kings

945-924 Shoshenq I: appoints son Priest at

Amun, military CinC and governor of

Upper Egypt

897: Osorkons unsuccessful expedition against Judah

(II Chronicles 14.8-15)

934-12 Assyria: re-emergence of text records

Assyria: Asur-dan II

930 Death of Solomon (I Kings

14.21); kingdom divided

924-889 Osorkon I890-889 Shoshenq II (Priest of Amun)

883-59 889-874 Takelot I 2nd Rise of Assyria: expands empire yoke of Assur

Assurnasirpal II: Asur guards 1stborn child


Rise of Assyria]

878 874-850 Osorkon II (allows Harsiese to

follow father Shoshenq II as priest of

Amun; hereditary priesthood est.)

Equilibrium btw king and priest erodes

Harsiese and Osorkon compete

Assurnasirpal sets capital at Kalhu.

Conquers Northern / Middle Mesopotamia, Orontes

Valley, Coast of Amurru. Threatens Egypt.

[Grimal 326:

Assurnasirpal &

Mosul]

870-46 Jehosaphat r. Judah

858-24 Assyria: Shalmaneser III (son of Assurnasirpal; classic

2-gen. tyranny)

Black Obelisk Tribute Stele (Arnold/Beyer #40)

853 Egypt policy supports Syro-Palestinians,

against advance of Assyria into Nile

Valley

Battle of Qargar: Shalmaneser III (Assyria) 6-year

campaign, marches in Syria vs. western coalition of

Hamath, Damascus and Israel. Assyrian advance

halted. Coalition ends w/ death of Hadad-ezer of

Syria


Near East 1stMillenium]

850 850-825 Takelot II Sarduri I unifies Urartian state (north of Assyria) 846-41 Jehoram (Judah)

850-41 Joram (Israel)

840 839: Death of Chief Priest Nimlot; struggle

to succeed. Thebes revolts; Prince

Osorkon suppresses; claims priesthood.

Shalmaneser III to north (for tribute) vs. Neo-Hittites 841 Jehu (king of Israel)

pays tribute to Assyria

835-827 Conflict with Thebes, reconciliation.

832-27: Shalmaneser III moves vs. Urartu

827-823 Assyria: rebellions on the heartland on death of

830: King Mesha of Moab:

Mesha Stele (Louvre)


11/17


Shalmaneser III. (Arnold & Beyer 51)

with victory over Israel

OTKings:Israel victory

over Moab

823-715 825: Death of Takelot II, struggle.

D.XXII splits power w/ D.XXIII within

the Delta

Assyria declines

823-811 Assyria: Shamsi-Adad V

811-783 Assyria: Adad-nirari, son of Shamsi and QueenSammuramat

D.XXII

825-773 Shoshenq

III bro. of Osorkon

Priest of Thebes

773-67 Pimay

767-30 Shoshenq V

D.XXIII

817-793 Pedubastis I

king at Leontopolis

793-87 Shoshenq IV

787-59 Osorkon III

754-15 Iuput II

Ca. 800: Greek: Settlement

of Ionian, Aeolia.

1st Olympics 776

760 Nubia rising in independent power.

Kashta on throne (Kushites)

754-45 Assur-nirari V

Treaty of Mati-ilu of Abad and Bargayah (in Aramaic)

Treaty: Assur-nirari V and Mati-ilu (in Akkadian)

[Grimal ch.XIV]

745-525 Late Period Rise of Neo-Assyrian Empire (to 612)

Assyria: Tilgath-Pileser III reformsVictories Inscription (Arnold/Beyer #40)

Babylonia: Nabonassar 747-34.

747-656 D.XXIV Theban:

747-672

754-15 Iuput II

D.XXV Nubian:

747-656.

744-16: Piankhy

rules Kushites in

Nubia, spreads north


Assyrias Domination]

742 Two Dynasties contend (until 656) Assyria annexes NW Syria, Phoenicia; forces separation

from Egypt.

740 Elamites 2nd rise; major rival to Assyria.

Humban-nikash 1st attested ruler of Elam since Susa

sacked by Nebuchadnezzar I c.1100 (taken byAssyria, 645) (Urartu = Elamites)

738-20 736 f.Nubians take Thebes (& Karnak

temple site)

Kushite Invasions: from Nubia into North

Assyria: conquest of Israel (734), Damascus (732),

Philistines, Samaria (722)

Israel conquered by Assyria

II Kings 17.6.

727 f. Theban Tefnahkt unites northern coalition

vs. Nubians. Defeated by Piankhy.

Gebel-Barkal stele confirms Nubian rule

Piankhy (Nubian) takes Memphis by siege;

celebrates sun-god at Heliopolis; sets 4

client rulers over north. Restores Napata.

Piankhy D.XXV controls Egypt

726-22: Assyria: Shalmaneser V

716-02 721-05 Assyria: Sargon II


12/17


Autobiography of Sargon written (?). Did he claim

Israel for propaganda?

720 Tefnahkt tries to re-establish in north Battle of Dur: Assyria vs Babylonian / Elamite coalition

717 Sargon II founds new capital at Dur-Sharrukin.

Anatolia: Assyrian expansion. King Mita of Mushku in

Anatolia (Midas).


13/17


715 Death of Piankhy; brother Shabaka (716-02)

runs D.XXV. Stress on traditional

values. Peace with Sargon II.

Sargon II deports Mede Daiakko (Deioces in Herodotus,

w/capital at Ecbatana, mod. Hamatam)

Elam: Humban-nikash fought Sargon II


Medes, Babylonians]

705 Elam: Shutruck-Nahhunte II

704 702 Death of Shabaka. Son Shebitku (702-690) aids Phoenicia, Judah vs.

Sennacherib. Retreats after fall of

Jerusalem.

704-681Assyria: Sennacherib (son of Sargon II).Phoenicia / Palestine revolt

701 Sennacherib invades Judah, ends smaller kings,

sieges Jerusalem.

Sennacheribs Taylors Prism Inscription: battle with

Hezekiah, who refuses to surrender Jerusalem.

(Arnold and Beyer #43)

OTChronicles II.32; Siegeof Jerusalem II Kings 18-

19; Isaiah 36-37

695 Phrygia overrun by nomadic Cimmerians; Gordion

sacked

Lydians Dominate

Western Asia Minor

694 Assyria: Sennacherib moves capital to Ninevah

691 690 Death of Shebitku. Taharqa (son, who

led troops vs Sargon) has best 26 years

of Kushite rule (690-664)

Battle of Halule: Sennacherib (Assyria) vs Humban-

nimena (Elam) and Iranian coalition

689 Assyria: Babylon and and Elam revolt; Sennacherib

sacks Babylon

681 Sennacherib assassinated at Ninevah.

677 Egypt, Assyria back at war

671 D.XXVI 672-525 (Theban); struggle w/

Nubian D. XXV continue

672-64 Necho I

Assyria: Esarhaddon (680-69) captures Memphis from

Nubians

668-27 Assyria: Assurbanipal (at Ninevah)

Shamashshumukin (at Babylon)

663 664 Death of Taharqa; Tantamani to 656

(last Kushite Ruler of Egypt)

664-610 Psammetichus D.XXVI

Assurbanipal captures Thebes

Elam invades Babylonia


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656 End of Kushite Rule

D.XXVI to 525 (Theban) has sole rule

654 Assurbanipal invades Elam: Battle at River Ulai (near

Susa). Elams King Tepti-Humban-Inshishinak

decapitated, sent to Ninevah

652 Babylonian rebellion: Assurbanipal and Shamash-shuma-ukin civil war

647 Assurbanipal of Assyria has won civil war; ravages

Elam, sacks Susa. End of Elamite Empire.

640 Assyrian empire at height: Iran to Egypt

Neo-Babylonian Laws (tablet from Nippur, in BM)

626-05 Death of Assurbanipal. Neo-Babylonian independent

dynasty founded by Nabopolassar, a local official.

Assyria overthrown.

614 Rise of Medes: Umakishtar (Cyaxares in Hdt.) vs

Assyria

610 610-595 Necho II 612 Ninevah sacked by Medes and Babylonians.

End of Assyrian Empire.

Medes expand into Anatolia

605 Babylonia: Nabopolassar defeats Egyptians @

Carchemish

605-562 Babylonia: Nebuchadnezzar II

595 595-89 Psammetichus II

587 589-70 Apries 587 Nebuchadnezzar II sacks Jerusalem

Babylonian Chronicles (747-586) Babylonian account

of events leading to siege of Jerusalem. Cf. OT

Babylonian Captivity.

End of Hebrews as a

Nation and Judaism as

religious community

585 Mede expansion into Anatolia halted. Cyaxeres stopped

by Lydian Alyattes. Hdt 1.74 for 5/25/585

battle at Kizik Irmak River (date by eclipse).

570 570-526 Amasis Herodotus: Solon gets law

from Amasis?

560 561-60 Babylonia: Evil-Merodach


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559-30 559-56 Babylonia: Neriglassar

Rise of Persia: Cyrus II Great

Out of SW Iran Fars area

1st Capital at Pasargadae in Fars

Hdt 3.90-94 on Persian tribute

Daniel, a Jew in Babylon [Van De Mieroop ch.15

Persian Empire]

556 Babylonia: Labashi-Marduk 555-539 Babylonia: Nabonidus

553-50 Persia: Cyrus defeats Medes. Thus Greeks call Persians

Medes

552 Nabonidus moves to Teima

547 Persia: Cyrus conquers Lydia

539 Cyrus captures Babylon

Decrees: Cyrus Cylinder; victory over Babylon;

(Arnold and Beyer #44). Cf. OTEzra 1.2-4; II

Chronicles 36.23; Aramaic decree Ezra 6.1-5.

536: Cyrus releases

Jews to Jerusalem.

534-516: Rebuilding

of temple: Isaiah 44-45.

529-522 Persia: Cambyses

525-404 526-26 Psammetichus II , defeated by

Cambyses

D.XXVII 1st Persian Period

Persia: Cambyses conquers Egypt, Bedouins assist;

Persia overextends into Africa

Statue inscription of Udjahorresnet

[Grimal ch.15 Persians

and Greeks]

522 52-17 Aryandes, satrap Persia: Bardiya

521-486 Aryandes executed; Pherendates satrap Persia: Darius I usurps. Capital to Persepolis, 25 miles

south; develops Susa as capital.

Behistun Inscription

515 Persia: expansion into Black Sea

512 Persia: attempts expansion into Europe

499-94 Persia: Ionian revolt of Greek coastal cities

492 Persia: 1st naval attack towards Greece wrecked

490 486 Delta revolts against Persians

Achaemenes, son of Xerxes, satrap

Persia: 2nd naval attack on Greece. Battle of Marathon 490-80 Athens builds navy

485-465 Persia: Xerxes II (assassinated)

480 Persia: 3rd attack on Greece. Battles of Thermopylae,

Salamis

479 Persia: defeated by Greeks at Plataea, Mycale

464-424 465 Xerxes assassinated

Egyptians rise against Persia

Inaros son of Psammetichus declares king

Persia ends the revolt

Egypt at peace for a generation

Persia: Artaxerxes I Athenians assist Egyptians

in revolt

445 Nehemiah, a Babylonian

Jew, rebuilds walls of

Jerusalem.Law Book: Covenant btw.


16/17


Jews and Yahweh

424 Persia: Xerxes II and Sogdianus struggle

423-05 Darius adopts conciliatory policy Persia: Darius II Peloponnesian War

431-404

415 Jews ruled by Priests and

Elders

Athens expedition

against Sicily

404 404-399 Amyrtaeus revoltsClaims D.XXVIII (1 generation)

404-359 Persia: Artaxerxes III401: March of 10,000 Greeks support usurper Cyrus

401

399-380 D. XXIX

399-93 Nepherites I

393 Psammuthis

393-80 Achoris

397 Persia: Greek expeditions, in response to threatened

invasion

Death of Socrates 399

380-43 D. XXX

380-62 Nectanebo I

362-60 Tachos

360-43 Nectanebo II358-338 Persia: Artaxerxes III Rise of Macedonia

343-332 2nd Persian Period

337-36 Persia: Artaxerxes IV (Arses) Death of Philip

336-32 333 Khababash (last native ruler) Persia: Darius III Alexander sacks

Corinth; invades

Asia Minor

331 Alexander rules Egypt Persia: Darius defeated by Alexander

330-323 Alexander III of Macedonia Great rules Persia

323 Ptolemies rule Egypt Hellenistic Period Judea a satrapy of Syria,

pawn btw Seleucid

Syria and Egypt

290 Judea a Syrian Province

219 Manetho, Egyptian Priest, writes Greek

history of Egypt (lost)

Judea under Ptolemaic

control

204 Judea in Seleucid rule

167 Maccabee uprising against

worship of pagan deities

142 Judea freed from Syrian

control

65-3 Romans in Syria; Pompey

takes Jerusalem

47 Antipater Prucurator of Jerusalem, Samaria and


17/17


Galilee by Caesar

43 Antipater assassinated;

Herod

made king; takes Jerusalem

31 Death of Cleopatra VII

Egypt a Roman Province

4 Birth of Jesus; death of Herod

AD 6 Judea a Roman Province

AD 26 Pontius Pilate Procurator

AD 33 Death of Jesus

AD 38 Jews persecuted for not

worshipping Caligula

AD 41 Death of Caligula; Judea to

Agrippa by Claudius

AD 66-70 Procurator Florus seizes

temple treasures; Jewish

revolt. Roman siege of

Jerusalem by Vespasian

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John Lewis

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Chronology Ancient Near East From 9000 to 1 BCE