CHUYÊN ĐỀ - PHƯƠNG PHÁP GIẢI TOÁN CẤU TẠO NGUYÊN TỬ.pdf

8/12/2019 CHUYN - PHNG PHP GII TON CU TO NGUYN T.pdf

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TI LIU LUYN THI I HC GS MAYRADA GROUPS

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CHUYN LUYN THI I HC: CU TO NGUYN T

A. L THUYT C BN

I. THNH PHN NGUYN T:

Ht nhn: Ht nhn nguyn t nm tm nguyn t .

- Ht proton mang in tich dng(p, in tch +) v c khi lng:

mp= 1,6726.10-27

kg = 1u = 1vC

- Ht ntron khng mang in notron (n, khng mang in)v c khi lng:

27

nm 1,648.10 kg = 1u = 1vC

- V nguyn t bao quanh ht nhn cha ht electronmang in tch m (1- ) v c khi lng

+ Lp v: electron (e, in tch -)

31

e

1m 9,1094.10 Kg = vC ( khoi lng khong ang ke )

1840

II. IN TCH V S KHI HT NHN:

- in tch ht nhn Z .

so n v ien tch hat nhan = so proton = so electron

- S khi ht nhn, k hiu l A. Bng tng s proton (P ) cng tng s notron (N).

A P N Z N

- iu kin bn ca nguyn t: (Z 82) => 1 N

P 1,52 ( tr H)

- K hiu nguyn t X : Az

X

Trong :

A : S khi ca ht nhn nguyn t.

Z : S hiu nguyn t ( = s proton = s electron ).

- ng v: l nhng loi nguyn t ca cng 1 nguyn t , c cng s proton nhng khc nhau

v s notron nn s khi khc nhau.

- Khi lng nguyn t trung bnh:

i iA

i

A .a %M

a %

(Ai: S khi ca cc ng v, ai%: phn trm tng ng ca cc ng v)

- Lp electron: Gm cc e c mc nng lng gn bng nhau


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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Lp ..

K L M N O P Q

Trt t nng lng tng dn

+ S el ti a lp th n l 2n2e

+ Lp th n c n phn lp

+ S el ti a phn lp l: s (2), p(6), d(10) , f(14)

- C s in electron vo nguyn t: Ccelectron c sp xp trong nguyn t theo nguyn l

vng bn, nguyn l Pauli v quy tc Hund

+Nguyn l vng bn:Cc electron phn b vo cc AO c mc nng lng t thp n

cao

+Nguyn l Pauli:Trn 1 AO ch c th c nhiu nht 2 electron v 2 electron ny phi c

chiu t quay khc nhau

+ Quy tc Hund:Cc electron s c phn b trn cc AO sao cho s electron c thn

l ti a v cc electron ny phi c chiu t quay ging nhau

Trong mt phn lp, nu s e s AO th cc e u phi l c thn c s e oocj thn l

ti a* Cc phn lp c s e ti a (s2, p6, d10, f14):Phn lp bo ha

* Cc phn lp cha s e ti a :Phn lp cha bo ha

* Cc phn lp c s e c thn = s AO (d5, f7):Phn lp bn bo ha

- Cu hnh electrron nguyn t: l s phn b cc e theo lp, phn lp v AO. Cc e thuc lp

ngoi cng quyt nh tnh cht ca cht:

+ Cc kh him, tr Heli, nguyn t c 8 e ngoi cng u rt bn vng kh tham giaphn ng ha hc

+ Cc kim loi, nguyn t c t (1, 2, 3) e ngoi cng d cho e to thnh ion dng

c cu hnh e ging kh him

+ Cc phi kim, nguyn t c nhiu (5, 6, 7) e ngoi cng d nhn thm e to thnh

ion m c cu hnh e ging kh him

+ Cc nguyn t cn c th dng chung e ngoi cng to ra cc hp cht trong cu hnh

e ca cc nguyn t cng ging cc kh him

nhn


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- Bn knh nguyn t: V =4

3R3 => R = 3

3V

4

Th tch 1 mol nguyn t =4

3R3.N ( N = 6,02.1023 )

1 mol nng A gam => d = 3A A

4VR N

3

(g/cm

3

) => R =3

3A

4 Nd (cm)

AD CT trn khi coi nguyn t l nhng hnh cu chim 100% th tch nguyn t.

Thc t, nguyn t rng, phn tinh th ch chim a%. Nn cc bc tnh nh sau:

+ V mol nguyn t c khe rng: Vmol (c khe rng)=A

d= Vo

.

+ V mol nguyn t c kht: Vmol (c c kht) = Vo.

a% =

A

d .a%

+ V 1 nguyn t: V(nguyn t)= dacV A.a%

N d.N

+ Bn knh nguyn t: R = 33V

4= 3

3A.a%

4 Nd(cm)

PHN DNG V PHNG PHP GII TON CU TO NGUYN T

DNG 1 : CCH VIT CU HNH ELECTRON TRN CC PHN LP CA

NGUYN T.

LOI 1 : CU HNH ELECTRON CA NGUYN T.

I. C S L Thuyt.

- Cu hnh electron nguyn t biu din s phn b electron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp khc

nhau.

Ngi ta quy c vit cu hnh electron nguyn t nh sau :

- S th t lp electron c ghi bng ch s ( 1,2,3....).

- Phn lp c ghi bng cc ch ci thng : s,p,d,f.

- S electron trong mt phn lp c ghi bng s pha bn phi ca phn lp (s2

, p

6

), ccphn lp khng c electron khng ghi.

Cc bc vit cu hnh electronnguyn t:


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Bc 1 : Xc nh s electron nguyn t.

Bc 2 : Cc electron c phn b ln lt vo cc phn lp theo chiu tng ca nng lng

trong nguyn t (1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s) v tun theo quy tc sau:

- Phn lp s cha ti a 2 electron.

- Phn lp p cha ti a 6 electron.

- Phn lp d cha ti a 10 electron.

- Phn lp f cha ti a 14 electron.

Bc 3 : Vit cu hnh electron biu din s phn b electron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp

khc nhau (1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s).

V d 1: Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t N (Z=7):1. Xc nh s electron: 7.

2. Cc electron phn b vo cc phn lp theo chiu tng dn ca nng lng trong nguyn t:

1s22s

22p

3.

3. Cu hnh electron l: 1s22s22p3.

Phng Php :

Vi 20 nguyn t u c cu hnh electron ph hp vi cu hnh mc nng lng (Quy tc

kleckowski ). ( Z 20 ).

Th d : 2 2 6 1Na ( Z = 11) : 1s 2s 2p 3s

- Trong nguyn t cc electron chim cc mc nng lng t thp n cao theo dy: 1s 2s 2p 3s

3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s

nh ta dng quy tc Klechkowsky1s

2s 2p

3s 3p 3d

4s 4p 4d 4f

5s 5p 5d 5f

6s 6p 6d 6f

7s 7p 7d 7f

Khi vit cu hnh electron trong nguyn t ca cc nguyn t.

VD : 19K cu hnh electron : 1s22s

22p

63s

23p

64s

1.


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T nguyn t th 21 tr ic s chn mc nng lng nn cu hnh electron c vit theo

th t mc nng lng ri sp xp theo th t phn lp.( Z > 20 ).

Bc 1 : Vit cu hnh electron theo mc nng lng trc.

1s 2s,2p 3s, 3p 4s, 3d 4p, 5s 4d,5p, 6s 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s .....

Bc2 : Sp xp li theo th t ca tng lp.- nn mc nng lng 3d ln hn 4s. V d : 26Fe.

Mc nng lng : 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6.

Cu hnh electron : 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2.

Khi gp cu hnh electron c dng d4v d9th phi chuyn thnh d5( bn bo ha ) v

d10 ( bo ha ) .

Cu hnh electron ca mt s nguyn t nh Cu, Cr,Pd c ngoi l i vi s sp xp electronlp ngoi cng\( v c s chuyn electron sang bn bo ha v bo ha t cu hnh bn nht

).

- Mc bo ha :

9 2 10 1(n 1)d ns (n-1)d ns ( nh vay se co s thuan li hn ve mc nang lng )

Th d :

2 2 6 2 6 2 9 2 2 6 2 6 1 1029Cau hnh mc nang lng Cu : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

Sau chuyn cu hnh mc nng lng sang cu hnh electron :

62 2 6 2 6 1 10 2 2 6 2 10 11s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s

(ng l 1s22s22p63s23p63d9 4s2, nhng electron ngoi cng nhy vo lp trong c mc bo

ha v mc bn bo ha).

Mc bn bo ha :

4 2 5 1(n 1)d ns (n-1)d ns ( nh vay se thuan li hn ve mc nang lng ).

Th d: Cu hnh electron ca24

Cr .

Hng Dn Gii

Bc 1 : Ta vit cu hnh electron theo mc nng lng.

- 2 2 6 2 6 2 41s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

Bc 2 : Chuyn d4thnh d5 v sp xp li theo th t ca phn lp.


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-2 2 6 2 6 1 51s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

2. Xc nh nguyn t l phi kim hay kim loi.

- Cc nguyn t c 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoi cng l kim loi (tr nguyn t hiro, heli,bo).

- Cc nguyn t c 5, 6, 7 electron lp ngoi cng l phi kim.- Cc nguyn t c 8 electron lp ngoi cng l kh him.- Cc nguyn t c 4 electron lp ngoi cng nu chu k nh l phi kim, chu k ln l

kim loi.

BI TP NG DNG

Bi Tp 1 : Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t N ( Z = 7 ).

Bc 1 : Xc nh s electron = 7.

Bc 2 : Cc electron phn b vo cc phn lp theo chiu tng dn ca mc nng lng trong

nguyn t : 2 2 31s 2s 2p ( theo quy tc kleckowski )

Bc 3 : Vit cu hnh electron : 2 2 31s 2s 2p ( Trng hp cc nguyn tc Z < 21 th

cu hnh electron v cu hnh mc nng lng trng nhau ).

Bc 4 : Theo lng t

Bi Tp 2: Vit cu hnh electron ca Fe ( Z = 56 ).

Hng Dn Gii

Bc 1 : Ta vit cu hnh electron theo mc nng lng.

- 2 2 6 2 6 2 61s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

Bc 2 : Sp xp li theo th t ca phn lp .

-2 2 6 2 6 6 21s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s

Bi Tp 3: Cu hnh electron ca Cu ( Z = 29 )

Hng Dn Gii


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Bc 1 : Ta vit cu hnh electron theomc nng lng.

2 2 6 2 6 2 91s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

Bc 2 : Chuyn d9thnh d10 v sp xp li theo th t ca phn lp.

2 2 6 2 6 1 10

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

Bi Tp 4: C ( Z = 6 ) trng thi c bn l :

-2 2 21s 2s 2p hay

Cu hnh electron trng thi kch thch : Khi nguyn t c cung cp mt mc

nng lng , cc cp electron b ghp i b tch thnh cc electron c thn v chuyn

ln mc nng lng cao hn.

V d : C trng thi kch thch :

- trng thi cc nguyn t khng bn, chng d tham gia lin kt ha hc.

Bi Tp 6 :

LOI 2 : VIT CU HNH ELECTRON CA ION.

- Khi nguyn t mt hoc nhn thm electron th n tr thnh ion.

DNG 2 : MI QUAN HGIA TH TCH , BN KNH , KHI LNG RING CA

HT NHN V CA NGUYN T.

Phng Php :

Kin Thc Cn Nh :

3

2. Khoi lng rieng cua hat nhan nguyen t hoac nguyen t:

m(gam) D =

V(cm )

3. Th tch ca nguyn t v ht nhn nguyn t c tnh theo th tch ca hnh cu:

-27 241. 1vC = 1,67.10 Kg = 1,67.10 gam


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3

The tch cua nguyen t va hat nhan nguyen t :

4 V= r (vtt)

3

Trong :- = 3,14 va r la ban knh cua nguyent hoac hat nhan nguyen t. Ch :

9 7 0

0 10 8 1

1nm 10 m = 10 cm = 10A

1A = 10 m = 10 cm = 10 nm ( 0,1nm)

BI TP NG DNG

Bi Tp 1:Nguyn t khi ca Na l 23 vC . Tnh khi lng ca nguyn t Na theo Kg ?

Hng Dn GiiTa c :

27

27

1vC = 1,67.10 Kg

23vC = 38,41.10 Kg

Bi Tp 2 : Khi phn tch kh CO2thy c 27,3% C v 72,7% O theo khi lng . Nguyn t

khi ca C l 12,011 vC . Tm khi lng ca nguyn t O theo n v l gam ?

Hng Dn GiiCch 1 :

Tnh nguyn t khi ca Oxi.

2.Nguyen t khoi O 72,7

Nguyen t khoi C 27,3

Nguyen t khoi C. 72,7 12,011.72,7Nguyen t khoi O 15,993 vC

2.27,3 2.27,3

Khi lng nguyn t O theo n v gam l :27 26 24

Om 15,99.1,67.10 = 2,67.10 Kg = 0,267.10 (gam)

Bi Tp 3 :Nguyn t Zn c bn knh r = 1,35.10-10m v c nguyn t khi l 65 vC.

a. Tnh khi lng ring ca Zn ?

b. Thc t khi lng ca nguyn t Zn hu nh tp trung vo ht nhn vi bn knh

15r 2.10 m . Tm khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t ( cho = 3,14 ).


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Hng Dn Gii

a. Tnh khi lng ring ca Zn ?

Ta c khi lng ring ca nguyn t Zn c tnh theo cng thc :

3

m(gam)

D V(cm )

Trong :

- Khi lng ca nguyn t Zn l :

27 22m 65.1,67.10 Kg = 1,0855.10 (gam)

- Th tch ca nguyn t Zn l :

3 8 3 23 34 4v r .3,14.(1,35.10 ) 1,03.10 (cm )3 3

223

23

Khoi lng rieng cua Zn la :

m 1,0855.10D= 10 (gam/cm )

V 1,03.10

Lu :

-Nu cc nguyn t km c xp cht kht vo nhau khng cn ch trng no trong tinh th ,th khi lng ring ca km s l 10 (gam/cm3) nh kt qu trn.Nhng trong tinh th nguyn

t Zn ch chim 70% th tch, phn cn li l rng nn thc t khi lng ring ca Zn l khong

7 (gam/cm3).

b.

- Th tch ca ht nhn nguyn t l :

3 13 3 38 34 4V r .3,14.(2.10 ) 3,349.10 (cm )3 3

- Do khi lng ca nguyn t ch yu tp trung ht nhn nguyn t do khi lng ca ht

nhn nguyn t xem nh bng khi lng ca nguyn t.

Khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t l :

2215 3

3 38

m(gam) 1,0855.10D 3,24.10 (gam/cm )

V(cm ) 3,349.10

Nhn xt :


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15 3 9 3 3D 3,24.10 (gam/cm ) = 3,24.10 (tan /cm ) = (hn 3 t tan/ cm ) . T cth thy rng khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t l v cng ln so vi khi lng ring canguyn t.

Bi Tp 4 : Trong mt t bo n v ca tinh th X ( mng tinh th lp phng tm din,

vi cnh ca hnh lp phng l ( 8a 3,62 .10 cm ) c 4 n v cu trc . Khilng ring ca nguyn t ny l 8920 ( gam/m3). Bit trong t bo lp phng tm din,

bn knh nguyn ta 2

r4

.

a ) .Tnh th tch ca cc nguyn t trong mt t bo v phn trm th tch ca t bo bchim bi cc nguyn t.b ) . Xc nh nguyn t X ?.

Hng Dn Gii

- Nguyn t ca 1 t bo th bao gi cngc hnh cu nn cng thc tnh ca n l : - T bo cha 4 nguyn t, do th tch nguyn t trong t bo l :

3

3 3 3

nt

4 4 a 2V 4. r 4. 3,14. 0,74a (cm )

3 3 4

- Th tch t bo nguyn t( hnh lp phng ):3

ntV a

Phn % th tch t bo chim bi cc nguyn t l :

-3

nt

3

tb

V 0,74a100 100 74 %

V a

b )

3

23 8 3

V 6,02.10 .0,74. 3,62.10 21,1 ( cm )

Ta c khi lng ring ca 1 mol nguyn t l :23 23m n.M D.V.N 8,92.4,7.10 .6,02.10

D M = 63,1 (gam/mol )V NV n 4

X la Cu

Bi Tp 5 :Nguyn t Zn c bn knh 8r 1,35.10 (cm) v c khi lng nguyn t l65 vC . Tm khi lng ring ca D ( gam/cm3) ca Zn.

Hng Dn Gii

Ta c :


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27 241vC = 1,67.10 Kg = 1,67.10 (gam)

Ta c khi lng tuyt i ca nguyn t Zn l : 24 22m 65.1,67.10 = 1,0855.10 (gam)

Th tch ca nguyn t Zn l :

3 8 3 23 34 4V r = .3,14.(1,35.10 ) = 1,03.10 ( cm )3 3

MT S BI TP P DNG

Bi 1 :Nguyn t Al c bn knh nguyn t l 1,43 v c khi lng nguyn t l 27u.

a . Tnh khi lng ring ca nguyn t Al.

b. Trong thc t th tch tht chim bi cc nguyn t ch bng 74% ca tinh th , cn li l ca

khe trng . nh khi lng ring ng ca Al . Bit nguyn t c hnh cu ?

Bi 2 : Tnh bn knh gn ng ca nguyn t Cu , bit khi lng ring ca nguyn t Cu l

8,39 (gam/cm3) v khi lng nguyn t Cu l 64u. Mt khc th tch tht chim bi cc nguyn

t ch bng 74% ca tinh th, cn li l cc khe trng.

Bi 3 :Nguyn t nhm (Al ) c ng knh l 2,86A0 v c khi lng nguyn t l 27 vC .

Tnh khi lng ring canguyn t Al?. Trong thc t, th tch tht chim bi cc nguyn t

ch bng 74% ca tinh th , cn li l cc khe trng. nh khi lng ring ng ca Al ?.

DNG 3 : CHO TNG S HT V S HIU NGUYN T MNG IN :

a ) Dng Ton C Bn Cho 1 Nguyn T .

Gi :

So khoi nguyen t = z + N ( Z = so p = so e )

S : Tong so hat c ban cua nguyen to X ( S= p + n + e)

a : Hieu gia so hat mang ien va so hat khong mang ien ( Z + E -N )

Khi ta c cng thc :

S aZ

4

Z = E nen Z + E = 2Z

S 2Z NS a 4Z

a 2Z N


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BI TP VNDNG

Bi Tp 1 :Tng s ht c bn ca 1 nguyn t M l 82. Trong tng s ht mang in tch

nhiu hn tng sht khng mang in tch l 22 ?.

Hng Dn Gii

Gi :

M M

M M

S la tong so hat c ban cua nguyen t M

S = 2Z N 82

a la hieu gia so hat mang ien tch va so hat khong mang ien tch

a = 2Z N 22

Khi ta c :

-M

S a 82 22 104Z 26 M la nguyen to Fe

4 4 4

Bi Tp 2 : Tng S ht c bn ca nguyn t Y l 52. Trong tng s ht mang in nhiu

hn tng s ht khng mang in l 16. Y l ?

Hng Dn Gii

Gi:

Y Y

Y Y

y

S la tong so hat c ban cua nguyen t YS= 2Z N 52

a la hieu gia so hat mang ien va so hat khong mang ien cua nguyen t Y

a = 2Z N 16

S + a 68 Z 17 Cl (Clo)

4 4

Bi Tp 3 : Ytri (Y ) dng lm vt liu siu dn c s khi l 88.

Hy xc nh s proton , s notron , s electron trong nguyn t ca nguyn t Y . Bit Y c Z

bng 39 ?


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Hng Dn Gii

Bi Tp 4 : C bao nhiu proton, notron, electron trong nguyn t 5426

Fe ?

Hng Dn Gii

Bi Tp 5: Mt Nguyn t c tng s ht l 62 v c s khi nh hn 43 . Tm s proton, s

notron v khi lng mol nguyn t ?.Hng Dn Gii

Bi Tp 6 : Mt nguyn t R c tng s ht l 34 , trong s ht mang in nhiu gp 1,8333

ln s ht khng mang in. Tm in tch ht nhn, s ht proton, s ht electron, notron v s

khi ca nguyn t R.

Hng Dn Gii

b ) Dng Ton Dnh Cho Phn T, Hn Hp Cc Nguyn T.

-Nu Hp Cht Mc dng :

-x y

A B th co the coi x la so lng nguyen t A va y la so lng nguyen t B

Khi ta c cng thc :

-phan t M phan t M

A B

S ay.Z + y.Z

4

Chng Minh :

M A A A B B B

M A A A B B B

A A M A B A B

B B M A B A B

M MM M A B A B

S Z E N .x + (Z E N ).y

a Z E N .x + (Z E N )y

V

Z E S 2xZ 2yZ xN + yN

Z E a 2xZ 2yZ xN yN

S aS a 4xZ 4yZ hay xZ + yZ

4

BI TP NG DNG

Bi Tp 1 : Tng s ht c bn trong phn t X c cng thc M2O l 140 , trong phn t X th

c tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht khng mang in l 44. Vy X l ?Hng Dn Gii


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Gi :

S l tng s ht c bn trong phn t X th ta c :

X M M M O O O

X M M M O O O

X M O M O

X M O M O

X X M

M

S 2(Z E N ) + (Z E N ) 140

a 2(Z E N ) + (Z E N ) 44

S 4Z 2Z + 2N + N =140

a 4Z 2Z 2N N 44

S a 8Z 32 184

184 32Z 19

8

Bi Tp 2 : M v X l hai nguyn t kim loi, tng s ht ca c nguyn t M v X l 142, trong

tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht khng mang in l 42 . S ht mang in trong

nguyn t M nhiu hn s ht mang in trong nguyn t X l 12. Tm M v X ?

Hng Dn Gii

Cch 1 : s dng h phng trnh da vo d liu bi:

M X M X

M X M X

M X

M X

M X

M M

2Z 2Z N N 142 (1)

2Z 2Z (N N ) 42 (2)

2Z 2Z 12 (3)

4Z + 4Z = 184 (1) + (2)

2Z 2Z 12 (3)

8Z 208 Z 26 (M la Fe )

Xda vao (3) Z = 20 ( X la Ca )

Cch 2 : S dng cng thc tnh nhanh:

M X

M X

M M X

S 142 va a 42

S aZ Z 46 (1)

4

ket hp 2Z 2Z 12 (2)

lay (1) nhan 2 cong vi (2) ta co :

4Z 104 Z 26 Z 20

c) Dng Ton Dnh Cho ion.


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-

n

n

m

- Tong so hat ion dng : T X - ne X suy ra:

So hat cua ion dng X = so hat cua X - n

- Tong so hat cua ion am : T X + me X suy ra :

So hat c

mua ion am X so hat cua X + m

-Nu ion l xX thX

S a 2xZ

4

-Nu ion l yY thY

(S a 2y)Z

4

Ghi nh :

- Khc bit gia cng thc ion v cng thc nguyn t l c thm in tch ca ion

- ghi nh dng ny th i vi ion dng th ta + 2 ln gi tr ca in tch v ion m th ta tr

2 ln gi tr ca in tch.

BI TP NG DNG

Bi Tp 1 : Tng s ht c bn ca ion 3M l 79, trong tng s ht mang in nhiu hn

tng s ht khng mang in l 19. M l ?

Hng Dn Gii

Cch 1 : Phn tch da trn d kin bi .

Z (E 3) N 79 1044Z 6 98 Z = 26

4Z (E 3) N 19

Cch 2 : p dng cng thc :

M

S a 2.3 79 19 6Z 26

4 4

DNG 4: CHO TNG S HT C BN S:

i vi dng ny th ta kt hp thm bt ng thc :

Cng Thc :


16/39



So hat = A Z N

Hat c ban = Z + N + E = 2Z + N

(2Z l ht mang in, N : l s ht khng mang in )

N1 1,524 ( vi Z 82 hay Z < 83 )

ZS 2Z S S

1 1,524 ZZ 3,524 4

Lu :

Thng nhng nguyn t u chnh lch gia p, n khng nhiu thng l 1 hoc 2 , nn sau

khi S chia 3 ta thng chn lun gi tr nguyn gn nht.

- Ngoi ra ta c th kt hp thm mt s cng thc :

S 2Z + N = Z + (Z + N) = Z + A e chon nhanh ap an

BI TP NG DNG

Bi Tp 1 : Tng s ht c bn ca nguyn t X l 52 , X thuc nhm VIIA . X l ?

Hng Dn Gii

Ta c :

S S Z

3,524 3

52 52 Z3,524 3

14,7 Z 17,33

Z = 17 ( Z la Clo)

Bi Tp 2 : Tng s ht trong phn t MX l 84 ht , trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht

khng mang in l 28. S ntron ca M nhiu hn s ntron ca X l 12 n v . S ht trong M

ln hn s ht trong X l 36 ht . MX l hp cht no ?

Hng Dn Gii

t :


17/39



M M M

X X X

S 2Z N

S 2Z N

Ta c : H phng trnh

M M X X M X

M X M X M X

M X M X

M M X X M x

M M

M X X

2Z +N +2Z +N 84 S S 84 (1)

2Z 2Z (N N ) 28 a a 28 (2)

N N 12 N N 12 (3)

2Z N (2Z N ) 36 S S 36 (4)

2S 120 S 60

S S 36 S 24

Kt hp vi cng thc :

M MM M

M

X X XXX

S S 60 60Z Z

17,02 Z 203,524 3 3,524 3

S S 24 24 6,8 Z 8ZZ

3,524 33,524 3

DNG 5 : DNG TON VTM S KHI NG V V NGUYN T KHI

A.L thuyt :

Cc ng v ca cng mt nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhngkhc nhau v s nrtron do s khi A ca chng khc nhau.

ng v thng phn ra lm 2 loi : ng v bn v ng v khng bn. Hu ht cc nguyn t c mt trong t nhin l hn hp ca cc ng v bn.- Hu ht cc ng v c s nguyn t ln hn 83 ( Z> 83) l khng bn hay cn gi l ng v

phng x,nhng ng v phng x thng t tn ti trong t nhin m phn ln do con ngi

iu ch ra.

Loi1 : Tnh Nguyn t Khi trung bnh A ca nguyn t nguyn t X:

Phng Php 1 : Phng Php S Dng Gi Tr Trung Bnh.

Gi :- A1l Nguyn t khi ng v X1v a l s nguyn t ca ng v X1

-A2l nguyn t khi ca ng v X2v b l s nguyn t ca ng v X2.


18/39



Trong X1,X2l cc ng v ca nguyn t nguyn t X.

Khi ta c : Nguyn t khi trung bnh (Khi lng nguyn t Trung bnh ).1 2

a AA bA

a b

Tng t :Nu c a% v b% l phn trm s lng nguyn t ca cc ng v th ta c : Nguyn t khi trung bnh (Khi lng nguyn t Trung bnh :

1 2a%. %.A

100%

A bA

Lu :Nu mt nguyn t ch c 2 ng v th tng s phn trm s lng nguyn t ca cc

ng v l 100%.

i vi Nhng Nguyn t c nhiu ng v ta cng p dng tng t : 1 1 2 2 3 3

1 2 3

a A A ... A...

n n

n

A a a aAa a a a

Vi :

- a1,a2,a3an : l s nguyn t ca cc ng v.

- A1,A2,A3An : l nguyn t khi ca cc ng v

Tng t ta c :

1 1 2 2 3 3a %. %.A %.A ... %.A

100%

n nA a a a

A

Vi :

- a1%,a2%,a3%an% : l % s nguyn t ca cc ng v.

- A1,A2,A3An : l nguyn t khi ca cc ng v

Phng Php 2 : S dng s ng cho.

- Gi x1, x2 l t l phn % s nguyn t ca ng v X1, X2.-A1, A2ln lt l nguyn t khi ca ng v X1, X2.

Khi ta c s ng cho sau :


19/39



1 1 2

_

2_1

2 1_

2

1

_

2 2 1

x X X X

X Xx

X ( X X )x

X X

x X X X

Bi Tp V D

V d 1:

Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v63

Cu chim 73 % v65

Cu chim 27%. Xc nh khi lngnguyn t trung bnh ca ng.

Hng dn gii

Ta c :

- a1% =73 % : l phn trm s nguyn t ca ng v63

Cu.

- A1=63 : l Nguyn t khi ca ng v63

Cu.

- a2% =27 % : l phn trm s nguyn t ca ng v63

Cu.


Cu.

Khi ta c : Khi Lng Nguyn t Trung bnh A l:

1 1 2 2a %. %.A 73%.63 27%.65

63,54100% 100%

A aA

Vy Khi Lng Nguyn T Trung bnh ca ng (Cu) l : 63,54

V d 2:

Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v63

Cu chim 74 % vA

Cu. Xc nh s khi A bit khi lngnguyn t trung bnh ca ng bng 63,54.

Ta c :

- a1% =73% : l phn trm s nguyn t ca ng v63

Cu.


Cu.

- a2% =100%-7 3% =27% : l phn trm s nguyn t ca ng v63

Cu.

- A2=A : l Nguyn t khi ca ng v65

Cu.

- A =63,54

Khi ta c : Khi Lng Nguyn t Trung bnh A l:


20/39



1 1 2 2a %. %.A 73%.63 27%.

63,54100% 100%

63,54.100%=73%.63+27%A

63,54.100=73.63+ 27.A

6354=4788+27.A

27.A=1755A=65

A a AA

V d 3:

Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v X Cu chim 73 % v Y Cu. Xc nh X,Y bit khi lng

nguyn t trung bnh ca ng bng 63,54 v s khi ca ng v th hai ln hn ng v th

nht 2 n v.

Gii :

- S Khi ca ng v th hai ln hn ng v th nht 2 n v nn :Y=2+ X

Tng T th vo phng trnh ta c :

1 1 2 2a %. %.A 73%. 27%.( 2)

63,54100% 100%

63,54.100% 73%. ( 2).27%

6354=73X+27X+54

6300=100XX=63

A a X XA

X X

Vy X=63Y=65 .Vy Hai ng v va ng ln lt l : 63Cu v 65Cu

V d 4:

Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v 63 Cu v 65 Cu. Xc nh % ca ng v th nht bit khi

lng nguyn t trung bnh ca ng bng 63,54 .

Gii

Khi mt nguyn t c 2 ng v,nu khng bit % s nguyn t ca ng v th nht th ta gin l x% th % s nguyn t ca ng v th 2 l 100%-x%.

Thay vo phng trnh ta c :

1 2x%. (100% %).A %.63 (100% %).65

63,54100% 100%

63,54.100% = 63.x%+65.100%-65.x%

2x%=(65-63,54).100%

x%=0,73.100%=73%

A x x xA

Vy % ng v th nht l 73%.


21/39



VD1:Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Brom (k hiu ha hc l: Br) l 79,91. Brom c 2 ngv bnl 79Br v 81Br . Tnh thnh phn % s nguyn t ca 81Br?

Hngdn gii:p dng phngphp ngcho ta c:

Cht 1:79

Br (M=79) 1,09 0,545 54,5%

79,91

Cht 2:81Br (M=81) 0,91 0,455 45,5%

VD2:Khi lngnguyn t trung bnh ca Bo (B) l 10,812. Hi mi khi c 94 nguyn t 10B

th c bao nhiu nguyn t 11B?Hngdn gii:

p dng phng php ngcho ta c:

Cht 1:10

B (M=10) 0,188 94

10,812

Cht 2:11B (M=11) 0,812 406

VD3:Trong t nhin ng(k hiu ha hc l: Cu) c 2 ngv l 63Cu v 65Cu. Nguyn t khi

trung bnh ca Cu l 63,54. Tnh thnh phn % khi lngca 63Cu trong CuSO4?

Hngdn gii:p dng phng php ngcho ta c:

Cht 1: 63Cu : 63 1,46 73%

63,54

Cht 2: 65Cu : 65 0,54 27%

=> CuSO4c % 63Cu =

Loi 2: Xc nh phn trm cc ng v

-Gi % ca ng v1 l x %

% ca ng v2 l (100x).

- Lp phng trnh tnh nguyn tkhi trung bnh gii c x.

Lu :

- Nu yu cu tnh % ng vca nguyn tno th nn t x l % ca ng vca nguyn t

cho dtnh ton.

0,73.63 .100% 28,83%63,54 32 16.4


22/39



Loi 3: Xc nh skhi ca cc ng v

- Gi skhi cc ng v1, 2 ln lt l A1; A2.- Lp h2 phng trnh cha n A1; A2gii hc A1; A2.

Loi 4 : Xc nh s lng phn t da trn s lng ng v ca nguyn t.

- Thng nhng dng ny khng qu kh nn thng gp nht vn l CO2.

- Dng ton ny khng c phng php c nh.

Bi Ton ng dng :

Bi Tp 1 : Cacbon c hai ng v l12

6C ,

13

6C . Oxi c 3 ng v thng gp 16

6O ,

17

6O ,

18

6O . S phn t CO2c to thnh l ?

Hng Dn GiiBc 1 : Tnh s phn t CO2da trn s ng v i xng :

- i vi nguyn t C c 2 cch chn, i vi nguyn t Oxi c 3 cch chn.

Vy tng s c : 2.3 = 6 cch chn tng ng vi 6 phn t CO2.

Bc 2 : Tnh s phn t CO2da trn s ng v khng i xng:

- S phn t CO2c to thnh t 1 ng v C vi 2 nguyn t ca 2 ng v O khc

nhau.

+ C 2 ng v cacbon v 3 cp ng v oxi khc nhau s phn t CO2khng i

xng l: 2.3 = 6 (

DNG 6 : TNH S MOL, S NGUYN T, S PHN T, S ION

Phng Php :

1. Da vo nh ngha :

1) Mol l mt n v lng cht cha 236,02.10 hat vi mo

2) 1 mol nguyn t ca bt k nguyn t no, 1 mol phn t ca bt k nguyn t no hay 1 mol

ion ca bt k ion no u cng cha 236,02.10 nguyn t, phn t hoc ion .

3)Khi lng mol ca mtchtl khilngca N nguyn t hoc phn t cht , tnh bng

gam c s tr bng nguyn t khi hoc phn t khi ca cht .

4)Th tch Mol th tch Mol ca cht kh l th tch chim bi N phn t cht . iu kin

tiu chun , th tch Mol ca cc cht kh u bng 22,4l

2. Cch tnh s mol :


23/39



Cng thc s 1 :khoi lng

so mol chat kh =khoi lng mol phan t

- S mol kh A iu kin tiu chun (00C, 1atm ).

A

Vn

22,4 (lt)

- S mol kh A t0C v p atm.

A

PVn

RT

P : p sut kh A o t0C ( tnh bng atm).

V : Th tch kh A o t0C ( tnh bng lt ).

T : Nhit tuyt i.

0T = t + 273 ( T tnh bang K ).

22,4R 0,082

273

BI TP NG DNG

Bi Tp 1: Cho khi lng tuyt i ca nguyn t C v O ln lt l 2419,92.10 (gam) v

2426,56.10 (gam) . Tm khi lng mol phn t ca 22 2 3

O , CO va CO .

Ghi ch :Khi yu cu tnh khi lng mol phn t, m khng ni r l tnh khi lng bao

nhiu mol phn t th chnh l tnh khi lng ca 1 mol phn t.

Hng Dn Gii

Ta c 1 phn t O2 c to thnh t 2 nguyn t O, do nu khi lng tuyt i ca 1

nguyn t O l 2426,56.10 (gam) th :

- Khi lng tuyt i ca 1phn t O2l :

24 232.26,56.10 = 5,312.10 (gam)

- Ta c 1 mol phn t O2cha236,02.10 phn t O2. Trong khi 1 phn t O2li c khi

lng l : 235,112.10 (gam)

T suy ra : 1 mol phn t O2c khi lng l :


24/39



- 23 235,312.10 . 6,02.10 32 (gam/mol)

Tng t khi lng mol ca CO2l :

- Khi lng tuyt i ca 1 phn t CO2l :

2

24 23 23 khoi lng tuyet oi cua C + khoi lng tuyet oi cua phan t O 19,92.10 + 5,312.10 = 7,304.10 (gam)

- 1 mol phn t CO2th cha236,02.10 phn t CO2nn c khi lng :

23 237,304.10 .6,02.10 44 (gam/mol)

Khi lng tuyt i ca 1 ion 23

CO

l :

24 24 2319,92.10 + 26,56.10 .3 = 9,96.10 (gam)

Tng t 1 mol ion 23

CO cng cha 23 23

6,02.10 ion CO do ta c khi lng mol ion

2

3CO l :

23 239,96.10 .6,02.10 60 (gam/mol)

Bi Tp 2 : Hy cho bit 540gam Al c bao nhiu nguyn t Al.

- S mol ca 540 gam nguyn t Al l :

m 540n 20 (mol)

M 27

- 1 mol nguyn t Al th cha 236,02.10 nguyen t Al , vy 20 mol nguyn t Al th cha :

23 2520.6,02.10 = 1,204.10 (nguyen t )

DNG 7 : LOI BI TP CHT KH CHA TRONG MT BNH KN GY RA P

SUT :

Phng Php :

- Loi bi tp ny thng gp cc gi thit , t khi hi ca cht kh v p sut ca cht kh

gy ra trong bnh kn nn cn nm vng cc cng thc di y :


25/39



1. T khi hi ca cht kh A.

- T khi hi ca mt cht A i vi cht B th kh hoc th hi l t s gia khi lng ca

cht A so vi cht B khi A v B cng th tch o cng iu kin nhit , p sut.

AA/ B

B

md

m

- V A, B u c o cng th tch v o cng iu kin nhit v p sut nn t l v khi

lng cng chnh l t l v khi lng phn t.

AA/ B

B

Md

M

- i vi khng kh th ta c khi lng phn t ca khng kh l 29 nn :

AA/ khong kh

Md

29

Lu : bi thng cho sn t khi d v khi lng phn t ca 1 cht kh, ri yu cu chng

ta tnh khi lng cht kh cn li hoc cho khi lng phn t cht kh ri yu cu chng ta tnh

t khi.

Th d :

-Cho t khi ca cht kh X i vi He l 4, tm tn cht kh X ?.

2. p Sut cht kh.

a) p sut ca cht kh A gy ra trong mt bnh kn dung tch V lt, t0C.

0 0

n.R.TP

Vp : ap suat ( n v atm )

T( K) : 273 + t (C)

V : The tch bnh (lt)

n : so mol kh A

b ) TrngHp c hai h thng kh khc nhau.

-Nu cng dung tch bnh ( V lt ) , cng nhit ( t0C ) th p sut t l vi s mol kh gy ra p

sut .


26/39



Trong :

PA : p sut ca kh ban u

PB: p sut ca sau khi cho thm cht kh .

nA : S mol ca cht kh ban u

nB: tng s mol ca cht khi ban u v cht kh thm vo bnh V.

- Nu cng dung tich bnh ( V lt ) , khc nhit :

c) p sut ca kh cha trong ng nghim p trn chu nc :Nu mc nc trong ng v ngoi chu ngang nhau :

P = H - f

Nu mc nc trong ng cao hn ngoi chu l h mm.

hP H - f +

13,6


27/39



P : p sut kh tnh trong ng nghim ( tnh bng mm Hg ).

H : p sut kh quyn 0t C ( H= 760 mm Hg ).

f : p sut hi nc bo ha 0t C ( tnh bng mm Hg ).

13,6 : Khi lng ring ca Hg.

BI TP NG DNG

Bi Tp 1 : Cho bit trong 5,6 lt kh CO2(ktc ) c cha bao nhiu phn t kh CO2.

Hng Dn Gii

S mol kh CO2c trong 5,6 lt kh l :

V 5,6n 0,25 (mol)

22,4 22,4

Ta c 1 mol phn tkh CO2th cha23

26,02.10 phan t kh CO . Do 0,25 mol kh

CO2th cha :

23 230,25.6,02.10 = 1,505.10 ( phan t kh)

Bi Tp 2 : Tnh khi lng kh CO2cha trong bnh kn dung tch 5,6 lt 054,6 C to p

sut 1,5 atm.

Hng Dn Gii

S mol cht kh CO2l :

P.V 1,5.5,6n 0,3126 (mol)

R.T 0,082.(54,6 + 273)

Khi lng kh CO2l :

m n.M = 0,3125.44 = 13,75 (gam)

Bi Tp 3 : Trong mt bnh kn dung tch 0,5 lt cha y kh CO2027,3 C ; 1 atm . Bm vo

bnh 0,03 mol kh O2.


28/39



Hy cho bit p sut to ra trong bnh 027,3 C sau khi bm O2vo.

Hng Dn Gii

S mol ca cht kh CO2l :

PV 1.0,5n 0,02 (mol)RT 0,082(273 27,3)

Sau khi bm vo bnh 0,03 mol kh O2th tng s mol kh trong bnh l :

2 2hon hp kh CO On n n 0,02 + 0,03 = 0,05 (mol)

p sut to ra trong bnh sau khi bm O2vo l :

n.R.T 0,05.0,082.(27,3 273)P 2,46 (atm)V 0,5

Hoc dng t l :

A A

B B

P n

P n

Vi :

PA: l p sut kh ban u, PA= 1 atm .

nA : l s mol cht kh ban u ( s mol kh CO2)

PB: p sut hn hp kh sau khi thm O2vo l.

nB : tng s mol ca hn hp kh.

A A

B B B

B

P n 1 0,02

P n P 0,05

0,05P 2,5 (atm)

0,02

Bi Tp 4 :

a) Tnh t khi hi ca kh cacbonic i vi axetilen.

b) T khi hi ca mtan so vi hiro gp bao nhiu ln so vi t khi hi ca kh HCl so vi N2.

c) XO2l oxit th kh . T khi hi ca NH

3so vi khng kh gp khong 1,172 ln t khi hi

ca O2so vi XO2. Tm khi lng phn t ca XO2v cho bit tn X ?.


29/39



DNG 8 : TNH KHI LNG CA NGUYN T DA VO KHI LNG CA

CC HT C BN.

Phng Php Gii :

- Khi lng ca nguyn t bng tng khi lng ca cc ht proton, notron v electron. Trong

khi lng ca electron rt nh so vi khi lng ca nguyn t nn c th xem khi lng

nguyn t bng vi khi lng ht nhn nguyn t.

Kin Thc Cn Nh :

- nguyen t p n e p n hat nhanm m + m + m m m = m

- biu th khi lng ca nguyn t, phn t v cc ht proton, notron, electron ngita dng n v khi lng nguyn t, k hiu l u(*), u cn c gi l vC.(1)

- 1 u bng1

12khi lng ca mt ng v cacbon 12. Nguyn t ny c khi lng l

2719,9265.10 Kg

2727 2419,9265.10 Kg1u 1,6605.10 Kg 1,6605.10 (gam)

12

BI TP NG DNG

Bi Tp 1 : Tnh khi lng theo u v nguyn t khi ca cc nguyn t nguyn t sau :

a ). Cu, bit khi lng ca 1 nguyn t Cu l 251,055.10 Kg

- Khi lng theo u ca nguyn t Cu l :

27

25

25

27

Ta co 1u co khoi lng la 1,6605.10 Kg

xu co khoi lng la 1,055.10 Kg

1,055.10xu = 63,5u

1,6605.10

-Nguyn t khi ca Cu l :63,5u

Cu 63,5u

b ) Au, bit khi lng ca 1nguyn t Au l 253,2712.10 Kg

- Khi lng theo u ca nguyn t Au l :

(*) Trong mt s gio trnh ngi ta cn k hiu l : amu ( atomic mass unit ).

(1) SGK lp 10 Nng cao trang s 7


30/39



27

25

25

27

Ta co 1u co khoi lng la 1,6605.10 Kg

xu co khoi lng la 3,2712.10 Kg

3,2712.10xu = 197u

1,6605.10

-Nguyn t khi ca Au l :197u

Au 197u

Bi Tp 2 : Tnh khi lng theo u ca cc ht proton, notron v electron , bit khi lng tnh

theo Kg ca cc ht trn ln lt l 27 27 311,6726.10 Kg , 1,6748.10 Kg va 9,1095.10 Kg

Hng Dn Gii

Ta c27

1u 1,6605.10 Kg

Suy ra khi lng ca cc ht theo u l :

27

27

1.6726.10Hat proton = 1,0073u

1,6605.10

27

27

1,6748.10Hat notron = 1,0086u

1,6605.10

31

4279,1095.10Hat electron = 5,486.10 u

1,6605.10

Bi Tp 3 :

a).Tnh khi lng ca S theo Kg bit nguyn t khi ca lu hunh S = 32.

b ). Tnh khi lng Ca theo gam, bit nguyn t khi ca Ca = 40

Hng Dn Gii

Tabit Nguyn t khi l khi lng ca nguyn t tnh theo n v cacbon :27 241vC = 1,6605.10 Kg = 1,6605.10 (gam)

- Khi lng theo Kg ca nguyn t lu hunh l :27 2632vC = 32.1,6605.10 = 5,3136.10 Kg

- Khi lng theo gam ca nguyn t Ca l :24 2340vC = 40.1,6605.10 = 6,642.10 (gam)


31/39



Bi Tp 4 : Bit rng khi lng 1 nguyn t oxi nng gp 15,842 ln v khi lng ca nguyn

t C nng gp 11,9059 ln khi lng ca nguyn t hiro . Hi nu chn1

12khi lng nguyn

t cacbon lm n v th H,O c nguyn t khi l bao nhiu ?

Hng Dn Gii

BI TP V NH

Bi Tp 1 :

Theo gi thit bi ta c :

O H

C H

M 15,842M

M 11,9059M

Nu chn 112

khi lng nguyn t cacbon lm n v tc l C H1 11,9059M M

12 12

Th khi Nguyn t khica H l :

H HO

H H

15,842.M 12.15,842MM 15,967

11,9059M 11,9059M

12

oH

M 15,967M 1,008

15,842 15,842

BI TP VN DNG

Cu 1 : Tng s ht c bn trong nguyn t M l 82 , trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht

khng mang in l 22 . M l ?

A. Cr B. Fe C. Cu D. Ni

Cu 2 : Tng s ht c bn trong nguyn t ca nguyn t X l 114 , trong s ht mang in

nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 26. Nguyn t X l ?

A. Br B. Zn C. Cl D. Ag

Cu 3:Nguyn tX c tng sht cbn l 40. Trong tng sht mang in nhiu hn s

ht khng mang in l 12 ht. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X l ?


32/39



A.Na. B.Mg. C.Al. D.Si.

Cu 4:Tng sht cbn trong M2+l 90, trong sht mang in nhiu hn sht khng

mang in l 22. M l ?

A. Cr. B. Cu. C. Fe. D.Zn.

Cu 5:Tng sht cbn trong X3-l 49, trong sht mang in nhiu hn sht khng

mang in l 17. X l ?.

A.N. B.P. C.Sb. D.As.

Cu 6:Tng sht cbn trong M+ l 155, trong sht mang in nhiu hn sht khng

mang in l 31. M l ?.

A. Na. B.K. C. Rb. D. Ag.

Cu 7:Tng sht cbn trong X2- l 50, trong shtmang in nhiu hn sht khng

mang in l 18. Shiu nguyn tca X l ?.

A. O. B. S. C. Se. D. C.

Cu 8:Tng sht cbn trong nguyn tX l 82, trong sht mang in nhiu hn sht

khng mang in l 22. Tng selectron trong X3+v X2O3ln lt l ?

A.23; 76. B.29; 100. C.23; 70. D.26; 76.

Cu 9:Mt ion 2X c tng sht proton, ntron, electron l 92, trong sht mang in

nhiu hn sht khng mang in l 20. Sht ntron v electron trong ion 2X

ln lt l ?.

A. 36 v 27. B. 36 v 29. C. 32 v 31. D. 31 v 32.

Cu 10:Tng sht cbn trong3

X

l 73, trong tng sht mang in nhiu hn shtkhng mng in l 17. Selectron ca X l ?.

A. 21. B.24. C. 27. D. 26.

Cu 11: Mt ion 3M c tng sht proton, ntron, electron l 79, trong sht mang in

nhiu hn sht khng mang in l 19. Selectron v sntron ca 3M l ?.

A. 26; 27. B. 23; 27. C. 23; 30. D. 29; 24.

Cu 12:Oxit B c cng thc l 2X O . Tng sht cbn trong B l 92, trong sht mang

in nhiu hn sht khng mang in l 28. B l


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A.Na2O. B.Li2O. C.K2O. D.Ag2O.

Cu 13: Tng sht cbn ca phn t2 5

M O l 212, trong tng sht mang in hn s

ht khng mang in l 68. M l ?.

A.P. B.N. C.As. D.Bi.

Cu 14:Tng sht cbn ca phn t2

MCl l 164, trong tng sht mang in hn s

ht khng mang in l 52. M l ?.

A.Mg. B.Ca. C.Cu. D.Zn.

Cu 15:Hp cht X c to bi nguyn tM vi nguyn tnitl3 2

M N c tng sht c

bn l 156, trong tng sht mang in hn sht khng mang in l 44. Cng thc phn t

ca X l ?.

A.3 2

Mg N . B.3 2

Ca N . C.3 2

Cu N . D.3 2

Zn N .


CaX l 288, trong tng sht mang in hn sht

khng mang in l 72. X l

A. Clo. B. Brom. C. Iot. D. Flo.


MClO l 182, trong tng sht mang in hn s

ht khng mang in l 58. M l

A.K. B.Li. C.Na. D.Rb.

Cu 18:Tng sht mang in trong ion l 82. X v Y l 2 nguyn tthuc cng mt phn

nhm chnh v thuc hai chu k lin tip nhau. Nguyn tX l:

A.C. B.S. C.O. D.Si.

Cu 19:Tng sht mang in trong ion l 78. Sht mang in trong nguyn tX nhiu hn

trong nguyn tY l 12. X l.

A.C. B.Si. C.S. D.Se.

Cu 20:Tng sht cbn trong phn t 2M X l 140, trong tng sht mang in nhiu

hn sht khng mang in l 44. Sht mang in trong nguyn tM nhiu hn trong nguyn

tX l 22. Cng thc phn tca2

M X l ?.


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A.2

K O . B.2

Na O . C.2

Na S . D.2

K S .

Cu 21:Phn t3 2

M X c tng sht cbn l 222, trong sht mang in nhiu hn s

ht khng mang in l 74. Tng sht mang in trong 2M nhiu hn tng sht mang in

trong

3

X

l 21. Cng thc phn t 3 2M X l

A.Ca3P2. B.Mg3P2. C. Ca3N2. D.Mg3N2.

Cu 22:Tng sht proton, ntron , electron trong hai nguyn tca nguyn tX v Y l 96

trong tng sht mang in nhiu hn tng sht khng mang in l 32 . Sht mang

in ca nguyn tY nhiu hn ca X l 16. X v Y ln lt l ?.

A. Mg v Ca. B.Be v Mg. C.Ca v Sr. D.Na v Ca.

Cu 23:Hp cht A to bi ion 2M v ion 22

X . Tng sht cbn to nn hp cht A l 241

trong , tng sht mang in nhiu hn ht khng mang in l 47. Tng sht mang in

ca ion 2M nhiu hn ca ion 22

X l 76 ht. M l

A. Ca. B. Mg. C. Ba. D. Sr.

Cu 24:Tng sht proton, notron v electron trong 2 nguyn tA v B l 142, trong tng

sht mang in nhiu hn tng sht khng mang in l 42. Sht mang in ca nguyntB nhiu hn ca A l 12. A, B ln lt l

A.Ca, Fe. B.Cr, Zn. C.Na, Cl. D.K, Mn.

Cu 25 :Tng sht p,n,e trong 2 nguyn tkim loi A v B l 177. Trong sht mang in

nhiu hn sht khng mang in l 47. Sht mang in ca nguyn tB nhiu hn ca

nguyn tA l 8. A v B ln lt l:

A. Cr, Ni. B.Ca, Cr. C.Fe, Zn. D.Mn, Cu.

Cu 26:Tng sht proton, ntron , electron trong hai nguyn tca nguyn tMX2

l 142, trong tng sht mang in nhiu hn tng sht khng mang in l 42 . Sht

mang in ca nguyn t X nhiu hn ca 2M l 13. Cng thc phn tca2

MX l

A.2

MgCl . B.2

MgBr . C.2

CaCl . D.2

CaBr .

Cu 27:Tng sht cbn trong nguyn tX l 58, X thuc nhm IA. X l

A.Na. B.K. C.Li. D.Rb.


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Cu 28:Nguyn tX c skhi nhhn 36 v c tng cc ht l 52. X l

A. Cl. B.K. C.Na. D.Br.

Cu 29:Tng sht cbn trong nguyn tca nguyn tX l 40. X l nguyn tha hc no

di y?

A.Na. B.P. C.Al. D.Si.

Cu 30 :Nguyn tca nguyn tX c tng sht cbn l 155, trong tng sht mang

in chim 60,64% tng sht. X l

A. Rb. B. Ba. C. Ag. D. Zn.

Cu 31:Mt nguyn tca nguyn tX c tng sht cbn l 34. X l nguyn tha hc no

di y

A. Li. B.Na. C.F. D.Mg.

Cu 32:Mt nguyn tca nguyn tX c tng sht proton, ntron, electron l 52 v c s

khi l 35. Shiu nguyn tca nguyn tX l (CKA nm 2009)

A. 18. B. 23. C. 17. D. 15.

Cu 33:Nguyn tca nguyn tX c tng sht cbn l 40. Sht mang in ca mt

nguyn tY nhiu hn sht mang in ca mt nguyn tX l 8 ht. Cc nguyn tX v Y lnlt l ?.

A. Al v P. B. Fe v Cl. C. Al v Cl. D. Na v Cl.

Cu 34:Tng sht proton , ntron , electron trong phn t3

MX l 196 , trong sht mang

in nhiu hn sht khng mang in l 60 . Sht khng mang in ca X ln hn ca M l

4. Tng sht (p,n,e) trong X nhiu hn trong 3M

l 16 . Cng thc phn tca3

MX l

A.3

AlCl . B.3

AlBr . C.3

CrCl . D.3

CrBr .

Cu 35: Mt hp cht c cng thc cu to l M , 2X . Trong phn t2

M X c tng sht c

bn l 140 ht, trong sht mang in nhiu hn sht khng mang in l 44 ht.

Sntron caM

ln hn skhi ca

2X

l 12. Tng sht trongM

nhiu hn trong

2X

l31 ht. Cng thc ha hc ca

2M X l:


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A.2

Na O . B.2

K S . C.2

Na S . D.2

K O .

Cu 36:Hp cht2

M X c tng scc ht trong phn tl 116, trong sht mang in l 36.

Khi lng nguyn tX ln hn M l 9. Tng sht (p, n, e) trong 2X nhiu hn M l 17 ht

skhi ca M v X l ?.

A.2

Na O . B.2

K S . C.2

Na S . D.2

K O .

Cu 37:Mt hp cht ion cu to tion 2M v X , tng sht cbn trong phn t2

MX l

186 ht trong sht mang in nhiu hn sht khng mang in l 54 ht.Sntron ca ion

2M nhiu hn X l 12. Tng sht 2M nhiu hn trong X l 27 ht. Cng thc phn tca

2

MX l

A. FeCl2. B. ZnBr2. C. CaCl2. D. BaBr2.

Cu 38:Tng sht trong phn tMX l 84 ht, trong sht mang in nhiu hn sht

khng mang in l 28. Sntron ca M nhiu hn skhi ca X l 12 n v. Sht trong M ln

hn sht trong X l 36 ht.MX l hp cht no

A.CaS. B.MgO. C.MgS. D.CaO.

Cu 39:Tng sht trong phn tMX l 108 ht, trong sht mang in nhiu hn sht

khng mang in l 36. Skhi ca M nhiu hn skhi ca X l 8 n v. Sht trong 2M

ln hn sht trong X2-l 8 ht.%Khi lng ca M c trong hp cht l

A.55,56%. B.44,44%. C.71,43%. D.28,57%.

Cu 40:Tng sht trong phn t3 2

M X l 206 ht, trong sht mang in nhiu hn s

ht khng mang in l 58. Sntron ca X nhiu hn sntron ca M l 2 n v. Sht trong

3X ln hn sht trong 2M l 13 ht.Cng thc phn tca3 2

M X l

A.Ca3P2. B.Mg3P2. C. Ca3N2. D.Mg3N2.

P N

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.


37/39



17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

1) Hy cho bit s ging v khc nhau trong cu to v nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c in tch

ht nhn;

a) Z = 3 ; 11 ; 19. b) Z = 9 ; 17 ; 35

2)Mt nguyn t R c tng s ht (p,n,e) l 115. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang

in l 25 ht. Tm s proton, s khi v tn R.

3)Tng s ht (p,n,e) ca mt nguyn t l 34. Xc nh KLNT v cu hnh electron ca nguynt .

4)Bo c hai ng v B105 (18,89%) v B11

5 (81,11%). Tm KLNT trung bnh ca B.

5)KLNTTB ca Br l 79,91. Brom c 2 ng v, bit Br7935

chim 54,5%. Tm s khi ca ng

v th hai.

6)Phn t MX3c tng s ht bng 196, s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l

l 60. Khi lng nguyn t X ln hn M l 8. Ion X-nhhiu ht hn ion M3+l 16. Xc nh M,

X, MX3, vit cu hnh electron, obitan ca M.

7) Hp cht A c cng thc MX2, trong M chim 46,67% v khi lng. Ht nhn caM c

n -p = 4, cn ht nhn ca X c n= p> Bit tng s ht proton trong MX2 l 58.

a. Xc nh s khi ca M v X

b. Cho bit CTHH ca MX2

8)Oxit cao nht ca mt nguyn t ng vi cng thc RO3, vi hiro n to thnh hp cht kh

cha 94,12% R v khi lng. Tm KLPT v tn nguyn t.

9)a. Tnh bn knh gn ng ca Fe 20oC, bit nhhit ny d = 7,87 g/cm3. Cho Fe=55,85

b. Thc t Fe chim 75% th tch tinh th, phn cn li l khe rng. Tnh bn knh ngt Fe

10)Mt ngt X c bn knh l 1,44 Ao, khi lng ring thc tnh th l 19,36g/cm3. Ngt chim

74% th tch tinh th. Hy:

a. Xc nh khi lng ring trung bnh ton ngt, khi lng mol ngt


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b. Bit X c 118 ntron. Tnh s proton

II. Bi tp t luyn

1) Hy cho bit s ging v khc nhau trong cu to v ngt ca cc ngt c in tch ht nhn;

a) Z = 4 ; 12 ; 20. b) Z = 7 ; 15 ; 33

2)KLNT ca Cu l 63,54. ng c 2 ng v l Cu6329

v Cu6529

, tm % s nguyn t ca mi ng

v.

3) BitMg c KLTB l 24,2. Trong t nhin c 2 ng v Mg2412

v MgA12

vi t l s nguyn t l

1:4. Tnh s khi ca ng v th 2

4)Trong t nhinOxi c 3 ng v 16O, 17O, 18O vi % tng ng l a, b, c. Bit a=15b,a-b=21c

a. Trong 1000 ngt O c bao nhiu16

O,17

O,18

O ?

b. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Oxi

5)Ho tan 6,082g kim loi M(II) bng dung dch HCl thu 5,6 lt H2(ktc)

a. Tm nguyn t khi trung bnh ca M, gi tn

b. M c 3 ng v vi tng s khi l 75. Bit s khi 3 ng v lp thnh 1 cp s cng.

ng v 3 chim 11,4%, s notron ln hn proton l 2, ng v 1 c p=n.

- Tm s khi v notron mi ng v

- Tm % ng v cn li

6) Mt nguyn t A to thnh hai loi oxit AOxv AOyln lt cha 50% v 60% oxi v khi

lng. Xc nh A v cng thc ca 2 oxit.

7)Bit tng s ht proton, ntron v electron trong mt nguyn t l 155. S ht mang in

nhiuhn s ht khng mang in l 33 ht. Tm s proton, ntron v s khi ca nguyn t.

8) Tng s ht mang in trong ion (AB3)2-

bng 82. S ht mang in trong ht nhn A nhiu

hn s ht mang in trong ht nhn B l 8. Xc nh s hiu ngt A, B. Vit cu hnh e v nh

v 2 ngt trong BTH.

9)Tng s ht (p,n,e) trong hai nguyn t kim loi A, B l 142 ht, trong s ht mang in

nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 42 ht. S ht mang in ca nguyn t A nhiu hn

nguyn t B l 12 ht. Xc nh A, B v v tr ca chng trong bng HTTH.

10)Tng s ht (p,n,e) trong mt nguyn t A l 16, trong nguyn t B l 58. Tm s Z v s

khi ca A, B; gi s s chnh lch gia s khi vi KLNT trung bnh khng qu 1 n v.


39/39


11)Nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn (p,n,e) l 82, trong s ht mang

in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 22. Xc nh s hiu nguyn t, s khi v tn nguyn

t. Vit cu hnh electron ca X v cc ion to ra t X.

12)Hp cht Z c to bi hai nguyn t M, R c cng thc MaRb, trong R chim 6,67%

khi lng. Trong ht nhn nguyn t M c n = p + 4, cn trong ht nhn R c n = p;trong n, p, n, p l s ntron v proton tng ng ca M v R. Bit rng tng s ht proton trong phn

t Z bng 84 v a + b = 4. Tm CTPT ca Z. (S : p=26, p = 6; Fe3C).

13) Kim loi M tc dng v vi 4,032 lt Clo thu 16,02g MCl3.

a) Xc nh KLNT ca M

b) Tnh KLR ca M. Tnh t l % ca Vthc vi V tinh th. Bit m c R=1,43Ao; d thc =

2,7g/cm3

.

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