2. Joan of Arc gave the French:A. a sense of national identity and destinyB. a skilled military leaderC. new allies within the churchD. hope, but no immediate successE. access to a vast peasant army

3. Which of the following best describes the political and economic environment of much of fifteenth-century Italy?A. A few large states dominated by a wealthy landed nobilityB. A strong unified Italian monarchy that patronized the artsC. Many independent city-states with prosperous merchant oligarchiesD. Control of most of Italy by the pope, who encouraged mercantile developmentE. Support of the arts in Italy by the kings of France and the Holy Roman Emperors, who were competing for influence

4. The Council of Trent did all of the following EXCEPTA. preserve the papacy as the center of Church unityB. confirm the Vulgate as the authoritative Catholic edition of the BibleC. insist on Latin as the language of worshipD. abolish indulgencesE. confirm the existing sacraments

5. Which of the following resulted from the English Reformation?A. immediate wholesale persecution of Catholics in EnglandB. establishment of the English monarch as head of the Church of EnglandC. The pope’s naming of Henry VIII as “Defender of the Faith”D. papal recognition of the English church as independent, but still affiliated with RomeE. A revolt by members of the English aristocracy opposed to the Reformation

6. In fifteenth-century Europe, Muslim culture exerted the greatest influence on which of the following societies?A. EnglishB. FrenchC. GermanD. ItalianE. Spanish

1. All of the following statements about the Renaissance are true EXCEPTA. Concern for medieval scholasticism declined.B. Wealthy merchant princes patronized the arts.C. People looked increasingly back to the classical period for ideas and models.D. The papacy became increasingly ascetic, promoting mystical contact with God.E. There was interest in broadening the range of education.

7. The Council of Trent (1545-1563) was the major body through whichA. Spain strengthened its position against the TurksB. the house of Hapsburg gained control over ItalyC. the Roman Catholic Church reformed itselfD. European states entered into economic cooperationE. Puritans and Catholics were reconciled

8. Which of the following best describes the Christian humanism of Erasmus?A. A complete break with Roman Catholic theologyB. A defense of individual interpretation of the BibleC. The application of Renaissance scholarship to questions of ecclesiastical and moral reformD. A return to the Scholastic theology of Thomas AquinasE. A plea for a return to monasticism as the highest Christian calling

9. Salvation by faith alone, the ministry of all believers, and the authority of the Bible are principles basic toA. the Christian humanism of ErasmusB. the Church of EnglandC. Catholicism after the Council of TrentD. Lutheranism in the early sixteenth century

E. the Society of Jesus (Jesuit order)

10. In 1309, under pressure from the French, Pope Clement moved the papacy to:A. ParisB. TurinC. AvignonD. MilanE. Venice

11. The response of the Roman Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation included all of the following EXCEPTA. the abolition of the Index of Prohibited BooksB. the establishment of the Society of JesusC. the convening of the Council of TrentD. the founding of women’s orders active in education and care of the sickE. an increase in the number of parish grammar schools

12. Which of the following most clearly distinguishes the northern Renaissance from the Italian Renaissance?A. Interest in science and technologyB. Greater concern with religious pietyC. Cultivation of a Latin styleD. Use of national language in literatureE. Admiration for Scholastic thought

13. The teachings of which of the following had the greatest impact on the Reformation in Scotland?A. Ignatius of LoyolaB. John CalvinC. Martin LutherD. Desiderius ErasmusE. Ulrich Zwingli

14. Martin Luther initially criticized the Roman Catholic Church on the grounds that itA. supported priests as religious teachersB. sponsored translations of the Bible into vernacular languagesC. reduced the number of sacramentsD. used indulgences as a fund-raising deviceE. formed close associations with secular rulers

15. Which of the following is true of the German Peasants’ Revolt of 1524-1525?A. The revolt led to the emancipation of the German serfsB. The revolt was organized by Martin Luther to break papal power in the German states.C. The peasants were supported by French armies during the revoltD. The revolt was the first in Europe in which economic egalitarianism was a major rallying pointE. The revolt resulted from a combination of new religious ideas and peasant demands

16. Which of the following explorers, sailing under the flag of Portugal, reached the west coast of India in 1498 after rounding the Cape of Good Hope and crossing the Indian Ocean?A. Vasco da GamaB. John CabotC. Bartolomeu DiasD. Amerigo VespucciE. Ferdinand Magellan

17. Renaissance humanism drew its main inspiration fromA. religious asceticismB. classical languages and literatureC. the curricula of medieval universitiesD. political reforms of the Holy Roman EmpireE. the ideas of Dante’s Inferno

18. Major Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders of the sixteenth century condemned the Anabaptists because AnabaptistsA. rejected the Bible as the source of religious truthB. favored government enforcement of moralityC. advocated a complete separation of church and state

D. restored the privileges of the clergyE. tried to reconcile Protestant and Catholic teachings

24. The primary purpose of the Peace of Augsburg (1555) was toA. end the wars between the Hapsburgs and the ValoisB. end the civil war between Lutherans and Roman Catholics in the German statesC. end the Thirty Years WarD. create better trade relations among German princesE. facilitate diplomatic relations between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Turks

25. Despite providing many of the first explorers, what prevented Italy from sponsoring its own voyages of exploration in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?A. opposition of the papacyB. shortage of financial resourcesC. lack of political unityD. interference by aristocratsE. preoccupation with peasant revolts

26. “Many virtues of the mind are as necessary to a woman as to a man, but I do think that beauty is more necessary to her than to the Courtier, for truly that woman lacks much who lacks beauty. In a Lady who lives at court a certain pleasing affability is becoming above all else, whereby she will be able to entertain graciously every kind of man with agreeable and attractive conversation.”The quote above from Castiglione’s Book of the Courtier (1527) demonstrates that in terms of their status during the Renaissance, women:A. made significant gains in positions of political powerB. gained educationally but were often treated as objectsC. often dominated the intellectual life of Renaissance salonsD. were encouraged to engage in artistic and intellectual pursuitsE. were the slaves of their husbands and could be bought and sold

27. The Renaissance papacy (1417-1540s) was most noted for its:A. success in unifying the Italian peninsulaB. extension of toleration to religious minoritiesC. subordination to the French monarchyD. corruption, which led to the ReformationE. patronage of mysticism and lay piety movements

28. “A prince should have only one end and one idea in mind, take only one subject for study, and it is war, its science and its discipline; for it is the only science that deals with the ruler’s problems.…[Success in war] not only maintains those born to princedoms but often causes men of private origin to rise to that rank … The first cause of losing power is the neglect of this art; the cause of winning power lied in its mastery”In writing the passage above, Machiavelli drew on his observations ofA. Feudal warfare in medieval EuropeB. Warfare among the Italian city-statesC. Sixteenth-century religious warsD. Warfare among the European colonial powersE. Warfare during the Crusades19. “You venerate the saints and delight in touching their relics, but you despise the best one they left behind, the example of a holy life…. If the worship of Christ in the person of His saints pleases you so much, see to it that you imitate Christ in the saints.”The quotation above expresses the views of which of the following?A. Henry VIII of EnglandB. Catherine de MediciC. Erasmus of RotterdamD. Leonardo da VinciE. Niccolo Machiavelli

20. Couples in early modern Europe generally put off marriage until they were, on average, in their mid- to late twenties becauseA. sexual maturation was delayed until the mid-twenties because of poor nutritionB. they were concerned about scarcity of housingC. they needed to acquire land or learn a trade before they could support a familyD. the customs and mores of a society dominated by religion promoted sexual restraintE. laws prohibited marriage without parental permission before the age of majority

21. Ferdinand and Isabella supported the expulsion or conversion of Muslims and Jews in Spain becauseA. Ferdinand and Isabella were hostile to religious faiths other than ChristianityB. Ferdinand and Isabella feared that if they did nothing many Christians would leave SpainC. Spanish Muslims and Jews were believed to hinder the economic development of SpainD. Spanish Muslims and Jews outnumbered Christians in most large cities in the kingdomE. Spanish Muslims and Jews were protected by foreign powers hostile to Spain

22. Martin Luther believed that the most important role for a Christian woman was toA. minister to the sick and poorB. preach the word of God in church on SundayC. become a wife and motherD. lead a life devoted primarily to prayer and contemplationE. teach reading and writing in religious schools

23. John Calvin established the center of his reformed church inA. LyonB. LondonC. WittenbergD. GenevaE. Basel

29. The establishment of two competing popes in 1378 is known as the:A. Babylonian CaptivityB. Conciliar ControversyC. Division of ChristendomD. Great SchismE. Malbourg Divide

30. As a result of the Black Death, it is estimated that the population of western Europe was reduced by ________ percent.A. 20B. 40C. 60D. 70E. 80

31.The Catholic Church banned the work of which of the following humanist writers?A. Sir Thomas MoreB. Ulrich von HuttonC. ErasmusD. RabelaisE. Petrarch

32. “Oh highest and most marvelous felicity of man! To him it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills.”The above quote represents most closely the view ofA. Northern humanist scholarB. someone from the Middle AgesC. a Protestant preacherD. a Catholic priestE. an Italian Renaissance scholar

33. Luther’s decision to marry Katherine von Bora was an example of A. the means by which Luther reached the decision to challenge the Church on the issue of the sacramentsB. how clergy could misinterpret Catholic teachings on the sacrament of marriageC. a personal decision that involved no religious principlesD. the changing role of the clergy in Protestant churchesE, how traditional matchmaking remained significant in rural German communities

34. The term “civic humanists” refers to those individuals whoA. taught civics to other humanist scholarsB. emphasized the role of cities in classical civilizationsC. wanted to remove themselves from public lifeD. wanted to use their humanist learning in the service of their city-states

E. feared the encroachment of politics on their learning

35. Sir Thomas More accepted martyrdom at the hands of Henry VIII becauseA. he would not swear the Oath of SupremacyB. he thought this would convince Henry of the errors in his waysC. Erasmus convinced him that is was correct to seek martyrdomD. he was already deathly illE. he could not imagine any sort of criticism of the Catholic Church

36. Renaissance sculpture differed from medieval sculpture in thatA. it ignored religious themesB. Renaissance artists made use of marbleC. it abhorred realismD. it abandoned the classical traditionE. it revived the classical tradition of sculpture in the round

37. Anabaptists believed in adult baptism based on A. their reading of the New TestamentB. the teachings of Martin LutherC. conjecture on the wishes of the apostlesD. Catholic teachingsE. medieval tradition

38. Luther and Zwingli broke over the question ofA. salvation by faithB. the primacy of the ScripturesC. the role of the clergyD. Jesus’s presence in the massE. Infant baptism

39. The Church of England as initially established by Henry VIII in 1536 wasA. closely tied to LutheranismB. fundamentally CalvinistC. dominated by the concept of salvation by faith aloneD. torn by religious skepticismE. tied to traditional Catholic practices

40. Martin Luther attended the Diet of Worms without fear of losing his life becauseA. he possessed a sizable armyB. he was protected by the Elector of SaxonyC. he thought the Catholic Church would support his ideasD. he enjoyed support of the Holy Roman EmperorE. he went in disguise

41. The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) was fought primarily to:A. secure the power of the Holy Roman EmpireB. drive the Moors out of southern SpainC. expel the English from FranceD. solidify the power of the HabsburgsE. reduce Russian dominance in the East

43. "In the Middle Ages...the human consciousness...lay dreaming or half awake beneath a common veil....woven of faith, illusion, and childish prepossession....In Italy this veil first melted into air; an objective treatment and consideration of the state and of all things of this world became possible." This author, who helped create the modern concept of the Renaissance, is:A. MachiavelliB. Jan HusC. Jacob Burckhardt

D. Leonardo BruniE. Marsilio Ficino

44. Which of the following was NOT a major technological innovation that supported the voyages of exploration?A. astrolabeB. axial rudderC. steam powerD. caravelE. compass

45. The War of the Roses was influential for accomplishing which of the following? A. French acquisition of BurgundyB. expulsion of the Moors from SpainC. suppressing a rising religious revolt in FranceD. uniting the kingdoms of Castile and AragonE. the ascendancy of the Tudors

46. The Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV of France did which of the following?A. Recognized the rights of French Protestants.B. Made public the king’s conversion to Roman Catholicism.C. Settled the Bourbons on the French throne.D. Ordered the Spanish out of France.E. Announced French entry into the war between the Spanish and the Dutch.

47. The long-term effect of the Thirty Years War on the German states was to:A. restrict Lutheranism to southern German statesB. initiate a long era of peace and recoveryC. encourage unificationD. devastate the German states’ economiesE. increase the power of the Holy Roman Emperor

48. The leadership of the Dutch revolts (1566-1648) sought all of the following EXCEPT:A. an alliance with English CatholicsB. the end of the InquisitionC. the end of excessive taxationD. the elimination of the rule of foreign officialsE. an alliance with French Protestants

49. Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the phases of the Thirty Years War?A. Danish, Swedish, French, BohemianB. German, Swedish, Danish, BohemianC. Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, Franco-SwedishD. Franco-Swedish, Danish, Bohemian, GermanE. German, Bohemian, French, Swedish

42. Early trade between Portugal and India during the fifteenth century included such items as:A. cinnamon, pepper, and gemsB. pinewood, gold, and chromeC. china, cloves, and slavesD. silver, rum, and sugarE. coal, iron ore, and fish

50. Which of the following was LEAST important in promoting exploration?A. the centralized organization of a nation-stateB. technological advances in shipbuilding and navigationC. patronage of religious authoritiesD. use of gunpowder and iron weaponsE. ruthless determination

6. During the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, the works of many scientists and philosophers were similar in that theya. relied heavily on the idea of medieval thinkersb. favored an absolute monarchy as a way of improving economic conditionsc. received support from the Catholic Churchd. supported the Divine Right Theory of governmente. examined natural laws governing the universe

7. The most common cause of urban riots in the eighteenth century was:a. bread shortagesb. foreign policy issuesc. partisan politicsd. class warfaree. guild rivalries

8. Emperor Joseph II of Austria failed in his attempts to reform his country because hea. lacked ruthlessness b. failed win the support of the peasantryc. was unwilling to dissolve monasteriesd. failed to abolish the robote. agreed with his mother’s opinions

9. Adam Smith maintained that:a. workers’ real wages decrease in the long runb. population always tends to outstrip food suppliesc. monopolies benefit the stated. competition is socially beneficiale. social revolution is inevitable

10. Which of the following best expresses Voltaire’s views concerning religion?a. Catholics should obediently follow the dictates of the pope.b. Protestants should be excluded from French government service.c. Religious unity is fundamental to enlightened monarchies.d. Organized religion perpetuates superstition and ignorance.e. Criticism of religious doctrines and authorities should be condemned.

11. Hobbes and Rousseau would have agreed that:a. a monarch has absolute powerb. the state is based on a social contractc. the state of nature is peaceful and harmoniousd. political authority should be shared by the monarch and representatives of the peoplee. citizens have the right to revolt

12. Adam Smith’s Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations advocated a system of:a. imperialismb. free tradec. protective tariffsd. socialisme. mercantilism

13. The eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosophes were primarily concerned with:a. the advancement of theological and metaphysical knowledgeb. the setting of limits on the human ability to changec. pure skepticism and the negation of reasond. mystical sciences such as numerology and astrologye. critical and inquiring approaches to knowledge

14. ”Generally speaking, there is no one who knows what is for your interest so well as yourself--no one who is disposed with so much ardor and constancy to pursue it.” The author of the above passage would support which of the following?a. laissez faireb. selection taxation to promote industryc. navigation actsd. government price supportse. high tariffs

15. Jean-Jacques Rousseau differed significantly from other Enlightenment philosophes in hisa. emphasis on emotions and his admiration for the “noble savage”b. emphasis on the importance of science to social progressc. belief in traditional religious customsd. belief in determinisme. belief in the divine right of kings

16. Which of the following writers is correctly paired with one of his major works?a. Adam Smith- Leviathanb. Voltaire- Emilec. Jean-Jacques Rousseau- Essays on Human Understandingd. Baron Montesquieu- Social Contracte. Denis Diderot- Encyclopedia

17. The phrase “Cognito ergo sum” (I think therefore I am) has been attributed to:a. Galileo Galileib. William Harveyc. Rene Descartesd. Johannes Keplere. Francis Bacon

18. Which statement was a belief of many writers of the Enlightenment?a. The wealthy class should govern societyb. Democracy was the best form of governmentc. Kings are responsible only to Godd. Ideas can be proven by reasone. Traditional values were important

19. How did the American Revolution affect the French Revolution?a. it proved the weakness of England and inspired the French to war against their hated enemyb. it actually had little effect on European attitudesc. Americans became convinced to expand their ideals abroad and fight for French libertyd. it led to new innovations in warfare widely used during the subsequent conflictse. it further bankrupted the French treasury and deepened the financial crisis

20. Which of the following best describes the French Third Estate?a. The palace of the Tuileries, which was the chief royal residence after Versailles and the Louvre.b. The nobility of the robe, who acquired noble rank by purchase.c. The non-noble, nonclerical section of the Estates-General.d. The revolutionary faction that launched the Reign of Terror.e. Counterrevolutionary provinces that resisted the National Assembly.

21. Which of the following caused the deepest and most persistent internal opposition to the French Revolution?a. The Great Fearb. The storming of the Bastillec. The publication of Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in Franced. The advent of the Thermidorian reactione. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy

22. The meeting of the Estates-General in 1789 marked a significant step toward revolution in France because ita. exposed the plans of Louis XVI to abdicate in favor of his sonb. provided a legitimate forum for critics of the Old Regimec. included a proposal to confiscate noble estates to raise government revenued. revealed the extent of papal influence on the French royal familye. gave the clergy and the nobility an opportunity to overthrow the monarchy

23. The cartoon above illustrates which of the following?a. Renaissance rejection of medieval Christianityb. Late-eighteenth-century calls for the abolition of the Atlantic slave tradec. Social inequalities under the Old Regime in Franced. Aristocratic hostility to Peter the Great’s efforts to westernize Russiae. Napoleon’s suppression of the Spanish nationalist movement

24. During 1793-94, Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety owed much of their influence to the support of:a. Catholics angered by the Civil Constitution of the Clergyb. liberal nobles eager to promote economic progressc. a group of small property owners & wage laborers in Paris concerned about high food pricesd. industrial workers in Paris and Lyons angry about conditions in the newly opened cotton millse. provincial middle-class businessmen concerned about excessive centralization of government

25. The first political use of the terms "right" and "left" was to describe the:a. division of France into predominantly Protestant and predominantly Roman Catholic areasb. seating arrangements in the French National Assembly chamber during the French Revolutionc. party alliances in the English House of Commons prior to the American Revolutiond. two wings of the Versailles palace that housed the Roman Catholic and Huguenot nobilitye. factions in the English Parliament that supported James II or William of Orange26. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens adapted by the National Assembly in the French Revolution was a. a declaration of war against Austria and Prussiab. a statement of the main principles of the French Revolutionc. a constitution establishing a republican form of governmentd. laws that confiscated Church propertye. an announcement of the French military victory over the enemies of the Revolution

27. Which of the following is NOT a reason the French Revolution became more radical after 1792?a. the threat of invasion from outside powersb. the vicious attacks against the king by army officers led by Napoleonc. a spiraling inflation that harmed workers in Paris and other citiesd. counterrevolutionary efforts by emigres, refractory priests, and the provincese. fear that the king sought to undermine the revolution

28. Which of the following is generally NOT considered to have led to Napoleon's downfall?a. invasion of Russiab. Peninsular War in Spainc. Continental Systemd. Concordat with the Catholic Churche. spreading of nationalism to conquered states

29. A major revolutionary idea spread throughout Europe by the French armies during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic period was that:a. careers should be open to talented individuals from all classesb. workers have the right to form labor unions and bargain collectivelyc. every individual is entitled to a free, public educationd. private property should be abolishede. the aged and infirm should have the right to public support

30. The print above, commemorating the women’s march on Versailles in October 1789, shows that:a. lower-class women opposed the convening b. lower-class women were defenders of the aristocracyc. women helped the progress of the Revolutiond. women wanted to leave their homes to join the work forcee. women supported pacifism and the status quo31. Which of the following best demonstrates the new importance of nationalism in revolutionary France?a. levee-en-masseb. Cult of the Supreme Beingc. abolishing of slaveryd. revolutionary calendare. execution of the king

32. The main purpose of the women’s march on Versailles in October 1789 was to:a. provide the National Assembly and the king with a declaration of supportb. protest the seizure of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette by the National Guardc. present the women’s concerns to Marie-Antoinetted. ensure the king’s support for the Declaration of Rights and cheap bread for Parise. protest the lack of representation for women in the National Assembly

33. The levee en masse ordered by the Committee of Public Safety in August 1793 was unprecedented because it:a. was based on the pattern used for recruiting in the British armyb. was the first time the revolutionaries had copied previous royal practicec. conscripted all healthy males available for military serviced. aimed at forcing the aristocracy to serve the revolutione. enticed the emigres back from exile

34. The first stage of the French Revolution was precipitated by a conflict between the:a. bourgeoisie and the militaryb. peasants and the noblesc. sans culottes and bourgeoisied. philosophes and monarchye. nobles and the government

35. The French bourgeoisie supported the French Revolution mainly because:a. they believed in the Theory of Divine Right of Kings

b. they were not allowed to own property under the Old Regimec. they resented their lack of political power under the Old Regimed. they wanted a democratic form of governmente. the government set up a voting system based on universal male suffrage

36. What best describes the role of the sans culottes during the French Revolution?a. they desired peace with other European countriesb. they exercised sustained control over the direction of the revolutionc. they hoped to restore the monarchyd. they intervened intermittently at moments of crisise. they shared the feelings of the bourgeoisie

37. The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen guaranteed:a. universal male suffrageb. no new taxesc. abolition of the monarchyd. security of propertye. free education

1. Which of the following is true of women during the Enlightenment?a. the vast majority of philosophes accepted the equality of womenb. Mary Wollstonecraft's attack on women's domestic role led to a decline in the marriage ratec. though several prominent women participated in salons, most women were unaffectedd. enlightened monarchs established universities specifically designed for women's educatione. women contributed significant intellectual breakthroughs in the area of philosophy

2. “Laws should be relative to the climate of each country, to the quality of its soil, to the principal occupation of its natives. Laws should have a relation to the degree of liberty which the constitution will bear, to the religion of the inhabitants, to their manner and customs.” Who is the author?a. Louis XIVb. Montesquieuc. Bossuetd. Rousseaue. Thomas Paine

3. All of the following were developments admired by the philosophes EXCEPT:a. increased religious tolerationb. the use of reasonc. the idea of progressd. secularization of societye. mercantilism

4. Deism was supposed to be all of the following EXCEPT:a. based on reasonb. lead to moral behaviorc. did not restrict freedom of thoughtd. deduced form empirical evidencee. based on the supernatural

5. A significant social and cultural trend during the eighteenth century in western Europe was:

a. the increase in number of published books and periodicalsb. the rise in the mortality rate among the lower classesc. a return to spiritual explanations for natural phenomenond. the near absence of peasant and urban revoltse. simple and provincial styles of interior décor

45. The list of grievances, or cahier de doleances, brought by the members of the Estates-General to Versailles in 1789 called for:a. the immediate overthrow of Louis XVIb. universal adult suffragec. tax equityd. the separation of church and statee. renewal of provincial and city charters

46. Which of the following would support the notion that women gained little from the French Revolution?a. the October Daysb. storming of the Bastillec. Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizend. Society for Revolutionary Republican Womene. the Napoleonic Code

47. The painting of Napoleon shown above portrays him as which of the following?a. A chivalrous hero

b. A compassionate humanistc. A competent bureaucratd. An imperial rulere. A ruthless military conqueror

48. Which of the following best describes the spirit of the Congress of Vienna?a. grudging acceptance of the terms submitted by the Girondinsb. reassertion of royal legitimacy and rejection of republicanismc. concerned only about the preservation of the Holy Roman Empired. exacting a ferocious vengeancee. acceptance of the British ideal of representative government

49. At the Congress of Vienna, a principle that guided the deliberations of the diplomats was:a. balance of powerb. utilitarianismc. imperialismd. self-determinatione. liberalism

50. During the Hundred Days,a. the sans-culottes committed the September Massacreb. Napoleon was driven from Russiac. Napoleon returned from exile to rule France brieflyd. the Reign of Terror executed 30,000 peoplee. the National Assembly wrote France’s first constitution

1. Which of the following is true of Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)?a. He led the French church in opposition to the monarchy.b. He expelled the Huguenots from France.c. He strengthened the intendant method of local government.d. He effectively abolished the sale of offices and tax farming in France.e. He supported the French nobility against the monarchy.

2. In the first half of the seventeenth century, which of the following countries led Europe in shipbuilding, navigation, and commerce and banking?

a. Franceb. Russiac. Netherlandsd. Spaine. England

38. Which of the following was a persistent cause of agitation and protests by the Parisian lower classes in the eighteenth century?a. Efforts to re-impose the guild systemb. Bourgeois demands for a greater voice in governmentc. Lavish displays of wealth by the clergyd. Frustration of artisans’ attempts to organize into unionse. Substantial increases in the cost of bread

39. The French Reign of Terror is most closely associated with the:a. women’s march to Versaillesb. establishment of the Committee of Public Safetyc. issuance of the Civil Constitution of the Clergyd. drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizene. reform of civil and criminal law

40. Which of the following statement accurately describes the Napoleonic Code?a. It was Europe’s first written law code.b. It prepared the way for the Bourbon Restoration.c. It institutionalized the corvee.d. It protected private property and the authority of husbands within the family.e. It determined the shape of European governments until the First World War.

41. Napoleon’s primary aim in establishing the Continental System was to:a. unit the German statesb. end the military threat from Russiac. provide new governments in French-occupied territoriesd. destroy Great Britain’s economye. create a tariff-free zone throughout Europe

42. The French Le Chapelier Law (1791) and the English Combination Acts (1799-1800) did which of the following?a. Raised customs taxes on importsb. Made workers organizations illegalc. Restricted child labord. Provided state health care to railway employeese. Mandated a minimum wage

43. Napoleon Bonaparte’s repressive occupation sparked a violent popular revolt ina. Spainb. Italyc. Austriad. Polande. Great Britain

44. Under the Napoleonic system, peasants in territories conquered by French armies were generally givena. the right to vote for representative to serve in newly created parliamentsb. control over the appointment of village priestsc. freedom from manorial obligationsd. free lessons in the French languagee. sets of laws designed specifically to fit local conditions

3. In the second half of the seventeenth century, which of the following countries dominated European culture, politics, and diplomacy?

a. Englandb. Spainc. Russiad. Francee. Prussia

4. Which of the following was a primary result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688?a. the establishment of universal male suffrageb. the restoration of Roman Catholicism to both England and Scotlandc. the limitation of the monarchy's powerd. the execution of James IIe. the triumph of Puritanism

5. The principal reason why Louis XIV (1643-1715) built his palace at Versailles was toa. tighten his control over the nobilityb. strengthen his ties with the Huguenotsc. move the king's residence nearer to the center of the countryd. provide thousands of jobse. absorb the excess revenue produced by mercantilist tax policies

6. After the defeat of King Charles I in the English Civil War and his execution in 1649, England was governed for a decade by

a. a democratic republic with universal suffrageb. a commonwealth led by Oliver Cromwellc. a constitutional monarchy under King James IId. the king of Scotlande. a parliamentary council dominated by Levellers

7. In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Prussia, the Junkers supported the monarchy and served in the army in return for:

a. the right to sell their landsb. control of an independent national parliamentc. toleration of their religious diversityd. exemption from all taxese. virtually absolute power over their serfs

8. The Russian woodcut above (about 1698) symbolizes Peter the Great's:a. victory over the Swedes in the Great Northern Warb. elimination of the Cossacks as a political force within Russiac. imposition of Western values on the Russian nobilityd. initiation of the partition of Polande. struggle with his son, Alexis, for control of Russia

15. The Habsburg Emperor Charles VI (1711-1740) issued his Pragmatic Sanction in order to:a. provide for the division of his territories after his deathb. allow him to partition Polandc. allow him to trade Protestant lands that he ruled in Germany for Catholic lands elsewhered. guarantee the succession of his eldest daughter to the thronee. eliminate serfdom in his territories

16. In eighteenth-century Europe, the most important imperial rivalries existed among which three of the following?a. Russia, France, and Great Britainb. The German states, the Italian states, and Great Britainc. The German states, the Italian states, and Franced. France, Russia, and Spaine. Spain, France, and Great Britain

17. In the mid-seventeenth century, the area shaded in black shown on the map above belonged toa. Russiab. Polandc. Swedend. Austriae. Brandenburg-Prussia

18. Which of the following was the most typical of preindustrial European village society?a. three-crop field rotationb. importation of most manufactured goodsc. high degree of social mobilityd. low infant-mortality ratese. long life expectancy

19. Which is the best generalization regarding women’s involvement in the early modern economy?a. women focused exclusively on food preparation and housecleaningb. women’s lack of physical strength prevented their involvement in manual laborc. most women were so busy with pregnancy that this dominated their dayd. women were integral to the management, marketing, and book-keeping of artisanal shopse. most rural women tended to earn wages at nearby factories or cottage industries

20. Early modern European couples delayed marriage until they were, on average, in their mid- to late-twenties because:a. sexual maturation was delayed until then because of poor nutritionb. they were concerned about scarcity of housingc. they needed to acquire land or learn a trade before they could support a familyd. the customs and values of a society dominated by religion promoted sexual restrainte. laws prohibited marriage without parental permission before the age of majority

21. A major economic difference between Eastern and Western Europe was:a. a major decline in poverty in Western Europe in the eighteenth century

b. Eastern Europe's immunity from revolutionary stirringsc. the continuing dependence of Eastern Europe on serfdom and large estatesd. the dominating role of the middle class in Eastern Europee. a lack of roads and canals in Western Europe

22. The persecution of witches came to an end in the seventeenth century because of all of the following EXCEPT:a. the scientific revolutionb. improved medical knowledgec. decline of religious conflictd. women were elevated in statuse. increase in social stability

23. Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon contributed to scientific development in the seventeenth century by:a. making observations of planetary movementsb. perfecting the metric systemc. conducting experiments about gravitational forcesd. introducing logarithmse. articulating theories of the scientific method

24. Johannes Kepler improved on Copernicus' theories by:a. introducing the concept of heliocentrismb. demonstrating the laws of gravitational attractionc. being the first to question the theory of crystalline spheresd. demonstrating that planets have elliptical orbitse. charting the epicycles of the planets

25. The model of the universe which resulted from the scientific work of Galileo and Newton embraced:a. Aristotelian philosophyb. a belief in an ascending "chain of being"c. the concept of a spiritually animate universed. the belief in the fixed, central position of the Earthe. the science of mechanics

26. Which of the following is NOT a reason why Galileo was convicted of heresy by the Inquisition?a. the Catholic Church feared further decline in its power in the face of Protestantismb. Martin Luther had vigorously defended the heliocentric theoryc. Galileo had directly contradicted the authority of scriptured. the Church believed Galileo had violated an agreement not to teach Copernican theory as facte. the character of Simplicio in Galileo's writings mocked the Pope and geocentric view

27. The sketch above, drawn by Galileo in 1610, was used to argue that the Moon:a. has no phasesb. has an irregular surfacec. is one of the planetsd. does not revolve around the Earthe. is illuminated by Mars

28. Empiricism as related to the Scientific Revolution can be defined as:a. logical deduction from known principlesb. reliance on sensory observation to gather datac. controlled and systematic experimentsd. use of mathematics to devise universal scientific lawse. the rejection of positive knowledge in favor of skepticism

29. The great scientific discoveries of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries led European scholars to believe that:a. everything in nature and society operated in ways similar to those of a living organismb. the universe was orderly and operated according to fixed rulesc. religious tradition formed the basis for all scientific truths and assumptionsd. the experimental method was an unreliable vehicle for scientific inquirye. only that which could be seen and examined was real

30. The Scientific Revolution overturned the accepted ideas of which of the following?a. Aristotleb. Platoc. Copernicusd. Galileoe. Euclid

31. The most serious conflict facing thinkers of the seventeenth century, such as Pascal and Spinoza, was:

a. understanding the role of the monarch in politicsb. resolving the dilemma between Christianity and Islamc. replacing the scientific method with intuitive thinkingd. rejecting mathematics in place of alchemye. reconciling new scientific theories with Christian teaching

32. All of the following were common characteristics of the Old Regime in eighteenth-century Europe EXCEPT:a. aristocratic elitesb. state religionsc. guildsd. feudal duese. large factories

33. Which of the following best describes the enclosure movement?a. A system of high tariffs erected by Philip II of Spainb. A military maneuver developed by Henry VII of Englandc. The fencing of common farmland in England for private used. A network of improved roads and bridgese. The erection of a fortified line between France and Germany

34. The ______________ was a central institution of town life in the early modern period. a. manor b. court c. neighborhood d. guild e. inn

35. What accounts for the tightening of serfdom in Eastern Europe at the same time peasants in Western Europe were freed from the land?

a. weak monarchs in Eastern Europe were forced to grant concessions to a strong nobility b. poor weather led to a decline in agricultural productivity in the East and debt peonage c. nobles in Western Europe dismantled feudalism because of Renaissance ideals of equality d. successful revolts West of the Elbe River liberated peasants from oppression e. enlightened monarchs in the West proclaimed the freedom of peasants

36. In the eighteenth century, the effectiveness of the Russian monarchy was limited by: a. the enormous land area of the country b. the independent position of the Orthodox Church c. a united, rebellious nobility d. a prosperous middle class located in fortified towns e. a newly free class of former serfs

37. The Agricultural Revolution of the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries in England and the Netherlands involved all of the following EXCEPT:

a. draining wetlands

b. enclosure of common fieldsc. introduction of new cropsd. selective breeding of livestocke. use of heavy machinery

38. The major drawback of the open-field (three-field. agricultural system was that: a. it relied on individual farming methods b. it prohibited the communal use of oxen and other farm animals c. every year a substantial portion of the land was not planted d. insects regularly devastated the crops and infected the herds e. thieves were able to steal crops easily

39. Economic and social life among the mass of people under the ancien regime of the eighteenth century still primarily focused around:

a. the harvestb. the stock marketc. colonial traded. parliamentary electionse. military service

40. Historians attribute the “population explosion” of the eighteenth century primarily to: a. the elimination of childhood diseases b. a more abundant food supply c. the widespread introduction of piped water and sewers d. the eradication of childbirth fever e. new sanitary procedures in hospitals

41. Family relations in western Europe in the period 1500-1700 were generally similar to modern ones in that: a. the core of the family was nuclear b. the legal power of the father over the family steadily declined c. divorce on the basis of irreconcilable differences increase dramatically d. family chapels, directed by fathers, dominated community services e. children left home and established separate households soon after puberty

42. The Industrial Revolution was responsible for all of the following developments in Great Britain EXCEPT:a. an increase in the mobility of the work forceb. the improvement of the transportation networkc. increased emigration to the coloniesd. an increase in annual national incomee. an increase in the number of small landowners

43. The most important sector of the early industrial revolution was:a. shipbuildingb. textilesc. chemicals

d. railwayse. appliances

44.”The young workers seemed to be always cheerful and alert, taking pleasure in the light play of their muscles--enjoying the mobility natural to their age. The scene of industry, so far from exciting sad emotion in my mind, was always exhilarating. It was delightful to observe the nimbleness with which they fixed the broken ends. The work of these lively elves in the factory seemed to resemble sport.” The above passage was most likely written by a:

a. factory workerb. factory ownerc. factory inspectord. socialist

e. peasant

45. A major social impact of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain up to 1830 was:a. the decline of the family as a unit of productionb. the elimination of child laborc. an improvement in sanitation and living conditionsd. the decline in importance of citiese. a recognition by governments of the right of workers to strike

46. The graph above best supports which of the following statements?a. The Industrial Revolution destroyed the standard of living of the working classes.b. Ideas associated with the Renaissance and the Reformation encouraged the English to have large families.c. During the eighteenth century, the English population suffered substantially from periodic famines.d. The English population increased in the seventeenth century despite civil wars and revolution.e. During the late eighteenth century, the English population grew faster than it had from 1450 to 1600.

9. The revolt against France’s increasingly centralized monarchy in 1648-52 is generally known as:a. the Mazarinadeb. Colbertismc. the Fronded. the siege of La Rochellee. October Days

10. Which of the following was the most significant challenge faced by the Austrian Habsburgs after 1648?a. loss of major territories to the Spanish Habsburgsb. the difficulty of centralizing a multi-ethnic empirec. continual raids by Muslim pirates in the Mediterraneand. Russian efforts to expand in the Baltice. French aggression in the Seven Years War (1756-63)

11. Louis XIV of France used all of the following methods to assert absolute power EXCEPT: a. appointed intendants as provincial officials b. made nobles hold his nightshirt as he awoke c. built the great palace at Versailles d. subdued the parlements e. extended religious toleration to Huguenots

12. Which of the following was NOT an accomplishment carried out by Peter the Great of Russia? a. assertion of control over boyars b. secular control of Orthodox Church c. acquisition of Poland d. building of St. Petersburg e. defeat of Swedes and Ottomans

13. According to the theory of mercantilism, colonies should bea. granted independence as soon as possibleb. acquired as markets and sources of raw materialsc. considered an economic burden for the colonial powerd. used as settlement areas for surplus populationse. encouraged to develop their own industries

14. The concept of the balance of power, as it emerged by the end of the seventeenth and beginning of eighteenth centuries, had which of the following as its fundamental aim?

a. the elimination of war as an instrument of international relationsb. preventing the dominance of a single powerc. an approximate balance between land and sea powersd. isolation of conflict to certain contested land arease. a checks and balances system of government

47. In the eighteenth century, all of the following were significant motives for wars EXCEPTa. dynastic claimsb. balance of power considerationsc. commercial rivalriesd. religious differencese. policies of territorial expansion

48. Poland's decline as a major political entity during the seventeenth century can be attributed largely to:a. the failure of the papacy to recognize the legitimacy of the Polish kingsb. a population decline resulting from the Thirty Years' War

c. the conquest of the kingdom by the Ottoman Turksd. failure of universities to create a literate aristocracye. the absence of a powerful central authority

49. The War of Spanish Succession ended with: a. the Habsburgs reigning in Spain b. Louis XIV’s grandson as king of Spain c. Silesia granted to Frederick II d. Italy united under French rule e. Britain withdrawing from its colonies

50. Which of the following represents the final defeat of efforts by the Ottoman Empire to acquire large areas of central Europe?

a. The battle of Poltava (1709)b. The battle of Lepanto (1571)c. The battle of Nördlingen (1634)d. The siege of Vienna (1683)e. The fall of Constantinople (1453)