Church abuses led to widespread

criticism throughout Europe

Martin Luther challenged Catholic

authority and teachings by writing his 95

Theses

John Calvin and the Calvinist church

sought to reunite the church and state by

setting up a theocracy in Geneva

Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther

Peace of Augsburg

John Calvin

Huguenot

John Knox

Indulgence

Predestination

Theocracy

Write 5-6 sentences explaining what you

have read about the Reformation

Printing press – increases learning as

more have access

Published accounts of new discoveries,

fuel interest

Ancient Greek idea of questioning

leads thinkers to question political

structure and religious practice

Increased wealth from improved trade

funds exploration

Reading bible in the vernacular

langauges leads to reformation

Guide for gaining & maintaining power – advice to leaders

Writing to Lorenzo de Medici (one whose brother was murdered by assassins at altar)

Best according to Machiavelli to be BOTH loved & feared, but if you must pick one he advised….

Utopia: now means a perfect world (Greek

translation “no place”)

Actual Title: Of the Best State of Republic

and of the New Island of Utopia: about

imaginary land with no war, greed or corruption

More chose title Utopia (no place) to illustrate it was

not possible

What is meant by this?

What the church was supposed to

do vs. what the church actually

did.

In the early 14th century, Pope Clement V moved the papacy from Rome to Avignon. • Why is this significant?

• Why was this done?

• Why could this be a problem for the Church?

The church fell under the influence of the French crown, further steering it away from spirituality.

The distance away from Rome also impacted their finances, as they were unable to collect funds from Roman Estates • What happens as a result of this?

• LEGITIMACY

The need for new sources of income • Indulgences

Pardons for unrepented sins that could be purchased

for the living or dead to limit the amount of time in

purgatory.

Why could this be a questionable decision?

• Continued conflict with state governments led to

states asserting more dominance over their land

Pope Gregory XI returned the papacy to Rome in 1377 but died a year later. (WOMP) • Upon dying two competing groups of cardinals (not

the baseball team) elected two different popes to serve. One was chosen to return to Avignon, the other to Rome.

• Eventually a third pope (Alexander V) was elected to be pope Why would this be a problem?

The Great Schism would have a lasting legacy on the Catholic Church for hundreds of years

Portrait of Pope Julius II by Raphael, 1511-1512

More concerned with

politics than with

theology.

The “Warrior Pope.”

Patron of Renaissance

artists, especially

Raphael &

Michelangelo.

Died in 1513

Pope Leo X with Cardinal Giulio deMedici

and Luigi De Rossi by Raphael,

Medici Pope from

1513-1521

Went through Vatican

treasury in a year!

His extravagances

offended even some

cardinals (and

Martin Luther)

Started selling

indulgences.

Payments that would

reduce a person’s

time in Purgatory What is Purgatory?

“As soon as a coin in

the coffer rings, right

then the soul to

Heaven springs” What is this showing?

Augustinian monk, taught at

the University of Wittenberg

in Saxony

95 Theses

• Criticized selling of

indulgences but went further

and questioned the

scriptural authority of the

pope to grant indulgences

Printing Press allowed his

ideas spread RAPIDLY

Luther did NOT want to

create his own church,

instead he wanted to

reform.

• What does this mean?

Luther’s doctrine

• Authority: The Bible

• Salvation

Sola fide, sola scriptura

Salvation by Faith alone

• The priesthood of all

believers

Trial of Luther for his

heretic statements.

Edict of Worms:

Luther outlawed as a

heretic by the HRE

“Unless I am convinced by the evidence of Scripture or by plain reason—for I do not accept the authority of the Pope or councils alone, since it is established that they have often erred and contradicted themselves—I am bound by the Scriptures I have cited and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. God help me. Amen.” -Luther at the Diet of Worms, 1521

3 tenets of Lutheranism • Salvation by faith alone

• Bible is the sole authority

• Priesthood of all believers

Founder of

Calvinism

Preached

Predestination

• The idea that God long

ago determined who

would gain salvation

Protestant Work

Ethic

Like Luther, he rejected elaborate church

rituals and stressed the importance of the

bible

Set up a THEOCRACY in Geneva • A government run by church leaders

• His theocracy was very strict and residents were

subject to fines if they did not follow rules

Write 3 sentences explaining some

similarities and differences that you

see

Spread of Protestant religions throughout

Europe and the rest of the world

Religious wars

Witch hunts

What was it?

King Henry VIII

desperately wanted a

male heir

Seeks annulment from

marriage

Church does not grant him

his wish

Henry breaks from the

church and creates the

Church of England

(Anglican Church)

Mary I Elizabeth I Edward VI

#1: Catherine of Aragon (m. 1509-1533) • Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella

• Aunt of Charles V

• Had a daughter, Mary…

…but no son

Annulment?

NO! After 1527, Clement VII was

subject to Charles V

Secretly married to Henry in 1533

• Already six months pregnant with Elizabeth

The Act of Supremacy (1534)

• Established the Church of

England (Anglican Church)

Henry was the head of the church

All Roman Catholic lands and

monasteries were confiscated

25% of all land in England

Thomas More would not convert

Anne was executed in 1536

Had a son, Edward (VI)

Died from complications

of childbirth

German

Ugly

Divorced

30 years younger than Henry

Cheated

Executed

Outlived Henry

1510 Daughter - died 1511 Son - died 1513 Son - died 1514 Son - died 1516 Mary - survived 1518 Daughter - died 1533 Elizabeth - survived 1534 Son - died 1535 unknown - died 1536 Son - died 1537 Edward - survived

What was it?

The Catholic response to the

Protestant Reformation that sought to

reaffirm Catholic doctrine and fix

some of the corruption within the

church.

A series of meetings in the mid 16th

century that settled some issues

within the church:

• Salvation STILL comes through faith and good

deeds

• The Bible IS a source of authority BUT it is not

the only one

• Established schools to better train clergy

• Established the Index of Forbidden Books Included the works of Calvin and Luther

Founder of the

CATHOLIC Jesuit Order

Came up with a strict

program for the training of

Jesuits whose mission was

to spread Catholicism

Set up missions all over the

world including Latin

America, Asia, and Africa

Protestant Religions

spread throughout

Europe and the rest

of the world

Catholic religion

converts many

people back and

becomes a more

pious religion