Church Reform and the Crusades

Chapter 14 Section 1

I Monastic Revival and Church Reform• 1000s saw a religious revival across Europe

returning to the principles of Christianity

A. Problems in the Church• 3 main problems that

troubled reformers…– Pritest marrying and having

families (against church teachins)

– Simony= practice of selling church positions

– Lay appointees put kings in control of church bishops• Only church should appoint

bishops

B. Reform Begins at Cluny• Benedictine mpnastaru in

Cluny France strictly follows Benedictine rules– Other followed their examples

• Cisterian monks founded and futhered reform

• Reform movement that began in Cluny influenced papacy– Pope Leo IX enforces church

laws against simony & marriage

C. Reform and Church Organizations• In 1100s church

reconstructed to resemble a kingdom w/ pope at the head– Papal Curia= popes group of

advisors which doubled as ct.

– Church collects tithes– Provides social services like

hospitals

D. Preaching Friars• Friars traveled around Europe

spreading the churches idea– Same vows as monks but did

not live sep. from civ.• Dominicans one of earliest

orders founded who emphasize studymany scholars

• Franciscans foudned by St. Francis of Assisi– Son of wealthy merchant

gives up posessions to preach

E. Religious Orders for Women• Women also participated in spiritual revival– Unlike men they could not travel as preachers but

did take same vows

II Cathedrals-Cities of God• Although friars lived in poverty, the church’s

wealth could be seen in cathedrals around Europe

A. A New Style of Church Architecture• 800-1100 churches built in

Romanesque style– Round arched & heavy roof

held up by think walls & pillars w/ small windows

• Early 1100s a new style of architecture known as Gothic developed– Thrust upwards as if reaching

for the heavens w/ light streaming through stained glass windows

II The Crusades• Age of Faith inspired wars of

conquest– Byzantine emperor asks for

help in defeating Muslim Turks who were threatening to take over Constantinople

– Pop Urban calls for a crusade= “Holy War”

• Goal of Crusades was to recover Jerusalem & Holy Land

A. Causes of the Crusading Spirit• Crusades has econ. Goal too– Many knights who participated were younger sons

who did not inherit anything from their fathers • Peasants were fired up because according to

Pope Urban those who died in crusade were assured place in heaven

• Merchants also profited from making loans to finance Crusades– Hopes to gain control of key trade routes

B. First and Second Crusades• 3 armies of knoghts assemble in

Constantinople– Ill prepared (knew nothing of peog,

culture, etc.)• Recaptured Jerusalem carve up

small strip of land into 4 feudal kingdoms– Vulnerable to Turkish invasion--?

Edessa reconqured by Turks• 2nd Crusade to retake

Edessadefeated and Jerusalem recaptured by Muslim leader Saladin

C. Third and Fourth Crusades• Led by 3 of Europes most powerful nobles– 1 drowns, the other 2 get into argument and 1 of

them goes homeRichard the Lionhearted left to reclaim Holy Land

• Richard and Saladin reach truce in which Muslims keep control of land but Christian pilgrims could visit holy places freely

• Pope Innocent begins 4th Crusade– Knights entangled in politicschurch I east

(Constantinople) splits from church in west (Rome)

IV The Crusading Spirit DwindlesA. a Spanish Crusade

• Musims in Spain (Moors) controlled much of country until 1100s– Reconquista= effort to drive

out Muslims from Spain• Muslims that hold

Grenada fall to Christian army of Ferdiand & Isabella

• Spain has large pop. Of Jews & Muslims– Ferdinand use inquisition to

unify their country under Christianity & consolidate their power

– Inquisition= church tribunals to suppress heresy

• Person suspected of heresy jailed, tortured, burned at stake– Expelled all practicing Jews &

Muslims from Spain

C. The Effects of the Crusade• Failure of the later crusades minimize pope’s

power & weakened feudal nobility• Intolerance & prejudice of Crusades left legacy

of bitterness still present today• Feudal kingdoms collapseChristians &

Muslims benefit from expansion of trade