Chuong 07 - Tinh Da Hinh

CHNG 7. TNH A HNH

ThS. Trn Anh Dng

Ni dung

05/12/2014 Lp trnh hng i tng 2

Gii thiu 1

Vng chn kiu 2

Phng thc o 3

Phng thc thun o 4

Bi ton Tnh tin lng 5 5

Gii thiu

Tnh a hnh xut hin khi c s k tha gia

cc lp.

C nhng phng thc tng qut cho mi lp

dn xut nn c mt lp c s nhng ni dung

ca n ch c xc nh cc lp dn xut c

th.

V d, Phng thc tnh din tch ca lp hnh,

hnh tam gic, t gic,


Gii thiu

a hnh: L hin tng cc i tng thuc cc

lp khc nhau c kh nng hiu cng mt thng

ip theo cc cch khc nhau.

V d: Nhn c cng mt thng ip nhy,

mt con kangaroo v mt con cc nhy theo hai

kiu khc nhau: chng cng c hnh vi nhy

nhng cc hnh vi ny c ni dung khc nhau.


Bi ton

Gi s, cn qun l danh sch cc i

tng c kiu c th khc nhau Cn gii

quyt 2 vn :

Cch lu tr

Thao tc x l

Xt trng hp c th, cc i tng c

th l Ngi, Sinh vin hoc Cng nhn.


Bi ton

V mt lu tr:

C th dng mng

Danh sch lin kt

V thao tc: Phi tha yu cu a hnh,

thao tc c hot ng khc nhau ng vi

cc loi i tng khc nhau


C hai cch gii quyt vn : - Vng chn kiu - Phng thc o

V d


class Nguoi {

protected:

char *HoTen;

int NamSinh;

public:

Nguoi(char *ht, int ns):NamSinh(ns){HoTen=strdup(ht);}

~Nguoi() {delete [ ] HoTen;}

void An() const { cout

V d


class SinhVien : public Nguoi{

protected:

char *MaSo;

public:

SinhVien(char *n, char *ms, int ns) : Nguoi(n,ns) {

MaSo = strdup(ms);

}

~SinhVien() { delete [ ] MaSo;}

void Xuat() const {

cout

V d


class NuSinh : public SinhVien

{

public:

NuSinh( char *ht, char *ms, int ns) : SinhVien(ht,ms,ns) {

}

void An() const

{

cout

V d


class CongNhan : public Nguoi{

protected:

double MucLuong;

public:

CongNhan( char *n, double ml, int ns) : Nguoi(n,ns),

MucLuong(ml){ }

void Xuat() const {

cout

V d


void XuatDs(int n, Nguoi *an[ ])

{

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)

{

an[i] Xuat();

cout

V d


const int N = 4;

void main(){

Nguoi *a[N];

a[0] = new SinhVien(Vien Van Sinh, 200001234, 1982);

a[1] = new NuSinh(Le Thi Ha Dong, 200001235, 1984);

a[2] = new CongNhan(Tran Nhan Cong, 1000000, 1984);

a[3] = new Nguoi(Nguyen Thanh Nhan, 1960);

XuatDs(4,a);

}

Nguoi, ho ten: Vien Van Sinh sinh 1982

Nguoi, ho ten: Le Thi Ha Dong sinh 1984

Nguoi, ho ten: Tran Nhan Cong sinh 1984

Nguoi, ho ten: Nguyen Thanh Nhan sinh 1960

Dng vng chn kiu

bo m xut liu tng ng vi i tng,

phi c cch nhn din i tng

Ta thm mt vng d liu vo lp c s nhn din

Vng ny c gi tr ph thuc vo loi ca i tng

v c gi l vng chn kiu.

Cc i tng thuc lp ngi c cng gi tr

cho vng chn kiu, cc i tng thuc lp sinh

vin c gi tr ca vng chn kiu khc ca lp

ngi.


Dng vng chn kiu V d


class Nguoi{

public: enum LOAI {NGUOI, SV, CN};

protected:

char *HoTen; int NamSinh;

public:

LOAI pl;

Nguoi(char *ht, int ns):NamSinh(ns), pl(NGUOI) {HoTen = strdup(ht);}

~Nguoi() {delete [] HoTen;}


Dng vng chn kiu V d


class SinhVien : public Nguoi{

protected:

char *MaSo;

public:

SinhVien(char *n, char *ms, int ns) : Nguoi(n,ns) {

MaSo = strdup(ms); pl = SV;

}

~SinhVien() {delete [ ] MaSo;}

void Xuat() const {

cout

Dng vng chn kiu V d


class CongNhan : public Nguoi{

protected:

double MucLuong;

public:

CongNhan( char *n, double ml, int ns) : Nguoi(n,ns), MucLuong(ml){

pl = CN;

}

void Xuat() const{

cout

Dng vng chn kiu V d


void XuatDs(int n, Nguoi *an[]) {

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++){

switch(an[i]->pl){

case Nguoi::SV:

((SinhVien*)an[i])Xuat(); break;

case Nguoi::CN:

((CongNhan*)an[i])Xuat(); break;

default:

an[i]->Xuat(); break;

}

cout

Dng vng chn kiu V d


const int N = 4;

void main(){

Nguoi *a[N];

a[0] = new SinhVien(Vien Van Sinh, 200001234, 1982);

a[1] = new NuSinh(Le Thi Ha Dong, 200001235, 1984);

a[2] = new CongNhan(Tran Nhan Cong, 1000000, 1984);

a[3] = new Nguoi(Nguyen Thanh Nhan, 1960);

XuatDs(4,a);

}

Sinh vien Vien Van Sinh, ma so 200001234

Sinh vien Le Thi Ha Dong, ma so 200001235

Cong nhan, ten Tran Nhan Cong muc luong:1000000

Nguoi, ho ten: Nguyen Thanh Nhan sinh 1960

Dng vng chn kiu

Cch tip cn trn gii quyt c vn : Lu

tr cc i tng khc kiu nhau v thao tc

khc nhau tng ng tng i tng. Tuy nhin,

tn ti mt s khuyt im:

M lnh di dng (nhiu switch case)

D sai st, kh sa

Kh nng cp, bo tr

Cc nhc im trn c th khc phc c nh

phng thc o.


Phng thc o

Phng thc o:

L cch th hin tnh a hnh trong ngn ng

C++.

Cc phng thc lp c s c tnh a hnh

phi c nh ngha l mt phng thc o

Con tr thuc lp c s c th tr n lp

con:

Nguoi* pn=new SinhVien(Le Vien Sinh,TH11001,1982);


Phng thc o

Ta mong mun thng qua con tr thuc lp

c s c th truy xut hm thnh phn

c nh ngha li lp con

pn->Xuat();

//Mong muon: goi Xuat cua lop sinh vien,

//Thuc te: goi Xuat cua lop Nguoi


Phng thc o

Phng thc o cho php gii quyt vn

trn.

Ta qui nh mt hm thnh phn l phng

thc o bng cch thm t kha virtual vo

trc khai bo hm.

Trong v d trn, ta thm t kha virtual

vo trc khai bo ca hm Xuat.


Phng thc o V d


class Nguoi {

protected:

char *HoTen;

int NamSinh;

public:

Nguoi( char *ht,int ns):NamSinh(ns){HoTen = strdup(ht);}

~Nguoi() {delete [ ] HoTen;}


Thm lp con mi

Dng phng thc o, ta d dng nng

cp sa cha.

Thm mt loi i tng mi rt n gin,

khng cn sa i thao tc x l (XuatDs).

Qui trnh thm ch l xy dng lp con k

tha lp c s v nh ngha li phng

thc (o) lp mi to nu cn.


Thm lp con mi V d


class CaSi : public Nguoi{

protected:

double CatXe;

public:

CaSi( char *ht, double cx, int ns): Nguoi(ht,ns),CatXe(cx)

{ }

void Xuat() const {

cout

Thm lp con mi

Hm XuatDs khng thay i, nhng n c th

hot ng cho cc loi i tng ca s thuc lp

mi ra i.


void XuatDs( int n, Nguoi *an[]){

for ( int i = 0; i < n; i++){

an[i]->Xuat();

cout

Lu khi s dng phng thc o

Phng thc o ch hot ng thng qua

con tr.

Mun mt hm tr thnh phng thc o

c hai cch:

Khai bo vi t kho virtual

Hoc phng thc tng ng lp c s

l phng thc o.


Lu khi s dng phng thc o

Phng thc o ch hot ng nu cc

phng thc lp c s v lp con c

nghi thc giao tip ging ht nhau.

Nu lp con nh ngha li phng thc

o th s gi phng thc lp c s (gn

nht c nh ngha).


C ch thc hin phng thc o

Khi gi mt thao tc, kh nng chn ng phin

bn ty theo i tng thc hin thng qua

con tr n lp c s c gi l tnh a hnh

(polymorphisms).

C ch a hnh c thc hin nh mi i

tng c thm mt bng phng thc o. Bng

ny cha a ch ca cc phng thc o v n

c trnh bin dch khi to mt cch ngm

nh khi thit lp i tng. 05/12/2014 Lp trnh hng i tng 29

C ch thc hin phng thc o

Khi thao tc c thc hin thng qua con tr,

hm c a ch trong bng phng thc o s

c gi.

Trong v d trn, mi i tng thuc lp c s

Nguoi c bng phng thc o c mt phn t l

a ch hm Nguoi::Xuat. Mi i tng thuc lp

SinhVien c bng tng t nhng ni dung l a

ch ca hm SinhVien::Xuat.


Cc c trng ca phng thc o

Phng thc o khng th l cc hm thnh vin

tnh.

Mt phng thc o c th c khai bo l

friend trong mt lp khc nhng cc hm friend

ca lp th khng th l phng thc o.

Khng cn thit phi ghi r t kha virtual khi

nh ngha mt phng thc o trong lp dn

xut ( cng chng nh hng g).


Cc c trng ca phng thc o

s kt ni ng c thc hin thch hp cho

tng lp dc theo cy ph h, mt khi phng

thc no c xc nh l o, t lp c s

n cc lp dn xut u phi /n thng nht.

Nu i vi phng thc o lp dn xut,

chng ta li s sut nh ngha cc tham s khc

i mt cht th trnh bin dch s xem l

phng thc khc. y chnh l iu kin kt

ni ng. 05/12/2014 Lp trnh hng i tng 32

Phng thc hy b o

Trong v d qun l danh sch cc i tng

thuc cc lp Nguoi, SinhVien, CongNhan,

Thao tc dn dp i tng l cn thit


const int N = 4;

void main(){

Nguoi *a[N];

a[0] = new SinhVien("Vien Van Sinh", "20001234,1982);

a[1] = new NuSinh("Le Thi Ha Dong", "20001235,1984);

a[2] = new CongNhan("Tran Nan Cong", 1000000, 1984);

a[3] = new Nguoi("Nguyen Thanh Nhan", 1960);

XuatDs(4,a);

for ( int i = 0; i < 4; i++)

delete a[i];

}

Phng thc hy b o

Thng qua con tr thuc lp c s Nguoi, ch c

phng thc hy b ca lp Nguoi c gi.

bo m vic dn dp l y , ta phi dng

phng thc hy b o.


class Nguoi{

protected:

char *HoTen; int NamSinh;

public:

Nguoi(char *ht, int ns):NamSinh(ns) {

HoTen = strdup(ht);

}

virtual ~Nguoi() {

delete [ ] HoTen;

}

virtual void Xuat(ostream &os) const {//}

};

Phng thc thun o v lp c s tru tng

Lp c s tru tng l lp c s khng c i

tng no thuc chnh n.

Xt cc lp Circle, Rectangle, Square k tha t

lp Shape

Trong v d trn, cc hm trong lp Shape c ni

dung nhng ni dung khng c ngha. ng

thi ta lun lun c th to c i tng thuc

lp Shape, iu ny khng ng vi t tng

ca phng php lun hng i tng.



Ta c th thay th cho ni dung khng c ngha

bng phng thc o thun tu. Phng thc o

thun tu l phng thc o khng c ni dung.

Khi lp c phng thc o thun tu, lp tr

thnh lp c s tru tng. Ta khng th to i

tng thuc lp c s thun tu.

Ta c th nh ngha phng thc o thun tu,

nhng ch c cc i tng thuc lp con c th

gi n.



Trong v d trn, cc hm thnh phn trong lp

Shape l phng thc o thun tu. N bo m

khng th to c i tng thuc lp Shape.

V d trn cng nh ngha ni dung cho phng

thc o thun tu, nhng ch c cc i tng

thuc lp con c th gi.



Phng thc o thun tu c ngha cho vic t

chc s phn cp cc lp, n ng vai tr

cha sn ch trng cho cc lp con in vo vi

phin bn ph hp.

Bn thn cc lp con ca lp c s tru tng

cng c th l lp c s tru tng


V d


Shape

virtual void draw()

Circle

public void draw()

Triangle

public void draw()

class Shape //Abstract { public : //Pure virtual Function virtual void draw() = 0; }

V d


class Circle : public Shape { //No draw() - Abstract public: void print(){ cout

Bi ton Tnh tin lng

Bi ton: Cng ty ABC l cng ty sn xut kinh

doanh th nhi bng. Cng ty c nhiu nhn vin

lm vic trong ba b phn khc nhau: b phn

qun l, b phn sn xut, b phn vn phng.

Vic tnh lng cho nhn vin da vo cc yu

t sau:

i vi nhn vin vn phng: Lng = Lng C Bn

+ S ngy lm vic *200.000 + Tr Cp


Bi ton Tnh tin lng

i vi nhn vin sn xut: Lng = Lng C Bn +

S Sn Phm * 2.000

i vi nhn vin qun l: Lng = Lng C Bn*

H s chc v + Thng.

Ngoi ra cng ty cn qun l cc thng tin v

nhn vin ca mnh nh: h tn, ngy sinh v

cc thng s trn tnh lng cho tng nhn

vin trong cng ty.


Bi ton Tnh tin lng

Yu cu: Thit k cc lp thch hp thc hin

cc yu cu sau:

Nhp thng tin ca cc nhn vin phc v cho vic

tnh lng.

Thc hin vic tnh lng cho tng nhn vin.

Xut thng tin ca cc nhn vin.

Tnh tng lng ca cng ty.

Tm kim mt nhn vin theo h tn.


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Chuong 07 - Tinh Da Hinh