CIP Annual Report 2007

International Potato Center

Annual Report 2007

opportunity

Rootthe overlooked

andTubers:

Contents

Introduction

Statement by the Board Chair 4Board of Trustees - 2007 6Foreword by the Director General 7

Sweetpotato as a cyclone-relief crop in Bangladesh 10Managing late blight in Papua New Guinea 12A community responds to a late blight crisis in Peru 14Rehabilitating the potato crop in the DPR Korea 16

Improved potato seed systems enhance farmers’ income in Afghanistan 20Processing native potatoes into chips 22Partial root drying makes potatoes more water efficient 24True potato seed technology answers needs in Nepal and Tajikistan 26

Short termcrisis response

Long termresearch and development

I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 3

ISO accreditation a world-first for CIP genebank 28New classification system proposed for cultivated potatoes 30Golden bread from sweetpotato proves popular in Mozambique 32Understanding potato innovation systems 34Exporting technology from the Andes to Uganda 36Urban agriculture policy reformed through research outcomes 40Fighting virus disease in sweetpotato 42Predicting the effects of global warming on potato insect pests 44

CIP outputs - 2007 48CIP outcomes - 2007 60CIP impacts - 2007 65CIP quality and relevance of current research - 2007 70Appendix. List of publications 71

Financial report 78Donors contributors 2007 80Countries in which CIP is working 81Global contact points 82CIP’s internal structure 84CIP staff list 85Centers supported by the CGIAR 92

CIPoutputs outcomes and impact

CIPin 2007

I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 74

Statementby theBoard Chair


I am pleased to present the 2007 Annual Report of the International

Potato Center (CIP). This has been a very successful year both in

research and financial management of the Center, summaries of which

are included in this report. During the year the CGIAR commissioned an

External Program and Management Review (EPMR) of the Center and we received a very

positive review which is very helpful in providing advice to the Board of Trustees and

Management. In addition the CGIAR appraise CIP each year through its Performance

Measurement System and CIP was rated Outstanding, the highest category, thus recognising

our impressive achievements in the year.

During 2007 many people around the world became aware of the tightening global food

supplies that have manifested themselves in sharply rising food prices. This has highlighted

the requirement for increased production of food throughout the world and for investment in

agricultural research as one of the solutions to increasing food production particularly in the

Developing World. Potatoes and sweetpotatoes are 2 important crops that have great

potential for increased productivity and provide vital food security to some of the poorest

people on our planet. We were pleased back in 2005 when the United Nations declared

2008 to be the International Year of the Potato, this was launched in October 2007 at the

United Nations in New York providing an opportunity that will continue throughout 2008 to

raise the profile of potatoes and their importance to provide safe nutritious food and to help

lift people out of poverty, you can read more about this later in this report.

Our research portfolio is gaining in effectiveness with increasing impact as measured by


Jim GodfreyBoard Chair

On behalf of the Board of Trustees, June 2007

direct benefits to livelihoods and health. The outputs of our research work are all undertaken

with many partners throughout the world which greatly increases our effectiveness over what

could be achieved working on our own. We were delighted that T’ikaPapa, one of our

partnerships, won the World Challenge 2007, a global competition promoted by the BBC and

Newsweek magazine, in association with Shell. T’ikaPapa is a potato marketing initiative in the

Andes which adds value to the potatoes sold by poor communities.

CIP is a not-for-profit organization and the Board takes seriously its responsibilities for the

use of public funds. We have established high standards of governance; the Board ensures

that risk management policies are in place and are regularly reviewed. The risks cover all

aspects of the Center including finance, research, reputation, and internal as well as external

risks. We can demonstrate to our donors, partners and all our stakeholders that we are a low

risk, high output center that delivers value for money on investments in research to the

benefit of all our stakeholders. The 2007 accounts show a surplus. We require a surplus to

fund our capital refurbishment and expansion plans to ensure that we can deliver our

research now and in the future.

I thank our donors, partners, staff and Trustees who have helped us during the year,

without their ongoing support we could not continue. I particularly thank and acknowledge

the support and guidance of our two Board of Trustee members who have retired during the

year, Dr. Orlando Olcese and Dr. Victor Palma.



1. Dr. Alexander BoroninInstitute of Biochemistry andPhysiology of Microorganisms,Russian Academy of SciencesRussia

2. Dr. G. Edward SchuhHubert Humphrey Institute ofPublic AffairsUSA

3. Dr. Song JianChinese Academy of EngineeringChina

4. Dr. Ruth EggerSwitzerland

5. Dr. Victor Palma1

INCAGROPeru

6. Mr. Edward SayeghLebanon

7. Dr. Pauline KuzwayoMedical University ofSouthern AfricaSouth Africa

8. Dr. Pamela K. AndersonInternational Potato CenterPeru

9. Mr. James Godfrey (Chair)

United Kingdom

10. Dr. Madhura SwaminathanIndian Statistical InstituteIndia

11. Dr. Orlando Olcese2

Universidad Nacional AgrariaLa MolinaPeru

BoardofTrustees 2007

CIP

AR

CH

IVES


1 Replaced by Dr. Juan Risi in October 20072 Replaced by Dr. José Valle-Riestra in May 2007


Foreword by theDirector General


As I write this Foreword, in mid-2008, the world food price crisis has intensified, resulting in

riots around the world and back-sliding on our progress against the Millennium Development

Target to reduce world hunger. For this reason, we have titled this 2007 Annual Report

Roots and Tubers – the overlooked opportunity. Roots and tubers already make a

substantial contribution to providing food and alleviating poverty in the developing countries.

And, we are convinced that they will play an increasingly important role as food for the

future, particularly in the vulnerable Low Income Food Deficit Countries.

Despite the large increase in global food production, many individuals and communities

do not have physical or financial access to food year round. Vulnerability can be created by

many factors, such as natural disasters, remoteness, poverty, marginal ecosystems, pest and

disease outbreaks, political instability, climate variability, pandemics and urbanization – and

now economic crises. The World Bank President, among others, has called for a short-term

crisis response in addition to our longer-term work to build resilient food systems.

Long taken for granted, both the potato and sweetpotato have the potential to ease the

pressure of increasing cereal prices for the poorest people and contribute significantly to

world food security. In our strategic approach, we are concerned with our ability to respond

to short-term crises in an agile way, while maintaining our commitment to the patient, long-

term research and development that has a lasting impact on our beneficiaries and

collaborators. CIP is not geared towards immediate food relief, but we can react very quickly

to provide, for example, potato seed tubers or sweetpotato cuttings that can be producing

food at the site of a disaster in a number of months.

I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 78 I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7

Pamela K. AndersonDirector General

We have organized this 2007 Annual Report to present some of our more successful

shorter- and longer-term initiatives. In particular we provide examples of how we bring the

outputs of our research to bear on crisis mitigation in a way that lays the foundation for the

longer term rehabilitation and post-crisis development required by these different crisis

situations.

We are also in the midst of the 2008 International Year of the Potato. We look forward

to sharing with you, in next year’s annual report, the contributions from around the world

that are converting this International Year into an opportunity to increase public awareness

about the fragility of our food system, the need for increased investment in agricultural

research and development, and the unique role that roots and tubers can play in creating

more resilient food systems.


response

Shortcrisisterm


Sweetpotato as acrop in Bangladesh

cyclone-relief

S.

ATT

ALU

RI


Cyclone Sidr hit Bangladesh on15 November 2007 with windspeeds of 260 km/h. Up to 10000 people died and theagricultural sector was badlyhit, especially the rice cropthat was due for harvest inDecember. Food supply wasin crisis and urgent action wasneeded. Sweetpotato is oneof the most important crops inBangladesh, especially forsmallholder farmingcommunities. Since thenormal growing season forsweetpotato in Bangladesh isbetween October and May,sweetpotato was an obviouschoice as a food for thesurvivors of the cyclone.

Regional CIP staff began animmediate collaboration withthe Bangladesh AgriculturalResearch Institute, Tuber CropsResearch Center (BARI/TCRC)and the Bangladesh RuralAdvancement Committee(BRAC) to provide sweetpotatoas a relief crop. Foursweetpotato varieties wereselected for the reliefoperation, because they werewhite to yellow-orangefleshed, saline tolerant andcould grow on marginal soils.Two of these varieties wereseedling selections of CIP.

The main objectives of theoperation were to bring short-term crisis relief and longer-term assistance by providingquality planting material ofimproved sweetpotato varietiesthat suited the needs of therural poor communities in the

there were many sweetpotatogrowers in the area. “Wecould see in many placessweetpotato planting materialand nurseries growing alongthe protected canal banks inthe village areas,” saidSreekanth Attaluri, CIP’ssweetpotato scientist based inthe region.

The four improved varietiesthat were supplied out-yieldedlocal varieties. Average yieldswere 18 t/ha compared to 8 t/ha for the local varieties. Thefarmers decided to retain plantcuttings of the improvedvarieties in their backyards andnurseries to use in the nextseason. To increase thechances of harvesting a goodcrop, and to assist in longerterm adoption of the newvarieties, the scientists of TCRCand CIP conducted trainingprograms and visited the fieldsalong with BRAC technicalexperts during the mid-cropgrowth period stage. In all,5000 farmers benefiteddirectly, but over 20 000 hadaccess to improved varietiesfor the next season. Thesejoint training activities in thefarming communities reachedover a 1000 farmers. However,the effort involved about 75scientific and technical staff ofCIP, BARI and BRAC.

The whole operationsucceeded because of thecombined efforts of the threepartners, and through properplanning and monitoring.“Since the improved varietiesestablished so well, there hasbeen more demand for furthersupply of planting materialthrough the supplyinginstitutions in Bangladesh forsweetpotato planting material,”said Sreekanth Attaluri.

worst-affect areas in the south.TCRC immediately released

around 70 000 cuttings of thefour varieties from theirstations around Bangladesh.This material was sent directlyto the cyclone-affected areasin southern Bangladesh, whereBRAC was operating. CIP staffprovided full technical supportto ensure that the materialwas grown in the quickestpossible way. At the sametime, 8000 cuttings wereplanted at the BRACHorticultural Research Stationin Gazipur. These were usedto provide cuttings in mid-January 2008 that were sentto northern Bangladesh forfurther multiplication anddistribution. Around 80 000cuttings were obtained anddistributed in this way.

Technical staff of the threegroups visited the areas duringdistribution to select the bestsites and coordinate thetiming of planting, to ensure agood harvest. The crop waseventually harvested in April/May 2008.

Farmers in the Morrelganjarea in the south were verykeen to obtain planting mate-rial and raise plants in theirfields and backyards, followingimproved cultivation practicesrecommended by CIP. Sincethere were more farmers thanmaterial available, specificfarmers were selected whowere willing to share theirproduce with the non-sweetpotato growers after theharvest. The harvest wasachieved as expected in thefirst week of May.

In Mothbaria, again in thesouth, most of the rice cropwas submerged for days andcompletely lost. However,

LEFT: Morrelgonj farmers

demonstrating the improved

sweetpotato varieties

RIGHT: Cyclone Sidr caused

catastrophic damage when it

struck Bangladesh in 2007



Managing late blight inPapua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea was oneof the few countries in theworld that was virtually freeof potato late blight, sowhen the disease startedattacking the potato crop inPNG’s Highlands region in2003, the effect wasdevastating. The potato-growing industry, whichprovides an importantsource of income to a largenumber of highland farmers,was thrown into crisis asthe virulent disease spreadrapidly across the islandnation’s rugged landscape,

wiping out major potatoproduction areas anddestroying the country’spotato seed base.

Although it is not clearhow the late blightpathogen, which was neverseen on the island before2003, was introduced intoPNG, one thing is certain:the combination ofsusceptible plants andfavorable environmentalconditions are what helpedthe pathogen thrive. Inresponse to the growingcrisis, CIP participated in aproject to recuperate PNG’spotato seed base andprovide diseasemanagement alternativesthat will allow farmers tocope with the disease inthe most economic andenvironmentally sound waypossible.

Late blight is one of themost important potatodiseases worldwide and thecause of the infamous IrishPotato Famine. Followingthe initial late blightoutbreak, the governmentof PNG, with financialassistance from AusAID, theAustralian GovernmentOverseas Aid Programme,started an interventionprogram in 2004 to helpcontrol the epidemic. Thisincluded an on-going potatolate blight managementproject of the AustralianCentre for InternationalAgricultural Research, withCIP participation, that aimsto develop an integrated

disease managementstrategy for smallholderfarmers that combines lateblight-resistant germplasmwith optimal fungicide andcultural managementpractices.

After the 2003 outbreak,potato production wassolely the domain of asmall group of individualswho had the cash to buyseed stocks, knapsacksprayers, chemicals andlabor. A Sequoia crop isonly productive whensprayed with fungicides at5–7-day intervals. Theavailability of disease-resistant varieties isencouraging an increasingnumber of PNG farmers toparticipate in the projectand take up the challengeof growing the highlysusceptible Sequoia potatovariety in an environmentwith very high late blightpressure. “The project’sintroduction of disease-resistant varieties developedby CIP is expected to onceagain make this importantcash crop accessible to PNGsmallholder farmers,” saidCIP plant pathologist GregForbes.

Until June 2004, PNGfarmers had no late blightcontrol measures availableto them aside from harmfulfungicides. These includecopper sprays, phosphonateand chlorothalonil. Althoughthe latter is the mosteffective option, somefarmers use copper


After the 2003outbreak,potatoproductionwas solely thedomain of asmall group ofindividualswho had thecash to buyseed stocks,knapsacksprayers,chemicals andlabor.


products because they areless expensive thanchlorothalonil. Theintroduction of resistantvarieties is imperative sincespraying the field can be anall-day activity, a threat tothe environment and withno protective clothing, ahuman health concern.

Specifically, the workinvolves introducing,multiplying and evaluatingelite potato cultivars withresistance to the late blightpathogen. Trials are thencarried out to confirm thelevel of resistance to lateblight in the field and theagronomic suitability of theselected clones. The

resistant clones areincorporated into PNG’sseed-production programsand a progressive trainingprogram has beendeveloped where growersare supported in theselection of plantingmaterial for their own seed.At the same time, projectscientists are developingcost-effective and safefungicide sprayingschedules for late blightcontrol, that increase theimpact of the sprayingwhile reducing theirfrequency.

Over 30 late blight-resistant cultivars from CIPand about 5 cultivars from

Australia are currently beingtested in PNG. To date, fourresistant cultivars have beenchosen for fast-trackintroduction into the PNGseed and productionsystem, and a largernumber of potentiallyuseful materials are beingfurther evaluated. Trials areunder way to find fungicidestrategies that optimizecontrol while maintainingthe safety of the farmerswho apply them. “Thanks tothis and other projects,PNG’s potato crop is notonly slowly recuperating,but expected to once againflourish,” concluded GregForbes.

LEFT: The project work

increases the impact of

spraying while reducing

its frequency

BELOW: Project

scientists inspecting a

test plot in PNG

G. FO

RB

ES


In 2003, late blight, themost serious potato diseaseworldwide, destroyed almostthe whole potato crop ofCochacochayoc in Peru; 40hectares were decimated ina few days. Environmentalconditions in the area,humidity, rain, heat and mist,all present at the same time,had combined to producethe perfect breeding groundfor the late blight fungus.The farming community wasthrown into crisis as theprovince of Paucartambo, tothe east of the city ofCusco, Peru, is usually anexcellent potato-growingarea. Almost 250 nativevarieties of potato areharvested there, especiallyabove 3500 m asl, where

A community responds

late blight is usually muchless of a threat.

In a desperate move torestore their potato crop,and therefore sustain theirmain source of food, agroup of Cochacochayocfarmers came to CIP in Lima,asking for late blight-resistantvarieties to take back totheir community. Inresponse, CIP provided them20 advanced potato clones.These late blight-resistantclones contained the geneticbase of the native potatoSolanum tuberosumsubspecies andigena (B1), apopulation already grown bytheir community, butimproved for their resistanceto late blight, productivityand early maturity while

keeping the inherent marketqualities.

CIP scientists are awarethat providing communitieswith clones that are similarto the potato varieties theyalready know and depend onis extremely importantbecause this helps theadoption and acceptance ofthe new varieties. The clonesprovided to Cochacochayocfarmers were a product oflong-term, intensive breedingby CIP scientists that startedin the 1990s following atailor-made strategy toaccumulate higher levels ofbroad resistance to lateblight through fiverecombination breedingcycles, where screening andselection took place in

to a late blight crisis in Peru


ABOVE:

Cochacochayoc

farmer displaying the

two varieties they

selected

RIGHT:

Puka Lliclla was

christened in honor of

the red blanket the

women wear

S. D

E H

AA

N


locations with high diseasepressure. “They not onlycontained horizontalresistance to late blight, or abroader resistance to thefungus and its differentstrains, but also possessedcharacteristics that maintainedthe quality, color and taste ofthe varieties familiar to thecommunities,” said CIP’sSenior Breeder Juan Landeo,responsible for the late blightresistance breeding work,“One of the released clones,for example, has purple andwhite colored skin whileanother is deep red.”

Utilization of the widebiological diversity containedin CIP’s genebank has beenkey in this initiative, asbreeders have been able totap the bank’s geneticmaterial to study the nativepotatoes still grown byfarmers today. Of the total 20potato clones provided to thefarmers of Cochacochayoc,the farmers themselves thenselected two clones afterevaluating and identifying theones that best met theproduction needs andconsumption preferences oftheir community. Thecommunities eventuallydeveloped two new varieties:Pallay Poncho and PukaLliclla, both resistant to lateblight, high-yielding and witha pleasant flavor. PallayPoncho was christened inhonor of the poncho that themen use, because its colorsresemble the flower of thisvariety, while Puka Lliclla waschristened in honor of thered blanket the women wear.

Thanks to a particularlycohesive participatory

selection process, whichinvolved CIP, the NationalInstitute for AgrarianInnovation (INIA), theNational Service for AgrarianHealth and local groups,these varieties were releasedin just 4 years. It normallytakes double that time, oreven more, to identify,select and then release anew clone.

Aside from thecollaboration and goodwill ofall the players involved inthe Cochacochayoc initiative,which in turn helpedovercome many of thehurdles normally associatedwith a new variety, thecomprehensive breedingwork conducted by CIP’spotato improvement teamprior to this case are what ledto the rapid release of newvarieties in Cochacochayoc.

Despite all odds,Cochacochayoc’s new variet-ies have made it possible forfarmers there to producepotatoes, sell some, and soearn some money. The fieldsshould produce enoughtubers to cultivate 20hectares with the newvarieties and give a harvestof 400 tonnes. Othercommunities are alreadyshowing interested in buyingseed of the new potatoes.The scientists involved in thework are hoping that theparticipative methodologyused in this initiative canserve as the groundwork forother projects. Nearbycommunities are requestinga repeat of the wholeexperience of introducing aconsiderable number ofvarieties for evaluation,

selection and release undertheir own local conditions.

Today, farmers fromCochacochayoc are excitedabout the possibility ofreviving, and improving, theirpotato crop with theintroduction of these newvarieties. Last year, only 10percent of the production ofthese two varieties was lostto late blight – a smallfigure considering that thisdisease often means noproduction at all in epidemicyears. The latest news is thatthe Cochacochayoccommunity has distributed atonne of tubers of the twonew varieties tocommunities in Patacanchaand Tiracancha fordemonstration plots. Thiscould be an importantadditional source of incometo the community.

And this is not the firsttime CIP’s resources andtechnology have helped savea community from losingtheir potato crop, which inmany cases represents themain source of income forresource-poor farmers indeveloping countries.Recently, a community ofpotato farmers in Ethiopiafound themselves in crisis asthey were forced to give uptheir way of life and moveto the city when anoutbreak of late blightdestroyed their entire crop.However, they were able toreverse the situation, moveback to their land andcontinue doing what theyknew best, cultivatingpotatoes, thanks to lateblight-resistant varietiesprovided to them by CIP.



Rehabilitating the potato crop in the DPR Korea

Potato has been grown inthe Democratic People’sRepublic of Korea since thelate 19th century, but datedproduction methods,extreme weather anddisease have left the countrywith yields far below theworld average. However, thecountry has the potential tomake substantial gains byrestructuring its potatoindustry and introducingnew technologies.

A 4-year US$3.5 millionproject involving the UN’sFood and AgricultureOrganization (FAO), theCommon Fund forCommodities (CFC) and CIP,has placed potato at theheart of efforts to achievelong-term benefits andfundamental food security tothe country. The project,entitled “The rehabilitationand development of potatoproduction in the DPRK andBhutan”, brings national andinternational researchinstitutions and potatofarmers together. Thecollaboration aims to revivethe fortunes of potatogrowers by makingimprovements at variousstages of the productionprocess, focusing onbreeding new varieties,increasing seed quality andreducing seed losses.

The 1990s was a badtime for arable farmers inDPR Korea, with a series ofnatural disasters wreakinghavoc on food production:

rice-growing areas weredestroyed by the worstflooding in a century andmillions of tonnes of storedgrain were washed away.Then potato crops werestruck by a devastatingoutbreak of late blight andshortage of clean seedcompounded the disaster,leading to acute foodshortages.

“Up to 2007, advancedclones with germplasmintroduced from CIP andChina were under regionaltrials,” said CIP’s FengyiWang, who has beenworking in the country.“These are giving yields ofup to 38 t/ha, compared tothe 18.5 t/ha from localvarieties.” Three early-maturing varieties alsoperformed well in trials,Favorita and Zhongshu No 3for the southern region andZihuabai for the southernand northern highlandregions, promising up to 50per cent higher yields. “Weexpect the gradualintroduction of thesevarieties to produce anadditional 165 000 tonnesof potato each year onexisting acreage,” saidFernando Ezeta, CIP’sRegional Director for Eastand Southeast Asia and thePacific. “Broadening thegenetic base andstrengthening capacity togenerate high-yieldingdisease-resistant potatovarieties will bring additional

food security to thecountry.”

Reducing post-harvestlosses by developingefficient potato stores hasbeen another major focus.Up to half a million tonnesof tubers were being lost instorage every year, oftendue to poor qualitywarehousing. Under theproject, new low-coststores, both above andbelow ground, wereconstructed, making themost of the country’s amplesupply of cement. It isintended that suchupgraded stores will bereplicated around thecountry. A sophisticatedstorage facility has alsobeen built in the northernhighland region to helpbreeders conserve thenation’s core geneticresources.

Project staff assisted thegovernment in preparingseed certification standardsto ensure disease-freeplanting material, and ingiving breeders access toCIP’s genebank toencourage innovation. Theuse of true potato seed(TPS) as an alternativemeans of producing seedtubers is also on the rise,which will help reduce the

LEFT: Potato trials in DPR Korea

RIGHT: “We expect these

varieties to produce an

additional 165 000 tonnes of

potatoes each year”


F. WA

NG


level of disease from usinginfected tubers for planting.So far around 1500 ha havebeen planted with TPS inthe country, and more isexpected.

Through the project, over650 farmers have beentrained in Farmer FieldSchools, and extensionmaterial distributed to helpfarmers respond tochallenges in the field (i.e.seed and ware potatoproduction, and post-harvesthandling). According to FAO,these have had animmediate impact, and theorganization expects thatsoon every potato farmer inthe country will have accessto improved plantingmaterial. Indeed, the trainedfarmers are serving totransfer technology to othercooperative farms in theregion, thereby increasingthe benefits of the newscientific knowledge. Thisincreased awareness andconsequent improvement inseed production translatespotentially higher cropproduction and long-termbenefits.

While the project hasidentified several ways toincrease potato production,difficulties remain. Onemajor constraint is theavailability of fertilizer. Andwhile progress in crop trials

has been promising, extremeweather is making work verydifficult: extensive floodinghas restricted yields,destroying many crops,including potato. Meanwhile,high fuel prices are makingit difficult for seed producersto transport clean seed fromthe highlands to growingareas at lower altitudes. Inspite of these threats, it isexpected that potato willnow play a significant role inthe overall solution to foodshortages in DPR Korea inthe long term.

This story has beenadapted, with thanks, from astory that first appeared inNew Agriculturalist (http://www.new-ag.info/08/05/focuson/focuson5.php).

The collaboration aims torevive the fortunes of potatogrowers by makingimprovements at variousstages of the productionprocess, focusing on breedingnew varieties, increasing seedquality and reducing seedlosses.


development

Longresearch andterm


A source of good, disease-free seed will help increaseyield and area of potato inAfghanistan, reduce hungerand poverty, improve livingstandards, raise incomes andreduce rampant illicit poppyproduction.

Potato is an importantfood in the diet of theAfghan people and is grownin different agro-ecologicalenvironments. Potato is fifthin area after wheat, barley,rice and maize but highestin productivity, producingover eight times the yield ofwheat. The environmentalconditions of Afghanistan arevery suitable for qualitypotato production. In 2007,

Afghan farmers produced300 000 tonnes of potatoesfrom 20 000 ha with anaverage yield of 15 t/ha.There is much scope forfurther improvements inproduction by using high-yielding varieties andimproved productiontechnologies, which is whereCIP is focusing its efforts.

The shortage of qualityseed at reasonable prices toresource poor farmers dueto lack of organized formaland farmer-based seedsystems has limitedproductivity and area underpotato. Seeds of the mainpotato varieties wereimported long ago from

Improved potato seed systemsenhance farmers’ income in Afghanistan

India and since then havebeen used for manygenerations of potatoproduction withoutreplenishment. Consequentlythey carry a large diseaseload. Introducing an efficientand cost effective qualitypotato seed productiontechnology and marketingmechanism in the country istherefore, extremelyimportant. “The farmers wantto grow potato as a cashcrop because gross returnfrom potato is much highercompared to other cropssuch as wheat, barley, maizeand rice,” said MohinderKadian, CIP’s Senior PotatoAgronomist in the region.

ABOVE: Training

farmers in improved

production methods

in Afghanistan

resulted in healthy

potato crops like this

RIGHT: In

Afghanistan growing

potatoes can be more

profitable than

producing opium

M. K

AD

IAN


M. K

AD

IAN


CIP and the InternationalCenter for AgriculturalResearch in the Dry Areas(ICARDA), as members ofthe Future HarvestConsortium for RebuildingAgriculture in Afghanistanhave been working inpartnership with the Ministryof Agriculture, Irrigation andLivestock (MAIL) to developagriculture in differentprovinces of Afghanistan.Since 2002, CIP, along withICARDA, has improved thepotato production system inAfghanistan by providinghealthy starting plantingmaterial and training staff innational agricultural researchsystems in improved seedproduction technologies forquality seed production atfarm-level.

Farmers have beenplanting degenerated potatoseed tubers for more than15 years. To break this cycle,disease-free seed wasimported then multiplied infarmer fields in aninnovative shuttle systemmoving seed between lowand high altitudes. This wasaccompanied by trainingfarmers and extensionworkers on the use ofimproved seed productiontechnologies. Nowadays,more than 3073 tonnes ofhealthy seed of KufriChandramukhi, Desiree andCardinal are being producedand distributed to farmers, incollaboration with thenational authorities.

Furthermore, amicropropagation facilitydeveloped in the BadamBagh research station ofMAIL in Kabul is allowing

sustainable quality seedproduction. Personnel weretrained in in vitro plantproduction and managementof the tissue culturelaboratory for basic seedproduction. “The income ofpoor farmers has improvedby over 40 percent becauseof increased productivitythrough planting disease-freeseed and using bestassociated practices,” saidJaved Rizvi, the Country

crops

foothills of easternAfghanistan. This approach isgenerating additional incomefor farmers, who can nowproduce two crops, one inautumn and the other inearly spring, from the samefield.

Most recently, CIP andICARDA, with funding fromUSAID, are working in thenorthern Province ofBadakhshan to train farmersto produce disease-free

quality seed of the KufriChnadramukhi variety. Morethan 120 farmers areparticipating in this project.The 24 ha are producingmore than 400 tonnes ofquality seed. Theseinnovations, together withtraining, storage andmarketing techniques meanthat some farmers inAfghanistan have successfullyproduced an average of24.43 t/ha of ware potatoes.This is particularly significantbecause such higher yieldsgenerate very attractiveincomes with the potential toprovide a viable andsustainable alternative toopium poppies (see figure).

Manager for ICARDA’sAfghanistan Program.

Work has also beendirected at reducing postharvest losses by designingand constructing improvedcountry storages anddeveloping linkages formarketing of seed fromseed producing to non-seedproducing regions. Post-harvest losses have beenreduced significantly andseed quality improved bystoring seed in CIP-designedunderground country stores.

CIP and ICARDA havealso introduced for the firsttime potato cultivation inthe autumn season inNangarhar province in the


Comparative income from differentcommodities in Afghanistan

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0Wheat Rice Potato Poppies

(US$/ha)


Processing native potatoes intochips


Little did Peruvian farmersliving in the remote Andeanhighlands hundreds of yearsago imagine that the nativepotatoes they were sowingback then would today endup in the gourmet section ofa city supermarket, as chips(or crisps).

As improbable as it mayseem, this scenario couldsoon play out insupermarkets throughoutPeru thanks in part toscientists and breedersinvolved in CIP’s on-goingBiodiversity program, whichaims, among other things, toconserve and utilize thepotato’s rich geneticresources through on-farmconservation.

For years, CIP scientistshave been spearheadingefforts to improve thelivelihood and income ofsmall-scale, resource-poorAndean farmers by creatingnew market opportunities fortheir crops. The productionand processing of selectnative colored potatoes intochips is a case in point. Thisinitiative not only has greatmarket potential – a bag ofpurple, pink, blue and redpotato chips are indeed aviable product for thegrowing gourmet snackindustry – but also makes alot of sense. After all, thevarieties selected by CIP tobe used in this innovativeproject have tremendousculinary versatility and morenutritional content thanother kinds of potatoes.

As with most great ideas,the possibility oftransforming colorful nativeAndean potatoes into chipscame about as a merecoincidence. Eight years ago,while researching thedrought tolerance of a groupof native potatoes, CIPscientists began to thinkabout how to use the vividpigmented flesh of some ofthe potatoes laid out beforethem. Further evaluations,including an exhaustivesurvey of a wide sample ofnative potato cultivars heldin trust in CIP’s genebank,concluded that a selectgroup of Andean cultivarscould indeed be processedinto chips.

These findings are whatled to CIP’s on-going projectto promote the use ofnative potatoes for makingcolorful chips. Theunderlying goal is to providea potential source of incomefor farming communities inPeru’s high Andes, wherethousands of potato varietieswith an assortment of colors,shapes, textures and flavors,thrive. Equally important, thisprojects aims to preserve anintegral part of farmers’biodiversity and culture bycreating marketopportunities for farmers’native crop.

CIP scientists andbreeders have alreadyidentified a group of 30varieties, from material heldin trust in CIP’s genebank, tobe used as raw material for

this project. These varieties,selected from an initial groupof well over 300 samples,are being used as aprototype to identifyadditional varieties withsimilar properties by differentfarming communities inPeru’s highlands.

Safeguarding the potato’sgenetic resources throughon-farm conservation, whileimproving the livelihood ofthe farming communitiesinvolved, is a key element ofCIP’s mandate to protectpotato biodiversity. Usingnative varieties grown byPeruvian farmers some 3500m asl to process into chips is

CIP scientistsand breedershave alreadyidentified agroup of 30varieties, frommaterial heldin trust in CIP’sgenebank, tobe used asraw materialfor thisproject.


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a good illustration of theeffects of this strategy. Thegroundwork conducted forthis project is systematicallyexpanding the knowledge ofgenebank materials in CIP’scollection to identifyadditional varieties withdesired characteristics.

As well as selectingcultivars with specificprocessing qualities, namelylow sugar and high drymatter content, whichdirectly affect oil absorptionand chip darkening, othercharacteristics such as theirtolerance to pests anddiseases, namely the Andeanpotato weevil, are beingevaluated. Moreover,analyses have shown thatthese native potato varietiesare particularly nutritious,because they contain higherconcentrations of vitamin C,iron and zinc than thosefound in white potatovarieties traditionally used formaking chips.

In tandem with laboratorytests and field evaluations,project participants arespearheading efforts tointerest other groups inprocessing, packaging andselling these gourmet chips.By applying the participatorymarket chain approach, incollaboration with CIP’spartnership program PapaAndina, small-scale Peruvianprocessors began marketingnative potato chips in 2005.Their modest initial successwas monitored by largeragro-industrial firms, whichsubsequently launched twonew native potato products:Lay’s Andinas (Lay’sPotatoes) and Mr. Chips (the

Gloria group). These largefirms contract small growersto supply native potatoes forprocessing. Around 600farmers, a national potatostakeholder platform andseveral NGOs are nowinvolved in this alliance withthe private sector.

Based on thesecommercial successes andwith Papa Andina’s help,public-private partnershipswere established to furtherpromote the trade of nativepotato-based products withsocial responsibility, andjointly develop thetechnological andinstitutional innovationsrequired to increase thecompetitiveness of small-scale farmers within thenative potato market chain.A concrete result of thiseffort is the ‘Papas AndinasInitiative’(www.papasandinas.org) thatwas created to promote theuse of native potatoes anddevelop fair tradearrangements for them.There is even potential toexport the project’s conceptto Bolivia, where, like Peru,a significant percentage ofthe country’s total potato-producing areas areoccupied by native potatoes.

Locally, CIP intends touse the project’s groundworkas a base for the design andimplementation of a geneticimprovement program fornative varieties. If carriedout, it would be the first ofits kind, because geneticimprovement efforts havetraditionally focused ondeveloping superiorgenotypes of white potato.

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ABOVE: Some of the varieties that are used for

chips. The pigments are very high in antioxidants

LEFT: Chips made from native Andean potato

varieties on sale in a Lima supermarket


Alternately drying out theroots on one side of apotato plant while wateringthe other side drasticallyreduces water use butmaintains a good level ofproduction. In manycountries, water availablefor agricultural use islimited. Scientists at CIP’sheadquarters in Lima, Peruhave been evaluating thetechnique known as partialroot drying on the potatocrop.

Potatoes are planted infurrows so that one sidecan be irrigated and theother kept dry in onewatering cycle, then theopposite furrows arewatered in the followingcycle. The technique is verysimple,” said Miguel Málaga,of the Universidad NacionalAgraria La Molina, whocollaborated in the work.Gulliver Rojas, anothercollaborator of the sameinstitution, added “It onlyneeds the adaptation ofirrigation systems to allowalternate wetting and dryingof part of the root zone.”

The technique actuallyaffects two processes insidethe plant. Plants have poresin their leaves calledstomata. They are essentialto the plant because theycontrol water loss fromleaves and also allow theuptake of carbon dioxidefrom the atmosphere. Onthe one hand, stomata haveto remain open to allow

enough carbon dioxide toenter to satisfy thedemands of the plant and,on the other they mustprevent excessive water lossby closing up. With partialroot drying, the drying rootsproduce a chemical (abscisicacid) that reduces theopening of the stomata. Atthe same time the rootsreceiving water manage toabsorb enough liquid forthe needs of the plant. Inother words, it is possible toseparate the biochemicalresponse to water stressfrom the physical effects ofreduced water availability.

Although the techniquehas been used successfullyin fruit-producing crops suchas tomatoes, grapes andoranges, no research hasbeen done to apply it toroot and tuber crops,particularly in semi-aridenvironments where waterresources are scarce. “Aftertesting other methods, wefound that alternatelyirrigating a furrow on oneside of the plant while theother furrow dried out wasthe most efficient method,”said Roberto Quiroz, theleader of CIP’s ProductionSystems and theEnvironment Division. Theexperiments used fourtreatments; normal irrigationdelivering all (100 percentwater) and half (50 percentwater) the normal waterrequirement of the plants,fully watering half the roots

(50 percent water) anddelivering half the requiredwater to half the roots (25percent water).

Potato yield is optimizedwith well-planned watering,with low volume and highfrequency — little andoften. Under conventionalwater stress, the stomataclose. The longer thereduction of stomatalopening lasts, the higherthe reduction in yields. Thecritical period for waterdeficit in potato is duringtuber development;achieving better yieldsrequires an adequate watersupply from its beginninguntil ripening; the maineffect of water stress onpotato is yield reduction.Nevertheless, the results ofpartial root drying weresurprising. The treatmentdelivering 50 percent ofwater needs only reducedyield by about a quarter.Providing only a quarter ofthe required water to theplants reduced yield by onlyone third, resulting in thehighest water useefficiency.At the plant level, partialdrying stimulates rootdevelopment, which isimportant in potato,because the crop hasshallow roots that are verysusceptible to water deficitin the soil. The root dryingincreases the efficiency ofthe whole root system inabsorbing water and

Partial root drying makespotatoes more water efficient



nutrients. The plants alsobegin to accumulatecarbohydrates in the tubersat an earlier age, shorteningthe production season togive earlier harvests.

Interestingly, themanaged water stress underpartial drying made virtuallyno difference to the size ofthe tubers, even thoughshortage of water usuallyincreases the number ofsmall tubers. And the

treatment actually improvedthe marketability of thepotatoes and the quality ofthe chips made from them.The plants receiving theleast water produced tuberswith the highest dry matter.This meant that theyabsorbed less oil when friedand produced chips with aclearer and more uniformcolor, so increasing theirsuitability for industrial sales.

Of course, potato

production is best when theplant receives full irrigation.However, in areas wherewater is restrictingproduction, partial rootdrying offers a goodalternative. “This irrigationsystem offers an alternativeto large areas in the worldproducing potato, wherewater is limiting and wheresalinity might become aproblem,” concludedRoberto Quiroz.

ABOVE: Adapting

PVC siphons in a

field irrigation

system to allow

partial root drying

LEFT: The treatment

produces a good

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True potato seed (TPS)technology is proving to bea highly cost effective andan appropriate technologyfor resource-poor farmers ofless-developed countries.The system produces seedtubers that are relatively freeof disease, take up lessspace and are easilytransported. The approach isnot suitable for many areas,but CIP’s experience inNepal and Tajikistan isshowing how effective it canbe in particular situations.

In Nepal, lack oforganized seed systemsmeans that little quality seedis available. This limits potatoproductivity. Nearly 280 000tonnes of seed are neededto plant 140 000 ha ofpotatoes, yet the seedproduced by both the publicand private sectors hardlymeets 10 percent of theseed requirement of thecountry. The major seedsource is the small tubersleft from home-stored warepotatoes. These tubers arenot free of diseases.

In the mountainous areasof the country, TPStechnology has proven to bea low cost, alternative sourceof quality seed that helps tomeet quality plantingmaterial demands andreduce the cost of potatoproduction. There are anumber of factorscontributing to the adoptionof high quality seed fromTPS in Nepal. Poor farmers

True potato seed technologyanswers needs in Nepal and Tajikistan

with small land holdingscannot afford to buyexpensive seed tubers fromtraditional sources. Thetransportation of seed tubersin mountains is a hard task,particularly for womenfarmers. It is much easierand quicker to transport TPSand TPS-derived seedlingtubers in mountainousregions.

Staff from CIP have beencollaborating with theNational PotatoDevelopment Program andthe Potato Research Programof Nepal to evaluate TPStechnology in Nepal. Since1995, the area of landplanted in Nepal to potatoderived from TPS has grownfrom zero to 7300 ha. TheTPS families developed aremore resistant to late blightthan the popular varietiesplanted by farmers. “Onaverage, seedling tubersfrom TPS have yielded 30 t/ha,” said CIP’s MohinderKadian, who is working inthe region. “This issignificantly higher than the23 t/ha from the Desireevariety.”

New TPS familiesdeveloped in CIP’s fields inLima have been evaluated indifferent agro-ecologies.Promising families yielding atpar or higher than localcultivars and havingmoderate field resistance tolate blight, uniform tubershape, size and color, shortstolons and good keeping


ABOVE: Nepal farmers and extension workers being

trained on seedling tuber-production techniques

RIGHT: The yield of one plant of TPS family Achirana x TPS-

13 shows the potential of this kind of planting material in

the Faizabad district of Tajikistan at 2000 m asl

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quality in country storeshave been selected for warepotato production. About11 500 farm householdshave been benefited by TPSin Nepal, both in thelowlands and the uplands.

In Tajikistan, meanwhile,one true potato seed familyhas been identified with thepotential for official varietyrelease. The severe shortageof quality seed is one of thekey factors responsible forthe present lack of foodsecurity in Tajikistan. Sincepossibilities for importing thedesired quantities of qualityseed are very limited, theonly option is to revive thecountry’s seed multiplicationcapacity.

In Tajikistan, disease-freeseed potatoes are oftenunavailable because of thelack of an efficient seedproduction system, whileimported seed are veryexpensive due to hightransport costs from Europeand bad road conditions,especially in the highlands,which make the transport ofbulky and perishablematerials inconvenient andunsafe. As a consequence,smallholder farmers living inthe highlands are obliged tomultiply their own seedstocks, perpetuating seed-borne diseases from onegeneration to the next.Potato yield, therefore,decreases year after year. “Ingeneral, we are convincedthat marginal areas in thehighlands of the region arethe most suitable agro-ecology for TPS because ofdifficult access to potato

growing sites, unaffordableprice of conventional tuberseed and significantpresence of smallholdings,”said CIP’s Carlo Carli.

Tajikistan is the smallestand poorest nation amongthe former Soviet Unioncountries of Central Asia,with a predominantlyagricultural economy and apopulation of about 7million. Potato wasintroduced more than 100years ago. Cultivation wasinitially concentrated aroundurban areas in the plains, butproduction gradually spreadto the foothills and highlandareas, where high yields aresometimes recorded. Potatois currently one of the majorfood and cash crops inTajikistan. Consumption isaround 60 kg/person peryear and climbing rapidly.In an effort to introducealternative technology forproducing high qualityplanting materials at cheaperprices, staff at the CIPLiaison office in Tashkent,Uzbekistan, in collaborationwith Tajik NARS and a localNGO called “Tukhmiparvar”,started investigating the useof TPS in 2005. Preliminarytrials of some TPS familiescarried out in the highlandsof Tajikistan showedexcellent tuber bulkingunder long day conditionsand a growing cycle ofabout 120-130 days. Inparticular, tubers of aspecific variety coded LT-8 xTS-15 had a very nice shape,an attractive yellow skin andgood marketabilityapproaching 90% with an

average tuber weight ofabout 130 g. Yield obtainedunder experimentalconditions, although infarmers’ fields, wasimportant and equivalent to8.8 kg/m², higher than thatobtained by the localcontrol, 6.57 kg/m². “Due toits characteristics and goodperformance, Tajik NARS willhand this TPS family over tothe State Committee forVariety Testing for furtherrelease,” noted Carlo Carli.

In Tajikistan,meanwhile, one truepotato seed family hasbeen identified withthe potential forofficial variety release.The severe shortage ofquality seed is one ofthe key factorsresponsible for thepresent lack of foodsecurity in Tajikistan.



ISO accreditation a world-first forCIP genebank

In what is a world first, CIPhas been awardedInternational Organization forStandards (ISO) Accreditationfor its germplasmacquisition, managementand distribution operations.

With the collaboration ofa quality systems expertfrom the Central ScienceLaboratory in the UK, Dr.David Galsworthy, CIP hassuccessfully implemented aquality system covering thecomplete distributionprocess of in vitrogermplasm. “CIP is the firstCG genebank to implementa quality system in agenebank,” said DavidGalsworthy, “and the firstgenebank in the world togain accreditation to ISO17025 for the process.” Thismeans that in vitro materialdistributed from CIP willbear ISO accreditation that itis free from viruses,pathogens and diseases. Aswell as the confidence thiswill inspire in CIP’s partners,it is evidence that thebiodiversity the Center holdsin trust is being safelyconserved for the future.

“The accreditation is amilestone event in manyways for CIP and was onlypossible through the hardwork and dedication of theCIP staff,” said Dr. PamelaAnderson, the DirectorGeneral of CIP. “Thisdemonstrates how seriouslywe take our obligations todistribute disease-freegermplasm.”

The movement ofplanting material globallyprovides a potential pathwayfor the spread of many pestsand diseases. CIP, ascustodian of the world’slargest collection of potatoand sweetpotato germplasm,has always taken itsobligations to maintain anddistribute this materialextremely seriously. In early2007, CIP’s seniormanagement decided toformalize and modernize thesystems of ensuring thedistribution of cleangermplasm and obtainexternal third partyverification of theireffectiveness through ISOaccreditation.

Implementing such a‘quality system’ involvesidentifying, characterizingand controlling keyoperational processes anddemonstrating theireffectiveness throughvalidation and quality control.To demonstrate the highestlevel of technical expertiseand competence, CIP choseto model its system on theInternational StandardsOrganisation ISO/IEC 17025Quality Standard for theCompetence of TestingLaboratories. This isrecognized as the highestand most demandingstandard for quality systems.The Center soughtaccreditation against thisstandard from the highlyrespected United KingdomAccreditation Service (UKAS).

The work of introducingthe system built on theconsiderable investment CIPhas made over a number ofyears, with workflowsformalized and a barcoderecords system introduced totrack the movement ofgermplasm. During 2007,the vision of a fullyintegrated quality systembecame a reality. All aspectsof the acquisition,management and distributionof germplasm were broughtinto the system, withparticipation from staff ofthe genebank, pathogentesting, distribution,administration and researchinformatics.

The operationaldocumentation wasorganized using aninnovative Wiki-based websolution to link well over500 sources of information.This has resulted in a highlyflexible, paperless systemthat can be easily updatedto reflect changes in theorganization of the work.“Working through a websitewith the capability tomanage contributions fromall the staff involved turnedout to be extremelyefficient,” said DavidGalsworthy. “This approachhas a very wide-rangingpotential for its applicationand it is a model I will betaking back to the UK andimplementing it in my ownInstitute.” This approach willalso allow the remoteassessment of the system by



the UKAS assessment team,saving costs for the Center.

Validation data were alsogenerated to quantify therisks associated with thefailure of the germplasm-pathogen screening process.The results of this validationclearly demonstrated thehigh level of confidence thatCIP can place in itsdetection systems.

Once implementationwas finished the system wasassess by an expert teamfrom UKAS. The teammembers were very positiveand complementary aboutthe systems that had beenintroduced as well as theextremely high level ofcompetence of all the staff

involved. “CIP hasdemonstrated through thisinitial assessment, goodcompliance with therequirements of ISO 17025,”wrote Colin Jefferies in hisreport. “The personnelinterviewed and witnessedwere enthusiastic,knowledgeable andcompetent in the proceduresexamined.”

The Quality System willbe continue to be monitoredby UKAS during annualsurveillance visits and hasthe potential to help driveeven higher the goldstandard for genebankmanagement that has nowbeen set at CIP. “Thegenebank is a long-term

responsibility for CIP and wehave made a long-termcommitment to this process,”said Dr. Charles Crissman,Deputy Director General forResearch.

The realization of anaccredited system supportinghealthy germplasm distributionat CIP could provide a modelfor other genebanks withinthe CGIAR and the rest of theworld. This would contributesignificantly to the speed andtrust with which germplasmcan be shared amongcountries for breedingpurposes and the futuredelivery of better varietiesthat afford developingcountries greater foodsecurity.

LEFT: Germplasm

under slow growth

conditions

BELOW: Inside CIP’s

in vitro genebank

for potato

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New classification systemproposedfor cultivated potatoes

A groundbreaking CIP-supported study introduced anew comprehensive speciesclassification system forcultivated potatoes, anddemonstrates how innovativelong-term partnerships cancreate synergies among

distinct research agendas.This new classificationsystem—which recommendscuts in the number of potatospecies from seven to four—will simplify theirclassification and morecorrectly represent the gene

pool structure of thesetubers, which provide avaluable source of geneticmaterial for potato breeders.The study has provoked avigorous debate amongpotato taxonomists aroundthe world through the


The genetic

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incorporation of geneticidentifiers in taxonomicclassifications.

The overall purpose ofthe 2007 study, conductedjointly by CIPbiotechnologist Marc Ghislainand David Spooner of theUS-based AgriculturalResearch Service VegetableCrops Research Unit, was toreexamine the support forclassification categories oftraditional farmers’ varietiesor landraces. Currently, mostsystems of classification arelargely based onmorphological traits(outward appearance) andon ploidy estimates (numberof chromosome sets thespecies holds), which in turnhas resulted in manyunreliable and eveninaccurate classifications.Spooner has collaboratedwith CIP researchers for anumber of years, apartnership that bringsspecialized expertise to CIPand makes available theriches of the genebank tocollaborators.

Though this new systemalso takes into accountmorphological analyses andchromosome set count, italso includes a detailedanalysis of the species’molecular compositionthrough DNA molecularmarkers and nuclear simplesequence repeat (SSR)markers. By adding thesemarkers—descriptors thathelp reveal key geneticinformation—to othercharacterization data,scientists are able toimprove the preciseidentification of potato

landraces. “We coulddistinguish between potatoesfrom the Chilean lowlandsand potatoes from the highAndes by checking for aspecific DNA mutationamong different potatospecies,” said Marc Ghislain.Plant taxonomy is a fieldwhere change can comeslowly, so only time will tellwhether the new approachto classification will takehold.

This study represents oneof the largest molecularmarker studies of any croplandraces to date.Specifically, it includes anextensive study of 742landraces of all cultivatedspecies and 8 closely relatedwild species progenitors. Thestudy supports thereclassification of cultivatedpotatoes into four species: S.tuberosum, S. ajanhuiri, S.juzepczukii and S.curtilobum.

Of the four recognizedspecies, S. tuberosum, thetype of domesticated potatoeaten by many peoplearound the world, is by farthe most common potatospecies. It has anywherefrom two to four sets ofchromosomes, which makesit difficult to classify.Previous taxonomictreatments of potatolandraces have led to therecognition of variousspecies, sub-species, orcultivar groups within thesingle species S. tuberosum.This particular study,however, supports dividing S.tuberosum into just twocultivar groups: a large anddiverse Andigenum Group of

upland Andean landracesand a smaller and relativelyless diverse ChilotanumGroup of lowland Chileanlandraces. The three otherspecies, S. ajanhuiri,S. juzepczukii andS. curtilobum, have two,three and five sets ofchromosomes, respectively.They are much easier toclassify, as hybrids with wildpotato species are rare and,unlike S. tuberosum, theycan be easily distinguished

This study represents oneof the largest molecularmarker studies of anycrop landraces to date.by morphological data.

Regardless of theclassification techniqueapplied by scientists, onething is clear: potatogenebanks are in need of anintegrated multi-componentclassification systeminvolving detailed moleculardeterminations similar to thesystem proposed in thisstudy. “This will not onlyhelp to better identify andclassify landrace potatoes,but will also provide thebreeding community withvaluable material andinformation,” concludedGhislain. As for thepartnership, “Working in theCIP genebank is atremendous opportunity”declared Spooner, “It is aprivilege to have access tothe material and thecollaboration with thescientists here.”



Golden bread fromsweetpotatoproves popular in Mozambique


Golden bread made byreplacing wheat flour withboiled and mashed orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) inrecipes used by rural bakersin Mozambique is aneconomically viable productthat is also a good source ofvitamin A.

Sweetpotato production isexpanding faster than anyother major food crop insouthern Africa. Sweetpotatogenerates large amounts offood per unit area per unittime during relatively shortrainy periods, toleratesoccasional dry spells andproduces yields even on lessfertile soils.

Replacing the traditionalwhite-fleshed varieties withOFSP varieties, somedeveloped by CIP, which arehigh in β-carotene (theprecursor of vitamin A), couldbenefit an estimated 50million children under 6 yearsof age who are currently atrisk from diseases associatedwith vitamin A deficiency.Eleven countries in Sub-Saharan Africa are nowmembers of CIP’s highlysuccessful Vitamin A for Africa(VITAA) platform that ispromoting the breeding,consumption and sale oflocally adapted, conventionallybred β-carotene-rich OFSPvarieties.

OFSP varieties have provedto be very popular withconsumers and a number ofnew products have beendeveloped by “branding” theattractive golden color causedby the bright orange flesh.

dough from two to one. Withgolden bread, the buns areformed immediately aftercombining all ingredients,covered and left to rise indirect sunlight. “Introducing theboiling and mashing process ofthe sweetpotato roots increasedthe labor involved in breadpreparation,” said Jan Low, “Butbecause the number of risingswas reduced, the total amountof time needed to prepare abatch of buns did not change.”Based on US Food and DrugAdministration guidelines, a110-g golden bread bun is anexcellent source of vitamin Afor children and non-pregnantwomen and a good source forall other adults. Small buns (60g) are classified as an excellentsource of vitamin A for children1-3 years of age and a goodsource for older children andnon-lactating women.

Consumers readily boughtthe buns within 1.5 days ofbaking. Taste tests showed thatpeople had a strong preferencefor the golden bread overwhite wheat flour breadbecause of its heavier texture,better taste and its attractivegolden appearance. In fact, 92percent of people surveyedpreferred golden bread towhite bread.

The bread is being made inCentral Mozambique (Zambezia)but it is also being promoted inother provinces of Mozambique(Tete, Maputo and Gaza). “Thereare a lot of activities andtraining taking place,” said CIP’sMaria Andrade, who is involvedin scaling out the initial pilotwork to other provinces. “We

VITAA researchers looked atthe possibility of substitutingwheat flour with flour fromOFSP in processed productssuch as bread. This approachhas the potential of creatingnew markets for producers,reducing foreign exchangeoutlay and increasing vitaminA consumption.

In rural areas, bread is notproduced in the home butpurchased in local markets, socommercial bread making isthe most likely option for aneconomically viable OFSP-based product to be sustainedin rural markets. CIP RegionalLeader for Sub-Saharan AfricaJan Low and P.J. vanJaarsveld of the MedicalResearch Council in SouthAfrica explored whethersubstituting boiled andmashed OFSP from fresh rootswith wheat flour in breadbuns to create ‘golden bread’resulted in a product withsufficient β-carotene to beconsidered a good source ofvitamin A and waseconomically viable.

Local recipes weremodified by substitutingboiled and mashed OFSP forwheat flour, maximizing theamount of OFSP that couldstill give a product withacceptable taste andappearance for localconsumers. The recipedeveloped for golden breadreplaced 38 percent of wheatflour by weight with theOFSP. Another keymodification of the localbread recipe was to reducethe number of risings of the


ABOVE: Training methods were adapted to local conditions

LEFT: Cooking in a local oven

J. LOW

are promoting this productand linking the fresh rootproducers to bakers andrestaurants.”

Profits also rose from 54to 92 percent for bakers,primarily due to the lowercost of OFSP compared toimported wheat flour. Oneadvantage of using OFSP isthat it is produced locally,whereas wheat flour is oftenimported and transported longdistances. For example, in thetest villages, the importedwheat flour had been truckedin from more than 500 kmaway. Sub-Saharan Africacountries imported over 10.3million tonnes of wheat andwheat flour in 2005, requiringover US$1.8 billion in foreignexchange. Nigeria, forinstance, is attempting toreduce such outlays throughimposing legislation to requireall bread to contain 10percent cassava flour. Thepromotion of golden breadwould provide an opportunityfor policy makers toconcurrently create value-added markets for ruralproducers, combat vitamin Adeficiency, and reduce foreignexchange outlay. In manyparts of the region, priceratios favorable to goldenbread are likely to existoutside of port cities as mostwheat flour is imported. Highinternal transport costs favorsubstitution of wheat flourwith locally availableingredients. “The potential forwidespread adoption amongsmall to medium-scale ruralbakers is high if adequatesupply chains exist to ensureconsistent root supply,”concluded Jan Low.



Understanding potatoinnovation systems


In recent years, newapproaches have attemptedto explain agriculturalinnovation processes,focusing on the participationof multiple stakeholders, asopposed to the focus onone source of information(usually research) prevalentin the past.

According to the newapproaches, innovation, inthe sense of new andimproved ways of solvingproblems, happens whenmany stakeholders interact,communicate and exchangeknowledge. Researchorganizations are not theonly entities able togenerate innovation;entrepreneurial and non-governmental organizationsfrom both the public andprivate sectors can bedriving forces for innovation.These interactions improveinnovation throughinteractive learning, so theinteractions among actorsbecome a critical process tobe promoted. However, indeveloping countries, thereis a lack of informationabout who the stakeholdersare, what they are doing andhow they exchangeinformation and generateknowledge. The stakeholdersmay include farmercommunities andorganizations, local andnational agriculturalinstitutions, nongovernmentalorganizations (NGOs), theprivate sector and themedia.

Oscar Ortiz, the leader of

CIP’s Division of IntegratedCrop Management, andcollaborators from differentinstitutions have beenworking to understandpotato-related innovationsystems in Bolivia, Ethiopia,Peru and Uganda. “The ideais to strengthen socialcapital,” he said. “This is agroup phenomenon andincludes the ‘bonding’ capitalthat connects people thatshare a culture,socioeconomic conditions orethnical origins, and the‘bridging’ capital thatconnects people fromdifferent groups.”

Potato innovation systemsvary across countries, butalso within a country. Thesystem is less complex andstable in Ethiopia, wheregovernment organizationsstill play a major role,compared to the othercountries, where thegovernment sector is limitedand NGOs and the privatesector play major role.A common factor is thelimited interactions that takeplace among thecomponents of the system.For example, in Peru, with alarger number ofcomponents, only 16-23percent of the total potentialinteractions were reported,mostly involving farmers.This indicates a potentialcourse of intervention; toincrease coordination andinteraction, particularlyamong governmental andnon-governmentalorganizations. However, in

Uganda, there are specificgovernmental and non-governmental attempts topromote more efficientinteractions among thecomponents of the system.In Ethiopia there is a majorgovernment presence inresearch, agriculturalextension and inputmarketing, in contrast to theBolivian and Peruviansystems, where governmentalorganizations have minimalinvolvement in theinnovation system. However,in the latter systems, localgovernments such asmunicipalities are starting toplay an increasingly importantrole. In Uganda there iscontinuing decentralization ofresponsibilities from nationalorganizations to regionalinstitutions and localgovernment as well as fromof privatization of delivery ofagricultural extensionservices.

In Bolivia, farmerorganizations such as unionsplay a major role incoordinating interventions,compared to the othercountries, which haverelatively weak farmerorganizations. In Peru, therewere some farmerorganizations with limitedrepresentation beyond thecommunity level. Also inUganda the organization ofpotato farmers has notextended beyond villagelevel farmer groups, startedfor different reasons, butmostly to improve access toservices or for traditional


collective saving. In Ethiopiaefforts are being made byNGOs to build farmerassociations to improve theiraccess to services and input-and output-marketingchannels.

The private sector ismore important in LatinAmerican countries. Mostfarmers have contacts withagrochemical companies forboth buying inputs andreceiving information. Thereis also a stronger role ofpotato dealers in theinnovation system. InEthiopia the centralgovernment controls thetrade in agricultural inputs. InUganda the input trade isfully liberalized, but localavailability of inputs,especially fertilizer, withinthe potato-growing areas isrestricted.

In most of the countriesthe media has a limited rolein the potato innovationsystem. In Uganda, however,local-language radio stationsare widely listened to and auseful means of distributioninformation. These radiostations do have interactionswith other actors in the

innovation system, althoughlimited.

In the four countriesanalyzed, the research anddevelopment organizationswere interested in promotingparticipatory research. Someof them have had moreexperience in this area thanothers, such as in Bolivia, butthere was not evidence thatthe concept had beeninstitutionalized.

Based on thecharacteristics of the differentpotato innovation systems,various entry points forimprovements could beidentified. “In the case ofEthiopia, where governmentorganizations have a strongrole, research anddevelopment projects shouldhave these organizations aspartners,” said Oscar Ortiz,“But they should be trying topromote more active roleswith NGO and farmerorganizations.” In addition,these stakeholders shouldpromote the development ofmarket actors.

In Uganda, thegovernment has also a strongrole, but is more proactive inpromoting linkages among

different agriculturalstakeholders. Therefore,interventions for bettercoordination amonggovernment projects and anumber of strong NGOswould be desirable. In Peru,the strong presence of NGOsmakes them an essentialpartner for research anddevelopment projects, lookingat improving their interactionswith the government atnational and local levels. InBolivia, the presence ofstrong farmer organizationsmakes it possible to havethem as effective partners,together with NGOs and theprivate sector. Governmentpartners in Bolivia haveplayed a move limited role. Inboth Peru and Bolivia,interventions should look atimproving capabilities ofnational and local governmentorganizations to coordinate,promote interactions anddevelop inter-institutionalprojects.

Each country seems tooperate under a differentparadigm,” said Ortiz, “Butanalyzing the systems allowsus to identify effective waysto strengthen them.”

ABOVE: Stakeholder

workshop in Uganda

LEFT: Training in the

field


O.

OR

TIZ


Exporting technology fromthe Andes to Uganda

An innovative approach tomarketing developedoriginally for the Andes hasbeen successfully used inUganda, with indications thatit can be adapted for othercountries. The participatorymarket chain approach(PMCA) has proved effectivein Uganda for strengtheninginnovation capacity and fordeveloping market chaininnovations that benefitsmall farmers as well asother market chain actors.

PMCA was developed byCIP’s Papa Andina RegionalInitiative to improve thecompetitiveness of potatomarket chains and smallpotato producers in theAndean region of SouthAmerica. PMCA engagesthose who make their livingfrom a market chain andagricultural service providers(such as researchers, creditproviders and developmentworkers) in groupinteractions in which marketopportunities are identifiedand assessed and innovationsdeveloped.

A research anddevelopment organizationinitiates the PMCA byselecting the market chainson which to work,identifying potential partnersand making exploratory,diagnostic market research.Next the organization setsup meetings that aredesigned to build trust andknowledge sharing amongparticipants. Then the marketchain actors collaborate in

practical innovationprocesses, with support fromthe research anddevelopment organizations.

Beginning in 2005, CIPand Papa Andina workedwith the Regional Potato andSweetpotato ImprovementNetwork in Eastern andCentral Africa (PRAPACE) andseveral local research anddevelopment organizationsto introduce the approachinto Uganda and apply it tocommodity chains forpotatoes, sweetpotatoes andvegetables. “The strategieswere very effective inmotivating people anddeveloping professionalcapacities and social capital,”said CIP’s André Devaux, thecoordinator of Papa Andina.“Furthermore, the approachhas stimulated a number ofcommercial and institutionalinnovations.”

New ideas includeimproved packaging andlabeling for a leadingUgandan potato crispproduct, a new sweetpotatovariety successfullyintroduced into Uganda’sleading supermarket and animproved commercialtomato sauce product. Theyare viable in the market andare in commercialproduction; others are inprototype form that arebeing tested and refined.“PMCA has demonstratedthat with a small amount ofmoney, you can get manypeople along the marketchain to work together to

A Bolivian farmer from

La Paz with Dan Kisauzi,

Director, Capacity

Strengthening and Eastern

Africa, RIUP Programme


PA

PA

AN

DIN

A


generate ideas that willbenefit all,” said JamesSsemwanga of thecommercial SsemwangaGroup.

“The results of this workwith PMCA have exceededour initial expectations,” saidDoug Horton, who reviewedthe Ugandan introduction*.“PMCA has showed itselfuseful in Uganda both forstrengthening innovationcapacity and for developingpro-poor market chaininnovations.” Valuablecapacities for innovationhave been created,particularly in the realms ofknowledge, attitudes, skillsand social capital. Thesenew capacities are valuableassets that can be applied inthe future to stimulateinnovation not only inUganda’s potato,sweetpotato and vegetablemarket chains, but in otherchains, both in Uganda andin other parts of Sub-SaharanAfrica.

Aside from thecommercial innovations,using PMCA has also led toimportant institutional andtechnological innovations.Motivated by hisparticipation in thevegetable group, oneexporter has established acontract-farming scheme forproducing and exportingfresh hot peppers. As aresult of the work of thesweetpotato commoditygroup, a ‘SweetpotatoMarket Chain Club,’representing all market

segments, has also beenestablished. Participants hopeto formalize the club as amarket chain association, tostimulate future innovation.

Some commercialinnovations have stimulatedsubsequent institutionalinnovations. Faced with anunreliable supply of freshpotatoes for processing, thepotato commodity grouporganized a meeting in theKabale potato-producingregion, for processors andmarket agents to meetpotato farmers and exploreways to better organize thesupply of potatoes toKampala-based processors.

The application andresults of the PMCA havestimulated considerableinterest in the approach inUgandan organizations, inpolicy circles and amongmarket chain actors whohave participated in the workor heard about it. The ZonalAgricultural Research andDevelopment Institute(ZARDI) of the NationalAgricultural ResearchOrganization, Uganda (NARO)in Mukono is going tocontinue its leadership of thesweetpotato commoditygroup. “This is our corebusiness,” said PeterLusembo, the ZARDIDirector. “All thecommodities at NARO shouldhave a PMCA component.We are beginning withsweetpotato but plan to usethis approach for all themarket chains we will workon in the future.”

PMCA was developedby CIP’s Papa AndinaRegional Initiative toimprove thecompetitiveness ofpotato market chainsand small potatoproducers in theAndean region of SouthAmerica.

*The full report is downloadable from CIP’s publications website. Horton, D. (2008) Facilitating pro-poor market chain innovation: An assessment of the participatory market chain approach inUganda. International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru.



PMCA work has beenincorporated into theinstitute’s budget. TheDirector of NARO hasexpressed interest in usingthe PMCA throughout theorganization. The NationalCoordinator of Uganda’sCompetitiveness andInvestment Climate Strategyhas committed thesecretariat to applyingPMCA to two newcommodities with exportpotential. The President ofthe Federation ofAssociations of UgandanExporters is stronglysupporting continuedapplication of PMCA in thecountry.

PMCA has proved itsworth as a means ofstimulating pro-poorinnovation in Uganda.Other countries in theregion could benefit fromPMCA. Introducing theapproach elsewhere wouldbe less costly and could beachieved faster, becauseother countries couldbenefit from theconsiderable capacity thatUganda has developed.Based on experiences withPMCA in the Andes andUganda, success in newsettings is likely to begreatest where researchand developmentorganizations are open toexperimenting with newapproaches for facilitatinginnovation processes andwhere there areprofessionals who areknowledgeable aboutmarket chains andexperienced withfacilitation of teamwork.

Miller with the new package for her

sweetpotato enriched flour


PA

PA

AN

DIN

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T’ik

apap

a

T’ikapapa, an initiative of CIP’s Papa Andina partnership programand the Peruvian INCOPA project, won two major awards in 2007.The initiative, which packs and markets specially selected Peruviannative potatoes, won one of five UN-sponsored SEED (SupportingEntrepreneurs for Sustainable Development) Awards for 2007 afterbeing selected from among 230 proposals from 70 countries.

The SEED Awards are a prestigious international initiative backedby the World Union of Conservation of Nature, the United NationsEnvironment Program, the United Nations Development Program,the governments of Germany, the United States, Netherlands, theUnited Kingdom and South Africa and a Swiss private enterprise(see www.seedawards.org).

In choosing T’ikapapa, the organizers took into account the factthat the initiative has developed an innovative concept linking smallproducers of native potatoes to new urban markets, helping to addvalue to the products.

The SEED Awards jury also recognized that a key factor for thesuccess of the project was the participatory process that increasedconfidence among the participants in order to develop a productthat was attractive to all the members.

T’ikapapa also won the first prize in the World Challenge 2007, acompetition promoted by BBC World and Newsweek magazine inassociation with the Shell Foundation. T’ikapapa, a marketing socialconcept that enables resource-poor farmers from the Andeanhighlands to sell their distinctly labeled native potato crop in Lima’ssupermarkets, was chosen from nearly a thousand proposals fromall over the world.

The World Challenge contest, now in its third year, seeks outdevelopment projects and businesses that not only make a profitbut also put something back into the community. As the winner ofThe World Challenge 2007 competition, T’ikapapa received a US$20,000 award, which will be used to improve and expand the on-going project. In addition to further supporting the efforts of thehighland communities in Peru, this prize is a wonderful tribute tothe original breeders and custodians of potatoes as the celebrationof the International Year of the Potato starts in 2008.


wins 2007awards


Urban agriculture policyreformedthrough research outcomes

Municipal governments inKenya and Peru changedpolicy from discouraging tosupporting urban agriculturebecause of policy-relatedresearch influencing thereform of laws governingurban farming. Building onprevious research inKampala, Uganda workingwith local government tointegrate agriculture into theurban agenda, authorities inLima, Peru and in Nakuru,Kenya have reformulatedlocal policies to increasemunicipal resourceschanneled to agriculture,ensure increased safety oflocal food production andcontribute to the bettermanagement of urbannatural resources. Theresearch was carried out bythe Urban Harvest programthat CIP coordinates. UrbanHarvest looks to cultivatedevelopment-focusedresearch partnerships inurban and peri-urbanagriculture. Already as manyas 800 million people areemployed in urban and peri-urban farming and relatedenterprises, and this numberis likely to expand in thefuture.

A capacity-buildingpolicy-related output thathad previously beendeveloped with municipalplanners in Kampala, Ugandaresulted in an integratedterritorial planningframework thataccommodates urbanagriculture. Throughcollaborative work between

Urban Harvest researchersand local governmentofficials and decision-makers,policy options andinstitutional and planningstrategies were developed tosupport safe and sustainableagricultural production inurban areas. The output usesgeographical informationsystems to examine withlocal authorities changingland use. Its use in Ugandawas particularly successful,with local authoritiesmodifying local bylaws inresponse to the work.Subsequently, the planningframework has beenadopted by stakeholders andmunicipal authorities in Limaand Nakuru to developstrategies for bothinstitutional and policychange to increase thesafety and sustainability ofagricultural production.

The planning frameworkhas been developed as aglobal public good thatincludes the use ofgeographic informationsystems and analysis ofresource flows. Theframework is applied usingparticipatory approaches tomaximize stakeholderengagement and raise theconsciousness of thepotential beneficial role ofurban agriculture inmanaging resources and asan income source for low-income households.

Extending the work toNakuru, the objective ofdrafting the urban-agriculturebylaws was to regulate

urban agriculture and livestockkeeping, based on studiesproduced during the project.The bylaws reduce conflictand improve environmentalconditions in Nakuru. Duringthe consultation process, theMayor of Nakuru expressedurgency in developingguidelines and standards forenforcement of these bylaws.The general principle of thesebylaws is that “every personwithin the jurisdiction of themunicipal council of Nakuru isentitled to a well-balanceddiet and food security so as topromote their health, safetyand well-being, and …

In Lima, theoutputsimilarlyinfluencedreform of lawsgoverningurban farmingand affectedlocalpoliticians,municipalofficials andproducerorganizations.



facilitation by the Council toacceptable and approvedurban farming practices,processing marketing.”

Partnerships and dialoguesamong the Council, farmersand other stakeholderscreated a conduciveenvironment through whichdraft guidelines and standardswere created, the first inKenya. The study of healthrisks associated with urbanagriculture and livestockkeeping will enable theNakuru council and otherstakeholders to makeinformed decisions whenguiding and implementingurban agriculture activities.The implementation of thesebylaws will impact on thereturns to and quality of thelivestock products and cropsproduced by low incomeurban and peri-urbanhouseholds. Farmers in

Nakuru now havecommunication with andformal access to municipalservices. A group of HIV/AIDS affected householdshave been allocated twoacres of land to producevegetables and fodder fortheir dairy goats. Thenational government hasposted extension staff whoare responsible for the urbanand peri-urban farmers.

In Lima, the outputsimilarly influenced reformof laws governing urbanfarming and affected localpoliticians, municipal officialsand producer organizations.The informal pig-raisingregister contains data from470 producers and 36 pig-raising parks inspected byMunicipality. Those parks arewidespread in the lowerChosica District area, wherethe total population

benefiting from environmentalproduction systemimprovements is over 30 000people.

Geographic informationsystems developed by UrbanHarvest are providing cityplanners with clearerinformation to enable them todirect land use for thegreatest benefit. Thetechnology works by geo-referencing land-use typesand, as cities such as Lima areconstantly changing, helps toprovide up-to-date informationabout the evolution of urbanspaces. Agricultural land isconstantly in danger of beingdeveloped and covered withinfrastructure; a GIS-basedsuitability analysis approach ishelping stakeholders in theLurigancho-Chosica area ofLima, for example, to identifypotential zones for agriculturalland use.

LEFT: Urban and peri-

urban agriculture

contributes directly to

raising people’s

incomes and to urban

greening, as with this

vegetable garden in

Nakuru, Kenya, being

shown to Nakuru’s

Director of

Environment Mr.

Symon Kiare (center)

RIGHT: City

planning can include

agricultural

stakeholders in

prioritizing and

protecting farming

areas, as in this

workshop in Lima Peru

UR

BA

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VEST


Sweetpotato (Ipomoeabatatas) is one of the mostimportant food crops in theworld, with an annualproduction of 122 milliontonnes. In developingcountries, it is a faminereserve crop and consumedby the poor rural populationsfor subsistence. However, itis attacked by a number ofdiseases, especially viruses.

Sweetpotato chloroticstunt virus (SPCSV) is one ofthe most importantpathogens of sweetpotato. Itcan reduce yields by 40percent, but what makesSPCSV most harmful is itsability to break down thenatural resistance ofsweetpotato to other viruses

and open up the plant toother viral diseases. Themost common and severe ofthese diseases is known assweetpotato virus disease(SPVD) and is caused by co-infection with SPCSV andsweetpotato feathery mottlevirus (SPFMV). Yield losses of70–100 percent are regularlyobserved in infected plants.Most sweetpotato cultivarsare extremely resistant toSPFMV infection alone, butfew have any real resistanceto SPCSV or SPVD. AlthoughSPVD-resistant landracesgrow in East Africa, most ofthem have variousinadequacies such as poorand late yield. Furthermore,their resistance is controlled

by a complex geneticstructure that makesconventional breedingmethods very difficult.

A fundamental naturaldefence in plants againstviruses is called RNAsilencing, where the plantproduces small strands ofRNA, called siRNA, that cutthe virus genome intopieces and so silences them.Sweetpotato uses thismechanism very efficientlyto resist most viruses,including SPFMV. Howeverthis is apparently not thecase for SPCSV. No sourcesof true resistance to SPCSVare available in sweetpotatogermplasm.

One of the few

sweetpotatoFighting virus disease in

Resistant

varieties of

sweetpotato


J. K

REU

ZE


alternative ways ofintroducing resistance toSPCSV into sweetpotato isgene technology. Introducingpieces of the virus genomeinto the plants throughgenetic transformation willinduce plants to form siRNAsagainst the virus prior toinfection. This renders theplants resistant as its defensesystem is already preparedfor the virus. However, usingbiotechnology to transformsweetpotato is not easy. Theprotocols tend to functiononly with a few genotypesand at a low efficiency, andresults often show lowreproducibility. “One of ourobjectives was to improvethe procedure to introducegenes that confer resistanceto pathogens intosweetpotato varieties usingthe bacterium Agrobacteriumtumefaciens,” said CIPmolecular virologist JanKreuze.

The transgene constructused in this study was rela-tively efficient in conferringresistance to SPCSV. “Whilethe transgenic varieties weproduced were not fullyimmune to SPCSV,” saidKreuze, “Half of themshowed mild or no symp-toms following infectionwith the virus. This in itselfis a significant step forward.”

There are few previousreports of inducing suchtransgenic resistance to vi-ruses of the familyClosteroviridae in cultivatedplants. Furthermore, thistechnology does not resultin an accumulation of thetransgene transcripts, norexpression of a foreign pro-

tein in the plant, whichmakes it attractive from thebiosafety point of view.This form of resis-tance could beuseful be-cause itmayre-

ducetheepide-miologi-cal spreadof SPCSV andthus SPVD. CIP willbe testing this theorythrough field trials in Ugandain the future. However, theresistance was not enoughto prevent SPVD after co-infection with SPFMV. “Thekey question was howSPCSV, even in the very lowamounts found in thetransgenic plants, causes thedramatic general loss of re-sistance to other viruses,”said Jari Valkonen, professorat the Department of Ap-plied Biology, University ofHelsinki, Finland, who hasbeen working with JanKreuze. Collaborative re-search between the Univer-sity of Helsinki and CIP re-

vealed a novel virus–medi-ated mechanism that causes

an overall failure of the anti-viral defence and makesplants vulnerable to manyunrelated viruses. “The re-sults pave new ways to-wards preventing globallyimportant virus diseases”,says Valkonen and co-re-searcher Wilmer Cuellar ofthe University of Helsinki. Tothat he adds “This is a com-plex viral disease that ismuch more challenging tosolve than any other forwhich transgenic resistancehas been attempted to date.But now we have a muchbetter understanding of howto get ahead”.

Introducing pieces of

virus DNA into the

plants ‘immunizes’

them against virus

infection



Predicting the effects of globalwarming on potato insect pests

CIP

AR

CH

IVES

Global warming is projectedto raise the meantemperature of the Earth by1.5–5.8ºC by the end of thenext century. Climate changeis expected to aggravate thealready serious challenges tofood security and economicdevelopment, especially indeveloping countries, whereabout 30–50 percent of theyield losses in agriculturalcrops are caused by pests.

Considerable attention hasalready been given to theimpacts of climate change oninsects; however, mostresearch has been directed totemperate regions. CIPscientists Jürgen Kroschel andMarc Sporleder have beenresearching ways to predictthe effect of global warmingon insect pests of potatoes.Lessons learnt from the ElNiño phenomena can beused for predictions and abetter understanding ofpossible climate changeeffects on pest abundanceand severity in agriculturalcrops. “During the 1997 ElNiño phenomena in Peru,mean temperatures on thePeruvian coast increased byabout 5ºC above the annualaverage,” said Kroschel, Headof the Agroecology/Integrated

LEFT: The potato tuber moth is a

severe pest especially when

potato is cultivated under

irrigation in semi-arid regions

like in the highlands of the

Republic of Yemen

RIGHT: Potato damaged by

potato tuber moths

J. K

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SCH

EL

I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7 45I n t e r n a t i o n a l P o t a t o C e n t e r • A n n u a l R e p o r t 2 0 0 7

Pest Management team. “Ingeneral, we saw a severeincrease in pest infestationin all the crops. The farmers’only adaptive strategy tocope was applying highdoses of pesticides every 2-3 days.”

The potato tuber moth(Phthorimaea operculella) isa highly invasive pest ofpotatoes and othersolanaceous crops thatcauses significant crop lossesin almost all tropical andsubtropical potato productionsystems in Africa, Asia andCentral and South America.

Phenology models are usefultools to predict the timing ofevents in the developmentof an organism. TheAgroecology/IPM teamdeveloped a temperature-based phenology/populationmodel for the potato tubermoth, which has beenvalidated under fieldconditions. “Then we linkedthis model in a joint effort togeographic informationsystems to predict the moth’spopulation growth potentialworldwide,” said ReinhardSimon, the Head of CIP’sResearch Informatics Unit.

These predictions matchedwell when compared withpublished studies on themoth’s activity in differentcountries of the world(Fig.1). Collaborative effortsbetween the two researchteams at CIP are ongoing todevelop user-friendlysoftware for temperature-based phenology models tosupport scientists of nationalprograms in making theirown investigations onclimate change effects onpests, in the preparation ofadaptive strategies.

In the present modeling

Fig. 1. Generation index

(generations/year) for

the potato tuber moth

under present

temperature conditions

(only potato production

areas are shown).

Fig. 2. Generation

index change for the

potato tuber moth by

2050 due to increased

temperature predicted

by using the

atmospheric general

circulation model by

Govindasamy et al.


In Huancayo, Peru, theactivity of the moth wouldincrease by 61 times with a2oC increase in temperature.


study, to predict the potatotuber moth responses toclimate change, maps weregenerated to forecast globalclimate change scenarios forthe year 2050 (Fig. 2). ”Themodel predicted on a globalscale a northward expansionof about 400-800 km in thenorthern hemisphere as wellas an expansion to higheraltitudes by several hundredsof meters in tropicalmountains,“ said MarcSporleder. “Further, mothactivity and hence itsabundance and severity isvery likely to increase in allregions where the pestprevails today.” In atemperate region of thenorthern hemisphere, in theColumbia River Basin ofWashington and Oregon, theactivity of the moth duringthe growth period ofpotatoes would increase 2.4and 5.7-fold for a 1 and 2°Ctemperature increase.However, in a tropicalmountainous area, such asHunancayo, Peru (3300 masl), such increases wouldboost moth activity by 6.9and 61-fold.

“Our future project is towork on an ecosystemlevel,” said Kroschel. “Naturalenemies like parasitoids can

be strongly affected indifferent ways anddivergences betweenthermal preferences of hostsand their parasitoids can leadto a disruption of thetemporal synchronization,altering the risk of hostoutbreaks”. Hence, if fundingis available, in collaborationwith other CGIAR centersand the System-wideProgram on IPM, themodeling tools will be usedand further developed forpredicting climate changeeffects on natural enemiesto analyze how host-parasitoid systems indifferent crops and regionsin Africa, Asia and LatinAmerica will react tochanges in temperature topredict and manage theconsequences at theecosystem level.

The direct beneficiariesof this work are scientistsfrom national andinternational agricultural

research centers, as well aspractitioners of integratedpest management who canapply the results andmodeling tools to developcountry-specific pestmanagement strategies andrecommendations forpolicymakers. But the finalbeneficiaries are farmers,especially from developingcountries, who will profit frommore effective and timelyprovided pest controlmeasures or even fromprevention of insect pestoutbreaks due to appropriatepest managementinterventions. “Global warmingwill change pest-associatedrisks not only in today’s food-insecure regions but also inindustrialized countries andregions,” said Jürgen Kroschel.“Hence, the methodologiesand tools developed by thisproject and the lessonslearned will be very useful forboth the scientific and publiccommunities.”


Impact

CIPoutcomes and

outputs


CIP Outputs - 2007Percent of output targets achieved: 84.93%

SC AssessmentAssessment of Outputs:

PROJECT 01IMPACT ENHANCEMENT

Output 01.01Improved data and methods for research targeting and resource allocationdeveloped (3 years).

Target 01.01.01 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedWorld Atlas of potato and sweetpotato updated and posted on line.

Target 01.01.02 Policy strategies AchievedRole of sweetpotato pig-feed utilization on improving livelihoods of small-scale animal raisinghouseholds in Vietnam determined (with UPWARD).

Target 01.01.03 Policy strategies AchievedRole of late blight-resistant potato in improving livelihoods in Kenya and Uganda determinedand recommendations for improving deployment documented.

Target 01.01.04 Policy strategies AchievedCost and sustainability of different approaches to sweetpotato planting material multiplicationand dissemination in Uganda and Mozambique determined.

Target 01.01.05 Policy strategies AchievedContribution of three sweetpotato and potato technologies to improving farmers’ livelihoodsin Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda assessed (with PRAPACE).

Output 01.02Value added to CIP commodities through linking farmers with markets and post-harvest innovations (3-5 years).

Target 01.02.01 Capacity strengthening AchievedThree training modules for promoting participatory methodologies on market chainintervention developed and delivered (with Papa Andina).

Target 01.02.02 Practices AchievedComparative analyses of experiences in implementation of participatory methodologies onmarket chain intervention documented in Andean countries (with Papa Andina).

Target 01.02.03 Policy strategies AchievedPotential for small farmers to access national and regional markets for fresh and frozenpotato chips in Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia assessed (with PRAPACE).

Target 01.02.04 Practices AchievedParticipatory methods to assess knowledge, aptitudes, skills and aspirations and how theyframe the adoption of practices (KASAP) tested in the Altiplano.

Target 01.02.05 Practices AchievedPotential for small farmers in Mozambique to establish a viable market chain to provideconsistent supply of orange-fleshed sweetpotato to bakers of “golden-bread” determined.



Output 01.03Pro-poor policies and strategies for institutional learning and change identified anddocumented (3 years).

Target 01.03.01 Capacity strengthening AchievedStrategies to embed and maintain needs-based training as a system in an organizationalcontext to increase trainee motivation and performance developed (with Papa Andina).

PROJECT 02GENETIC RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND CHARACTERIZATION

Output 02.01Wild and cultivated genetic resources of potato, sweetpotato and other root andtuber species and associated information collected, securely conserved throughintegrated ex situ, in situ and on-farm approaches and disseminated to usersworldwide (2007-09).

Target 02.01.01 Materials AchievedTen wild potato species populations collected in Central Peru.

Target 02.01.02 Materials AchievedSix hundred wild and cultivated potato, and 200 cultivated sweetpotato accessions from CIPgenebank regenerated (Collaboration: GPG-phase 2/SGRP).

Target 02.01.03 Materials AchievedFifty accessions of the potato core collection cryopreserved and 30 in total sweetpotato, ocaand ulluco accessions cryotested (Collaboration: Univ. of Leuven – GPG-Phase 2/SGRP); andone hundred oca (Oxalis) and ulluco (Ullucus) accessions established under low temperatureslow growth storage.

Target 02.01.04 Materials AchievedFive hundred potato, 500 sweetpotato and 500 in total oca (Oxalis), ulluco (Ullucus) andmashua (Tropaeolum) accessions stored as DNA samples.

Target 02.01.05 Materials AchievedOne thousand four hundred sweetpotato accessions exchanged with 3,000 cassava accessionsto complete the safety duplicates (black box) in CIAT and CIP genebank, respectively(Collaboration: GPG-Phase 2/SGRP).

Target 02.01.06 Materials AchievedFifty virus-free sweetpotato landraces from CIP genebank repatriated to Bolivia users.

Target 02.01.07 Practices AchievedBarcode-based plant health monitoring established for 700 potato and sweetpotato accessions(GPG-Phase 2/SGRP).

Target 02.01.08 Materials AchievedMorphological and molecular diversity and plant health of 400 native potato cvs. from thePotato Park assessed and documented.

Target 02.01.09 Materials AchievedVirus free stocks of 200 potato, 100 sweetpotato, 20 other roots and tubers and 200sweetpotato bacteria-free accessions produced (Collaboration: GPG-Phase 2/SGRP).

Output 02.02The diversity of wild and cultivated genetic resources of potato,sweetpotato and other root and tuber species is assessed and useful bioticand abiotic characters and nutritional and health-promoting attributes arecharacterized, documented and made available to users worldwide (2007-09).



Target 02.02.01 Materials AchievedSix wild potato species, 200 sweetpotato accessions and 600 oca (Oxalis) and mashua(Tropaeolum) accessions from CIP genebank characterized using morphological and molecularmarkers.

Target 02.02.02 Materials AchievedThe identity of 1,000 cultivated potato accessions verified using morphological descriptors;and one set of 50 accessions analyzed using molecular markers.

Target 02.02.03 Materials AchievedThe identity of 1,000 cultivated potato accessions verified using morphological descriptors;and one set of 50 accessions analyzed using molecular markers.

Target 02.02.04 Materials AchievedMolecular fingerprints with microsatellite markers of 500 potato landraces from CIP genebankand DNA ladder and Users Manual for a 24 microsatellite (SSR) genetic identification kitavailable.

Target 02.02.05 Materials AchievedThe genetic diversity of wild potatoes S. irosinum and S. cajamarquense is assessed using SSRmarkers for 25 accessions in total maintained in CIP genebank

Target 02.02.06 Materials AchievedGenetic diversity and relatedness of 8 S. bukasovii populations and 18 primitive potatocultivars assessed using SSR markers.

Target 02.02.07 Materials AchievedGenetic identity of 30 potato landraces accessions verified using SSR markers of herbariumand in vitro samples.

Target 02.02.08 Materials AchievedIntrogression of S. demissum R genes into 200 potato landraces from CIP genebank and 10cultivated and 50 wild potato accessions from 3 growing areas in Peru assessed using DNAmarkers.

Target 02.02.09 Materials AchievedThe floral biology and diversity of 100 cultivated and wild maca (Lepidium) accessionscharacterized using morphological and molecular markers.

Target 02.02.10 Materials AchievedComparative analysis of 300 oca (Oxalis) morphotypes using molecular markers.

Target 02.02.11 Materials AchievedOne set of clones and seed and related information produced on the reaction of 10 wildgenotypes and 30 potato landraces to water stress (Collaboration: GCP).

Target 02.02.12 Materials AchievedOne set of clones and information produced on protein, carbohydrate, fat and glucosynolatecontent of 25 maca (Lepidium) accessions from farmers fields (Collaboration: ETH).

Target 02.02.13 Materials AchievedTwenty virus-free native potatoes distributed to farmer communities in Bolivia and Ecuadorand 20 cvs. to Peru’s Altiplano communities (Altagro Project).

PROJECT 03GERMPLASM ENHANCEMENT AND CROP IMPROVEMENT

Output 03.01Effective strategies for the identification and dissemination of high-yielding,resistant and nutritious potato and sweetpotato varieties available for each CIPregion (3-5 years).

Target 03.01.01 Practices AchievedInnovative participatory variety evaluation schemes established in 2 LAC and SSA countries.



Target 03.01.02 Materials AchievedParticipatory promotion strategies involving 10 clones with local acceptance in targetcountries of ESEAP designed.

Target 03.01.03 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedEnd-user acceptability criteria for potato varieties in 2 countries in LAC documented.

Target 03.01.04 Practices AchievedFarmer and consumer appreciation of new resistant sweetpotato varieties and acceptancecriteria documented in 5 SSA and 2 ESEAP countries (with PRAPACE, VITAA, UPWARD).

Target 03.01.05 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedStrategy for the promotion and diffusion of new resistant potato varieties available in 3countries in SSA and ESEAP.

Target 03.01.06 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedVariety development models and uptake pathways documented in 3 SSA countries.

Target 03.01.07 Materials AchievedPromising CIP advanced clones late blight and virus resistant evaluated and identified inSWCA.

Target 03.01.08 Materials AchievedCommunication campaigns are designed and evaluated for ability to enhance awareness ofthe benefits of OFSP.

Target 03.01.09 Practices AchievedParticipatory trials for sweetpotato variety release designed and implemented in SSA.

Target 03.01.10 Materials AchievedParticipatory multi-location trials established to test CIP-derived potato clones designed andimplemented in two CAC countries.

Target 03.01.11 Policy strategies AchievedA strategy for sharing promising clones among CAC countries designed.

Target 03.01.12 Practices AchievedBetter tools for targeting varieties based on statistical, GIS and modeling techniques aretested with breeders.

Target 03.01.13 Materials AchievedDatabase of DNA fingerprints of elite clones institutionalized and available to collaborators.

Target 03.01.14 Materials AchievedDatabase of standard evaluation trials institutionalized and available to collaborators.

Output 03.02Potato populations, clones and true seed varieties with resistance,nutritional and market traits are developed for SSA, LAC, ESEAP and SWCAand breeding methods are enhanced via new tools, information andcapacities (3-5 years).

Target 03.02.01 Materials Achieved20 promising clones with combined resistance to LB and viruses identified and documentedin Peru.

Target 03.02.02 Materials Achieved20 superior progenitors of resistance traits and high tuber yields are documented and madeavailable for distribution.

Target 03.02.03 Materials AchievedStability of resistance and yield of 30 advanced LB resistant clones across contrastingenvironments in Peru is documented.

Target 03.02.04 Materials AchievedNew high yielding LB resistant varieties with good cooking and processing qualities areidentified and selected in SSA.



Target 03.02.05 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedHeritability of Fn and Zn content in potato is determined and superior progenitors of Fecontent are identified (with HP).

Target 03.02.06 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedDatabase of micronutrient content in potato germplasm is available with documentedprotocols (with HP).

Target 03.02.07 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedGenetic correlations among resistance and nutritional traits are described for selected potatopopulations (with HP).

Target 03.02.08 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedHeterosis for inter-population combinations of advanced potato germplasm estimated.

Target 03.02.09 Practices AchievedNew, early generation selection method for adaptation to long day and warm temperatureconditions is validated under field conditions in LAC.

Target 03.02.10 Practices AchievedQuantitative resistance to LB in advanced tetraploid breeding material is assessed anddescribed by association with mapped molecular markers.

Target 03.02.11 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedDNA sequences and markers are assembled for characterization and improvement ofnutritional traits in potato germplasm (with HP).

Target 03.02.12 Materials AchievedMutant genetic stocks of potato are available and characterized morphologically (with GCP).

Target 03.02.13 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedWater stress responses of potato clones differing in drought tolerance are described.

Target 03.02.14 Materials AchievedHybrid genetic stocks carrying drought tolerance traits are available (with GCP).

Target 03.02.15 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedDNA sequences and markers are assembled for selected drought tolerance genes in potato(with GCP).

Target 03.02.16 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedInvasiveness and histology of Ralstonia solanacearum in bacterial wilt-resistant wild genotypesis characterized using microbiological, serological and reporter gene technologies.

Target 03.02.17 Materials AchievedWild species hybrids with new sources of resistance to bacterial wilt available.

Target 03.02.18 Practices AchievedA gene expression database is established for characterization and improvement of prioritytraits in potato germplasm.

Target 03.02.19 Practices AchievedA new corporate database (CIPPEX) linking breeding data with routine analysis CIPSTAT istested.

Target 03.02.20 Materials AchievedOne new TPS family with potential for variety releases identified in SWCA.

Target 03.02.21 Materials AchievedSeedling tubers from TPS families tested in the highlands of two CAC countries.

Output 03.03Sweetpotato populations and clones with superior agronomic, nutritional and end-use quality characteristics are developed for SSA, LAC, ESEAP andSWCA and breeding methods tools, information and capacities areenhanced (3-5 years).

Target 03.03.01 Materials AchievedElite demonstration & GxE trials established to compare new high dry matter, high beta-carotene and medium iron & zinc elite “VA-0” clones with elite clones from different



countries in all CIP target regions (with HP, VITAA).Target 03.03.02 Materials Achieved

25-35 elite demonstration clones including new OFSP elite “VA-0” and pathogen free S1 andS2 clones established and under multiplication in 16 countries (with HP, VITAA).

Target 03.03.03 Materials Achieved60 advanced clones with improved beta-carotene and high dry matter available & tested inSSA, LAC, ESEAP and SWCA (with HP).

Target 03.03.04 Materials Achieved“VA-1x” generation comprising 300 seed families with high beta-carotene, medium iron,medium zinc and high dry matter is available for SSA and LAC (with HP).

Target 03.03.05 Materials Achieved200 promising drought tolerant clones with medium to high dry matter, beta carotene, Feand Zn content identified in VA-1 breeding population & genebank germplasm by for LAC& SSA.

Target 03.03.06 Materials Achieved“VA-E1” generation comprising 8 x 1000 elite seed crossings with high dry, high beta-carotene, medium iron & zinc populations-established by controlled insect pollination andavailable for all CIP target regions (with HP).

Target 03.03.07 Materials AchievedOFSP varieties tested in pig and small animal feed systems in ESEAP.

Target 03.03.08 Materials AchievedRapid NIRS screening methods tested for beta-carotene, Fe & Zn in HP and CIDA highpriority crops-sweetpotato, potato, maize, beans, cassava and rice (HP, CIDA).

Target 03.03.09 Materials AchievedRapid NIRS screening methods for protein, Fe & Zn in freeze dried sweetpotato leaf samplesestablished (with HP).

Target 03.03.10 Materials AchievedRapid NIRS screening methods for starch, sugars, dietary fiber, in freeze dried sweetpotatostorage root samples established (with HP).

Output 03.04Transgenic potatoes and sweetpotatoes for resource-poor producers and consumersare developed and tested using good practices (3-5 years).

Target 03.04.01 Materials AchievedAll-native gene construct to eliminate transgene flow from transgenic crops available forpotato and sweetpotato.

Target 03.04.02 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedOccurrence of exotic potato genes due to gene flow in the Andean center of origin anddiversity is assessed.

Target 03.04.03 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedInformation for regulatory file of Bt potato is compiled in South Africa.

Target 03.04.04 Materials AchievedTransgenic variety with the Rblb gene has durable resistance to LB under heavy infection inbiosafety-greenhouse conditions.

Target 03.04.05 Materials AchievedEvaluation of the glucosinolate content of transgenic potato events is achieved.

Target 03.04.06 Materials AchievedTransgenic events with programmed hypersensitive resistance to LB developed.

Target 03.04.07 Materials AchievedBt genes coding for toxins active against 2 African sweetpotato weevil species are isolated.

Target 03.04.08 Materials AchievedTransgenic resistance to SPVD is tested in biosafety greenhouse on transgenic sweetpotatovariety with RNA silencing.



Target 03.04.09 Materials AchievedTransgenic events of one Chinese sweetpotato variety with modified starch are available.

Target 03.04.10 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedTransformation protocol optimized for African and Chinese sweetpotato cultivars.

PROJECT 04INTEGRATED CROP MANAGEMENT

Output 04.01Strategies for improving formal and farmer-based seed systems towards enhancingpotato and sweetpotato production efficiency and competitiveness validated inLAC, SSA and Asia (5-8 years).

Target 04.01.01 Capacity strengthening AchievedRole of positive and negative selection to improve farmer-based seed systems evaluated anddocumented in Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia.

Target 04.01.02 Capacity strengthening AchievedRole of positive and negative selection to improve farmer-based seed systems evaluated anddocumented in Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia.

Target 04.01.03 Capacity strengthening AchievedSweetpotato seed multiplication strategies, including farmer local practices and feasibility ofcommercial production, analysed and documented in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.

Output 04.02Strategies and methods for technical integration of soil, seed, disease and insectmanagement components for subsistence and semi-commercial potato andsweetpotato growers developed in key countries in LAC, SSA and Asia (5-8 years).

Target 04.02.01 Practices AchievedConstraints related to ICM in potato-based systems, focusing on input use, understood anddocumented in Peru.

Target 04.02.02 Practices AchievedPrinciples for evaluating synergistic and antagonistic effects of potato managementcomponents developed in Peru, Ecuador and Kenya.

Target 04.02.03 Capacity strengthening AchievedThe “Researcher Field School” approach assessed for its contribution to developing potatoICM by NARS in Peru, Ecuador, Uganda and Kenya.

Output 04.03Components and strategies for the integrated management of key potato andsweetpotato diseases – late blight (LB), bacterial wilt (BW) and viruses – developed,tested and disseminated within ICM strategies in LAC, SSA and Asian prioritycountries (5-8 years).

Target 04.03.01 Practices AchievedEffect of soil abiotic characteristics and crop rotation on survival of the bacterial wiltpathogen in soil in Peru better determined and documented.

Target 04.03.02 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedBW infection pathways (e.g. of the bacteria from the soil to the plant and within the plant)characterized using serological and gene reporter technologies.

Target 04.03.03 Practices AchievedBW management strategies to improve self-supply seed production and increase ware potatoproductivity validated with farmers in Kenya and Uganda (with PRAPACE and ASARECA).

Target 04.03.04 Materials AchievedA new LB training module for improved capacity building in participatory methods developed



and validated in Ecuador and Peru.Target 04.03.05 Practices Achieved

A simulation based method for estimating LB severity using geo-referenced weather datawithin a GIS Framework available online for world wide application.

Target 04.03.06 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedPre and post emergence infection processes described for LB and the most appropriatecontrol tactic identified in Peru and Ecuador.

Target 04.03.07 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedVariability of major potyviruses in potato (PVY and PVA) characterized and one technique forvirus group detection (simultaneous detection) developed.

Target 04.03.08 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedMechanisms of synergistic interaction among sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) andpotyviruses to cause Sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD) in sweetpotatoes determined in Peru,with global impact

Target 04.03.09 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedRole of new vectors (Bemisia afer) on sweetpotato viruses (SPCSV and SPLCV) determined inPeru.

Output 04.04Components and strategies for the integrated management of key potato andsweetpotato insect pests developed, tested and disseminated as part of ICMstrategies in LAC, SSA and Asia priority countries (5-8 years).

Target 04.04.01 Materials AchievedPhenology model for the parasitoid Copidosoma koehleri developed to determine potentialrelease areas for classical biocontrol of PTM in SSA and Asia.

Target 04.04.02 Practices AchievedCrop-loss relationships and control thresholds for APW and LMF determined in Peru.

Target 04.04.03 Materials AchievedParasitoid diversity of LMF in Peru in a longitudinal and altitudinal gradient assessed anddocumented.

Target 04.04.04 Materials AchievedThe efficacy of fungal pathogens (Paecylomices spp.) on WF control as affected by host plantinteractions documented.

Target 04.04.05 Materials AchievedPhenology models for S. tangolias and T. solanivora developed and potential distributionwithin the Andes estimated.

Target 04.04.06 Capacity strengthening AchievedStatistical package for analysing and simulating potato pest phenology, based on life-tableinput data, as well as for forecasting the regional distribution potentials using GIS available tosupport decision-making related to IPM. The package could be applicable to any pest in anycrop.

Output 04.05Participatory strategies and methods for socioeconomic integration of potato andsweetpotato ICM developed and made available for improving potato andsweetpotato innovation systems in LAC, SSA and Asia (5-8 years).

Target 04.05.01 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedTwo participatory methods for socioeconomic integration of ICM through participatoryresearch validated for potato in Ethiopia, Uganda and Vietnam and for sweetpotato in LaoPDR, China and Indonesia (with UPWARD).

Target 04.05.02 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedInnovation systems related to ICM for the potato crop, characterized and documented and across-country comparative study conducted involving Peru, Bolivia, Ethiopia and Uganda.



Target 04.05.03 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedUtility of participatory methods for potato ICM in relation with local innovation systemsevaluated in a cross-country study conducted involving Ethiopia, Uganda, Bolivia and Peru.

PROJECT 05NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Output 05.01Methods, options and strategies for improved research targeting and EnvironmentalVulnerability Analyses, preparedness and mitigation in the Andes, SSA and SWCAdeveloped (5 years).

Target 05.01.01 Practices AchievedThe suitability of high resolution remote sensing (RS) to quantify the area under potato inUganda determined.

Target 05.01.02 Practices AchievedA protocol to incorporate microwave remote sensing and multifractal processing developedfor estimating crop areas.

Target 05.01.03 Practices AchievedPartial root drying (PRD) irrigation method for potato and SP in Peru developed anddocumented.

Target 05.01.04 Materials AchievedSweetpotato crop growth model developed and parameterized with five important varietiesused in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.

Output 05.02Recommendations and policy options to reduce environmental and economicvulnerability on targeted ecosystems in the Andes and East Africa documented(3 years).

Target 05.02.01 Practices AchievedMinimum data – tradeoff analysis (MD-TOA) studies by NARS in Kenya, Uganda, Peru andEcuador completed (with Montana State and Wageningen Universities).

Output 05.03Principles and approaches to develop adaptive capacity in agriculturalsystems in the Andes, SSA and Asia identified and validated (5 years) (withGMP).

Target 05.03.01 Materials AchievedEnvironmental and economic benefit of pigs grazing in SP fields in Peru established anddocumented.

PROJECT 06AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN HEALTH

Output 06.01Integrated health and agriculture strategies to reduce pesticide exposure riskamong farm families in Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia designed and promoted.

Target 06.01.01 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedAnalysis of baseline data on IPM and pesticide practices and health status among 450 farmhouseholds, including socioeconomic characterization.



Target 06.01.02 Policy strategies AchievedPesticide risk reduction and adult education interventions designed and tested in Ecuador.

Output 06.02Importance of safe and healthy roots and tubers is established.

Target 06.02.01 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedThe role and significance of the potato in the diet of poor and very poor households in twodeveloping countries is documented (with Tulane University).

PROJECT 07CONSORTIUM FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANDEANECOREGION (CONDESAN)

Output 07.01Policies and local, national and regional recommendations for improved integratedwater resource management (IWRM) in Andean countries from Venezuela toArgentina (4 years).

Target 07.01.01 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedVariability of hydrological balances assessed throughout the region based on seven selectedbasins throughout five countries in the Andes (basins of La Miel, Fuquene, Ambato, El Angel,Jequetepeque, Alto Mayo and Cordillera de Tunari).

Target 07.01.02 Practices AchievedEconomic valuation of ecosystem hydrological services and existing opportunities andconditions required so that these can become of real benefit for the poor, documented forthe cases of Fuquene, Alto Mayo, Jequetepeque and Ambato.

Target 07.01.03 Practices AchievedMethodology to incorporate water contamination in the valuation of ecosystem hydrologicalservices documented for the case of Fuquene.

Target 07.01.04 Practices AchievedWatershed analysis methodology validated in four basins in the Andes.

Target 07.01.05 Practices AchievedComparative analysis of the access and use of water resources by the rural poor,documented for four sites within the Andean region.

Target 07.01.06 Practices AchievedMechanisms for safeguarding the hydrological and other environmental services and functionsin five areas in the Andean paramo designed.

Target 07.01.07 Capacity strengthening AchievedDiploma distance education program of watershed management validated.

Output 07.02New institutional innovations, forms of organization and mechanisms forcooperation, training and dialogue are developed and promoted in the Andeanagricultural systems to take advantage of the region’s natural diversity (5 years).

Target 07.02.01 Practices AchievedThree innovation processes in the Andes documented from production, technology andinstitutional perspectives.

Target 07.02.02 Practices AchievedCommunity scaling up of conservation agricultural practices compared and documented forthree sites in the Andes (Fuquene, Ambato and Jequetepeque).

Target 07.02.03 Practices AchievedScaling up of co-investment schemes for sustainable development in mountain areasdocumented.



Target 07.02.04 Policy strategies AchievedSuccess and failure factors of policy development and application for water issues inmountains documented (with Global Mountain Program) in two Andean countries andrecommendations prepared to policy-makers based on comparative analysis.

Target 07.02.05 Capacity strengthening AchievedAn exchange and learning pilot mechanism for Andean rural youngsters designed and testedwith the winners of CONDESAN Contest “Compartiendo Aprendo” (Learning by sharing).

PROJECT 08GLOBAL MOUNTAIN PROGRAM

Output 08.01The principal research products of the CGIAR centers for mountains are availableand accessible in the form of a supermarket or market place of innovations andopportunities. (5 years with individual CGIAR Centers and the Mountain Forum (MF)

Target 08.01.01 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedThe major finished research products for mountains of ILRI, CIMMYT, IFPRI, in East Africa andfor CIAT, CIMMYT in the Latin America and IRRI and CIFOR in SA and ICARDA in CAC aredocumented and analyzed (with each of the centers).

Output 08.02Policy and technology options to improve use and minimize adverseimpacts of rural urban linkages in mountains are documented (5 years)(with AHI and SIUA, IFPRI, CIFOR, CIP, ICRAF, IWMI, CIAT and nationalpartners).

Target 08.02.01 Policy strategies AchievedInformation on livelihood options and issues, land, water, forest management, product flowsmanagement and rural-urban policies, is collected analyzed and available (with CIFOR, IWMI,UH, AHI).

Target 08.02.02 Capacity strengthening AchievedCGIAR wide research on policy, water, land and forest use, agricultural options at the Addisbenchmark site is coordinated and linked to support work to strengthen RULs and livelihoodsoptions (with CGIAR centers).

Output 08.03Strengths and weaknesses of policies in the Andes for water, soil and forestmanagement in mountains are documented (2 years with CONDESAN in Andes andSARD-M partners globally).

Target 08.03.01 Policy strategies AchievedRegional analysis of SARD-M policies in the Andes is available based on the three countrystudies and the workshop inputs (with CONDESAN).



PROJECT 09URBAN HARVEST

Output 09.01The contribution of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) to improving thelivelihoods of poor city households and the condition of urban ecosystems isdocumented and validated (until 2007).

Target 09.01.01 Practices AchievedFour strategies for sustainable city agriculture are identified and documented throughcomparative analyses of economic, social and environmental costs and benefits of UPA inLima, Manila, Hanoi, Kampala, Nairobi and Nakuru, Kenya.

Output 09.02Innovative technologies and practices developed for increasing productivity andmarketing of agricultural commodities produced in urban and peri-urban areas andtheir contribution to human nutrition and health (3-5 years).

Target 09.02.01 Other kinds of knowledge AchievedTwo urban-adapted models for improved animal nutrition and management for specified typesof livestock-raising systems identified in Lima and Nakuru (in partnership with ILRI and ICRAF).

Target 09.02.02 Practices AchievedOne livestock production framework developed and documented for increasing consumptionof animal source foods (ASFs) by young children in Lima and Nakuru (in partnership with ILRI).

Target 09.02.03 Practices AchievedStrategy on institutional-based urban agriculture for improved child nutrition validated inNakuru and Lima (in partnership with ILRI and Nutritional Research Institute).

Target 09.02.04 Practices AchievedThe contribution of social capital to profitability and sustainability of urban agro-enterprisesdocumented in Lima and Kampala (in partnership with CIAT).

Output 09.03Methods developed to mitigate human health risks to urban producers andconsumers and to improve use of urban sources of nutrients for agriculture(5 years).

Target 09.03.01 Practices AchievedNutrient flow model developed for optimization of urban organic residues and rural-urbanmanures for use in soil enhancement in Nakuru and Nairobi, Kenya.

Target 09.03.02 Practices AchievedValidation of health risks assessment model and mitigation strategies in Lima.

Output 09.04Policy options and institutional and planning strategies to support safe andsustainable agricultural production in urban areas are developed (3-5 years).

Target 09.04.01 Practices AchievedIntegrated, territorial planning that incorporates sustainable use of urban natural resources foragriculture in Lima, applied and documented (in partnership with Politechnic University ofMadrid).

Target 09.04.02 Policy strategies AchievedParticipatory approaches to institutionalizing and supporting UPA, including capacity building,are validated and implemented in Nakuru and Manila, as part of scaling out results of Kampala and Lima experiences.



CIP Outcomes - 2007SC AssessmentAssessment of Outcomes: 0.00

Outcome 1New methods to develop curricula for farmer training adopted in Ecuador

Outcome statementAdapting modern education theory on adult learning to developing country farmers, CIP andthe Ecuador national potato program designed effective and relevant manuals for buildingfarmer competency to better manage potato late blight. Recognizing the effectiveness of theresults the Ecuador national potato program successfully petitioned the Ecuadorian NationalScience Council for a $300,000 grant to use the same approach to design additional manualsfor other types of farmer skills related to potato production. The new materials developmentprocess is now being used in the Ecuador potato program by national researchers.

What was the output?The output has two distinctive parts, materials and a new process for capacity building. Thefirst was potato crop protection manuals to guide self-learning. The second was the processto design and test the manuals. An innovative participatory approach using recent advancesin adult learning was used by CIP researchers to develop and validate training material. Theprocess was based on the theory of adult knowledge management and involved a series ofstructured workshops to identify the competencies that farmers need, the learning objectives,and then a method for reaching the objectives. Subsequently, the materials were validated infarmer field schools and by teams of training experts.

Which MTP?2007-2009 MTP, Project 4, Integrated Crop Management, Output 3, especially 2007 outputtarget #4.

Where was the achievement documented?(1) the Spanish and English versions of the manuals (only the first module of each becauseof size limitations); (2) grant proposal to finance wider application of the process and thegrant award letter from the Government of Ecuador, (3) A report from an Asian team ofexperts that validated the English version

Who used the output?Ecuadorian researchers and farmers, with eventual extension to farmers and NARS in Peru,Bolivia and Kenya. The manual and the process are currently being used by the NARI inEcuador. There are plans to use the manual in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia and for thatpurpose it was translated into English.

Magnitude of the outcome?The manual makes global IPG late blight management technology available to users. Lateblight is the world’s most severe potato disease. The manual provides effective managementpractice under highland tropical conditions where poverty and high late blight severitycoincide in many of CIP’s target areas. The process for developing the new training materialis also universally applicable to any crop and has scope for adoption in other countries andregions, including Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia.



Evidence for the outcome?The manuals themselves detail the process and support the effectiveness of themethodology. The proposal for the current project and the acceptance letter demonstrate thecommitment of the national potato program and the Ecuadorian National Science Council tothe methodology. The proposal for the current project also demonstrates that the outcome isa direct result of having participated in the original CIP-led process; i.e., the outcome is adirect result of the output.

Outcome 2Policy-related research influences reform of laws governing urban farming

Outcome statementMunicipal governments in Kenya and Peru changed policy from discouraging to supportingurban agriculture. Building on previous Urban Harvest research in Kampala, Uganda, onworking with local government to integrate agriculture into the urban agenda, authorities inLima, Peru and in Nakuru, Kenya have reformulated local policies to increase municipalresources channeled to agriculture, ensure increased safety of local food production andcontribute to the better management of urban natural resources.

What was the output?The capacity-building policy-related output jointly developed with municipal planners inKampala resulted in an integrated territorial planning framework that accommodates urbanagriculture. Through collaborative work between Urban Harvest researchers and localgovernment officials and decision-makers, policy options and institutional and planningstrategies were developed to support safe and sustainable agricultural production in urbanareas. The output uses geographical information systems to examine with local authorities thechanging land use. The planning framework has been adopted by stakeholders and municipalauthorities in Lima and Nakuru to develop strategies for both institutional and policy changeto increase the safety and sustainability of agricultural production.

Which MTP?2007-2009 MTP, Project 9, Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture, Output 4 especially outputtargets 4.1 and 4.2

Who used the output? Identify by countryLocal politicians, municipal officials and producer organizations in Lima. Local politicians,municipal officials, NGOs in Nakuru.

How was the output used? Nature of influenceThe output influenced reform of laws governing urban farming. The global public goodnature of the planning framework includes the use of GIS and analysis of resource flows. Theframework is applied using participatory approaches to maximize stakeholder buy-in and raiseconsciousness of the potential beneficial role of urban agriculture in managing resources andas an income source for low-income households. The broad applicability is shown in its usein capital and secondary cities in SSA and LAC. The City Councils in Lima and Nakurudeveloped new laws on urban agriculture, livestock keeping and the production andmarketing of meat, fish and dairy products. It is expected that the implementation of thisoutcome will impact on the returns to and quality of the livestock products and cropsproduced by low income urban and peri-urban households.



Magnitude of the outcome?Lima: Informal pig-raising register contains data from 470 producers and 36 pig-raising parksinspected by Municipality. Those parks are widespread at the lower Chosica District area,where total population beneficiary of environmental production system improvements is over30,000 people.

Nakuru: Farmers in Nakuru now have communication with and formal access to municipalservices. A group of HIV/AIDS affected households have been allocated two acres of land toproduce vegetables and fodder for their dairy goats. The national government has postedextension staff who are responsible for the urban and peri-urban farmers.

Evidence for the outcome?Lima: Municipal reports using planning framework, draft municipal regulations.Nakuru: Municipal Council, draft Urban Agriculture By-Laws 2006 (Attachment 2), projectreports

Outcome 3Public-private selection accelerates incorporation of new late blight-resistant varieties intoAndean farming systems

Outcome statementThis outcome combines two outputs: an innovative public-private variety selection scheme,and improved cultivars. In 2007, four years after the start-up of local decentralized varietalselection, Andean communities released two new CIP-derived varieties with support fromPeru’s National Potato Program (INIA), the Ministry of Agriculture (MINAG) and CIP.

What was the output?CIP has long collaborated with the private sector but starting in 2004 began includingcommunity-based strategies and in this case, negotiating with the Government of Peru foraccelerated varietal release procedures. Since the 1990s, CIP has developed a new populationof potato clones derived from Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena selected for horizontalresistance to late blight, improved tuber shape, early bulking, and user quality.After four years of screening, three communities near Cusco selected two new Andigenavarieties from a total of 20 advanced CIP clones. The new varieties are Pallay Poncho(diamond-icon poncho) and Puka Lliklla (red scarf) adapted to altitudes from 2500 to 4100m.These new Andean varieties show the population characteristics above while simultaneouslyoffering yields almost three times that of local varieties (16.56 and 15.86 t/ha, compared tonative varieties with average yields of 5.86 t/ha).

Quechua communities actively participated in the selection in close collaboration with CIP,INIA and MINAG. All evaluations were done applying local management practices whilemonitoring the community-managed in-situ conservation of local landraces. National varietalrelease procedures were modified to permit communities to manage screening trials andnominate varieties for release.

Which MTP?2005-2007 MTP Project 3 Output (i) especially 2005 Milestone #4 ‘….scheme established withprivate sector partners’



How was the output used? Nature of influenceThese new improved varieties selected by Andean communities have been added to locallandrace stocks without replacing local genetic diversity. In fact, they are augmenting it. Jointpublic-private selection reduced the time required to develop and distribute the varietiesfrom ten to four years. National varietal release procedures were modified facilitating theearly release of improved material. The use of the varieties is expected to increase foodsecurity, yield stability and create new opportunities for income generation in the region.

Magnitude of the outcomeLate blight is the most important disease of the potato crop worldwide. As globaltemperatures increase, more and more areas previously immune from attack will be infected.This new approach drastically reduces the time required to develop and release locallyadapted varieties. There is now great demand for more materials from these and othercommunities in Cusco, and the technique can be adapted for use all over the world inpotato-growing areas. Improving landrace-type materials also addresses the need to introduceimproved materials in a center of genetic origin without reducing local biodiversity.

Evidence for the outcomeSomos Magazine cover article on community release and varietal characteristics, INIA Varietaltechnical descriptions and release documentation.

Outcome 4Improving informal potato seed systems of resource-poor farmers

Outcome statementFarmers in East Africa adopted positive selection as a quality seed management technology.CIP’s novel presentation of this seldom utilized practice stimulated adoption. The techniquemaintains and improves seed quality in farmer-based informal seed systems and results inconsistently increased yields.

What was the output?Potato plant health benefits of positive selection are significant and well documented.However developing country farmers seldom use this practice, making the technology aprime example of technologies ‘remaining on the shelf’. In Kenya, as well as in mostdeveloping countries, high quality seed potatoes are not available to small scale farmers. Thusfarmers plant potatoes from their previous crop (called ‘own seed’) infected with diseases,resulting in low yields. Using a combination of farmer participatory research techniques andtraining, CIP reintroduced positive selection to researchers, extension agents and farmergroups combined with rapid, modern disease detection techniques for quality monitoring,documented and assessed the role of this technology to improve farmer-based seed systems.Farmers groups were trained to distinguish and select between sick and healthy plants by thenewly retrained extension staff. By repeating this process over a few seasons, yields can begradually increased. The farmer groups see this for themselves because side-by-side fieldexperiments compare their own method with positive selection.

Which MTP?2007-2009 MTP, Project 4, Output 1, especially Output Target #1.

Who used the output?As shown in the accompanying documentation, resource-poor potato farmers in Kenya and



Ethiopia are using this technique. The NARIs and extension agencies in Kenya and Ethiopiahave adopted the participatory technique and trained numerous farmer groups.

How was the output used? Nature of influenceCIP has documented the role of positive selection on seed quality, confirming it throughmodern disease detection techniques. An IPG benefit of the output is the demonstration ofsuccessful utilization of new capacity building approaches to successfully exploit on-the-shelftechnologies. The approach to participatory technology validation of proven but unusedtechnologies demonstrates improved practice for connecting technology demands to theexisting stock of technologies. NARIs, extension agencies and development-oriented NGOsused the approach to introduce the technology and improve seed quality at farmer level. CIP,the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) and the Ministry of Agriculture of Kenya havetrained over 100 extension agents and farmer trainers. They in turn trained over 70 farmergroups involving more than 1200 farmers. At least a 30% increase in production can beexpected, with yields of approximately 22 tons per hectare. Trials with farmers are on-goingin Ethiopia and Uganda, as well as Peru and India and the technology is being promoted inMozambique and Malawi.

Magnitude of the outcome?Poor quality seed is consistently cited in stakeholder surveys as the number one constraint toimproving productivity in potato production. The vast majority of small holder farmers indeveloping countries use poor health quality own seed. Positive selection gives the farmer areliable technology for improving the quality of his or her own seed.

Outcome 5LAC and SSA organizations adopt participatory research and development methods forintegrated crop management

Outcome statementDeveloping country research and development organizations adopted participatory approachesto technology validation and extension for integrated management of potato. Their use ofthese methods resulted in the transformation of traditional potato production practicesthrough farmer adoption of integrated crop management technologies.

What was the output?This capacity strengthening output consisted of the demonstration of the efficiency andeffectiveness of participatory research methods. The methods included participatory researchthrough farmer field schools and farmer research groups, covering topics such as late blightcontrol, integrated pest management, seed and soil fertility management and storagemethods.

Which MTP?MTP 2004-2006, Project 4, Output 5 especially the milestones in 2006, 2007 and 2008milestones beginning with “Cases of participatory research methods dealing with ICM-relatedtechnologies…”

Who used the output?The methods have been used by seven institutions, three research oriented namely: PROINPAFoundation (Bolivia) the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, and the National



Agricultural Research Organization (Uganda), and four development-oriented, namelyAFRICARE (Uganda), ASAR (Bolivia) and CARE (Peru). All are documented.

How was the output used? Nature of influenceResearch organizations today are driven to be responsive to demands from stakeholders butare poorly equipped to recognize and act on those demands. Participatory approaches toresearch provide one channel by which demands can be received and acted upon byresearch institutions. The global public good nature of this output is the demonstration of thecapacity for uptake of this new approach as part of institutional change in a range oforganizations from LAC and SSA.

The output has influenced the intervention approaches of both research and developmentoriented institutions. In the case of research institutions, the methods have been used toassess technologies, gather feedback from farmers and understand factors that influenceadoption. In the case of development-oriented institutions the methods have been used tofine-tune technologies to local conditions and to scale-out the findings, and to work on othercrops, such as the case of farmer field schools for fruit trees in Peru.

The magnitude of adoptionThe participatory methods have been adopted by three research-oriented and fourdevelopment-oriented institutions, which have conducted 250 participatory trials between2004 and 2007. About 2000 farmers have been involved in the process. The scope ofpotential use of the integrated management practices us across all highland potatoproduction systems in LAC, SSA and Asia. The scope of use of the participatory methodsapplies to most of CIP partnerships for outcomes.

CIP Impacts - 2007SC AssessmentAssessment of 3A: 0.00

Assessment of 3B - Study 1: 7.10Assessment of 3B - Study 2: 8.40

Overall Composite Score* = 7.7 Case Study 1 Score* = 7.1 Case Study 2 Score* = 8.4Individual Criteria Scores for Case Study 1**: Q1=2.0; Q2=3.5; Q3=3.5; Q4=3.7; Q5=3.4;Q6=1.0; Q7=4.0 Individual Criteria Scores for Case Study 2**: Q1=4.0; Q2=3.0; Q3=3.1;Q4=3.0; Q5=2.9; Q6=2.5; Q7=4.0 * Scale ranges from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) ** Scaleranges from 0 (lowest) to 4 (highest) - see Annex IV of “Description of PM Indicators forCGIAR Centres” (Jan 2006) for description of criteria (Questions) and corresponding weights

3A: SC/SPIA rating of commitment to documenting impacts and building impactassessment culture3A: I. Criterion 1: epIA studies/Advancement of epIA methods (70%)A) Please provide the full citation of all epIA studies published in 2007 that attempt to assessmajor impacts attributed to your Center’s work and provide summary information describingthe main results/indicator(s) of impact.



1. Bentley, J., O. Barea, Priou, S. Equise, H. Thiele, G. (2007). “Comparing farmer fieldschools, community workshops, and radio: Teaching Bolivian farmers about bacterialwilt of potato“ International Agricultural and Extension Education: 14 (3): 45-61.Main result/indicators of impact reported by the study (i.e., adoption, estimates of incomeeffect, other effects, poverty impacts, environmental impacts, IRR, etc.)epIA of Bacterial Wilt management: Compares FFS with two less-costly methods and presentsfollow up surveys of these three extension methods. Community workshops were almost aseffective as FFS; radio spots were less effective but reach a larger audience. Results weremost different for time-consuming technologies, where a more compelling demonstrationmay convince farmers to adopt a task that adds work to an already busy day. The morecomplicated, tedious, and counter-intuitive a new technology is, the more important it maybe to use a more intensive intimate extension method and the less likely that mass mediawill be successful.

B) For each completed ex-post IA study listed in I.A above, please provide the relevantinformation under each component (check the appropriate item)

1. Publication venue Refereed journal Book chapter Conference paper(includes proceedings)

In-house publication(reviewed externally)

In-house publication (notreviewed externally)

2. (Co-) authorship With other CG Centerscientists

With NARS scientists With ARI scientists Center only scientists

3. EpIA coverage Commodity improvementNRM related

Policy related Biodiversity related Training/Capacity building

related Other

4. Distance down theimpact pathway coveredby the study

Uptake/adoption (fieldsurveys)Influence (bibliometric/citation analysis, keyinformant surveys, etc.)Intermediate impacts(improved yield/quality,lower risk, higherincome, conserveresources, increasemarket access/efficiency,develop human capacity)

Ultimate impact (poverty,food security,environment)

5. Geographical breadthof impacts assessed bythe study

Single location withinsingle country assessmentMulti-locations (regions)

within single countryassessmentMultiple countries (~ 2-5)assessmentGlobal assessment (i.e.,spread over severalcontinents)

6. Advances in newmethods/models for epIAembodied in the study

Addresses non-economicimpactsAddresses differentialeffects (different targetgroups)Addresses positive andnegative effectsAddresses multipliereffects (other sectors)Employs novel methods(combines quantitative &qualitative, participatoryapproaches, etc.)Other methodologicaladvances ...

2. Low, J.W., Arimond, M., Osman, N., Cunguara, B., Zano, F., and D. Tschirley (2007),A food-based approach introducing orange-fleshed sweet potatoes increased vitaminA intake and serum retinol concentrations in young children in rural Mozambique.Journal of Nutrition, 137 (5): 1320-2007.Main result/indicators of impact reported by the study (i.e., adoption, estimates of incomeeffect, other effects, poverty impacts, environmental impacts, IRR, etc.)epIA of nutrition benefits of OFSP introduction: The 2-y quasi-experimental intervention studyfollowed households and children (n = 741; mean age 13mo) through 2 agricultural cycles. Inyear 2, 90% of intervention households produced OFSP, and mean plot size increased from



33 to 359 m2. Intervention children (n = 498) were more likely than controls (n = 243) to eatOFSP (55% vs. 8%, P < 0.001) and their vitamin A intakes were higher (median 426 vs. 56 µgretinol activity equivalent, P < 0.001). Mean serum retinol increased by 0.100 µmol/L (SEM0.024; P < 0.001) in intervention children.


1. Publication venueRefereed journalBook chapterConference paper(includes proceedings)In-house publication(reviewed externally)In-house publication (notreviewed externally)

2. (Co-) authorshipWith other CG CenterscientistsWith NARS scientistsWith ARI scientistsCenter only scientists

3. EpIA coverage Commodity improvement NRM related Policy related Biodiversity related Training/Capacity building

related Other:


Uptake/adoption (fieldsurveys)

Influence (bibliometric/citation analysis, keyinformant surveys, etc.)

Intermediate impacts(improved yield/quality,lower risk, higherincome, conserveresources, increasemarket access/efficiency,develop human capacity)

Ultimate impact (poverty,food security,environment)


Single location withinsingle countryassessmentMulti-locations (regions)




3. Cole, D., Sherwood, S., Paredes, M., Sanin, L.H., Crissman, C., Espinosa, P., Muñoz, F.(2007) Reducing Pesticide Exposure and Associated Neurotoxic Burden in anEcuadorian Small Farm Population Int J Occup Environ Health, 13 (3): 281-289.Main result/indicators of impact reported by the study (i.e., adoption, estimates of incomeeffect, other effects, poverty impacts, environmental impacts, IRR, etc.)epIA of health benefits of potato IPM introduction: The contribution of potato IPMinterventions to reducing pesticide exposures and associated neurotoxic burden was assessed.Baseline and post intervention surveys of participating households (n = 29) andneurobehavioral testing of individuals (n = 63) permitted comparisons of pre- and post-intervention values. FFS graduates applied pesticides less frequently (p = 0.171), hadincreased pesticide related knowledge of labels and exposure risk factors (both p < 0.004),better pesticide-handling practices (p < 0.01), and less skin exposure (p < 0.01).Neurobehavioural status improved, particularly digit span and visuo-spatial function, resultingin overall zscore increases.




1. Publication venue Refereed journal Book chapter Conference paper

(includes proceedings) In-house publication

(reviewed externally) In-house publication (not

reviewed externally)

2. (Co-) authorship With other CG Center

scientists With NARS scientists With ARI scientists Center only scientists

3. EpIA coverage Commodity improvement NRM related Policy related Biodiversity related Training/Capacity building

relatedOther


Uptake/adoption (fieldsurveys)

Influence (bibliometric/citation analysis, keyinformant surveys, etc.)

Intermediate impacts(improved yield/quality,lower risk, higherincome, conserveresources, increasemarket access/efficiency,develop human capacity)Ultimate impact (poverty,food security,environment)


Single location withinsingle countryassessmentMulti-locations (regions)




C) Please provide an estimate of the number of full time equivalent staff devoted to epIAwork in your Center in 2007:

1.00

3A: II. Criterion 2: Building an IA culture at the Center (Indicate “Not applicable” ifthere is nothing to report under a particular heading) (20%)

A) Please provide a list of internal workshops convened by the Center’s impact assessmentunit/specialists within the past year to help assess the expected impacts of planned andongoing research of the Center (for each, describe the theme and number of Centerparticipants) [List available on request from [email protected].]

B) Please provide 2 examples of systematic evaluation of user relevance of Center researchoutputs produced within the past year such as early adoption/influence studies (max of 100words for describing data collection, analysis, and major finding for each example)

Field evaluations in the Philippines assessed sweetpotato farmers’ adoption of introducedpractices for: a) production of healthy planting materials, and b) animal feed utilization.Evaluations combined a socio-economic survey on use of planting materials and serologicalindexing, and knowledge (recall) tests and recordkeeping of animal feeding strategies andweight gains to provide local and external perspectives on changes in sweetpotatolivelihoods. See Sister, L., et al. 2007. Reaping the benefits of pathogen-tested sweetpotatoplanting materials in Tarlac province, Philippines. Luis, J., et al 2007. Farmer field schools andthe sweetpotato-based beef cattle production system in Tarlac province, Philippines.

Field trials were carried out in Ecuador with indigenous farmers to determine preferencesfor quinoa varieties. At seed selection, farmers from Ninín Cachipata, where food security is



not assured, chose lines based on yield, while farmers from La Esperanza, where resourcesare less limiting, also considered seed size, colour, saponin content and marketability.McElhinny, E., Peralta, E., Mazon, N., Danial, D., Thiele, G., and Lindhout, P. (2007) Aspects ofparticipatory plant breeding for quinoa in marginal areas of Ecuador Euphytica, 153 (3): 373-384.

C) Please provide specific examples of how empirical ex-post impact assessment findingshave been applied as a basis for quantitative ex-ante impact projections that contribute tothe Center’s priority-setting procedures, or have been used to validate earlier ex-ante work

The Yanggen and Jagujja study on Sweetpotato and Nutrition Deficiency in Uganda reportedin indicator 3A (1) in 2006 was used as a basis for design of baseline studies for quantitativeex-ante impact projections in CIP baseline data collection in the Reaching End Users projectdescribed in point D below.

Impact data on pesticide exposure from Cole (2002), was used to design Healthy andSustainable Horticulture Project baseline data collection during 2007. Cole D.C., Sherwood, S.,Crissman, C.C., Barrera, V., and Espinosa A.P., (2002) Pesticides and Health in HighlandEcuadorian Potato Production: Assessing Impacts and Developing Responses. InternationalJournal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 8 (June/July): 182-190

D) Please provide specific examples of establishment of baseline studies to providecounterfactuals for future epIA

The BMGF funded, HarvestPlus administered, IFPRI, CIP and partners implemented ReachingEnd Users Project tests the scaling-out of biofortified orange-fleshed sweetpotato inMozambique and Uganda. Two levels of extension contact intensity are tested.Comprehensive baseline data covering demographic information, socio-economic status,production, consumption, and nutritional knowledge was collected on randomly selectedhouseholds in areas for the two different intervention models and control areas. In Uganda,baseline serum retinol status was collected among children under five years of age. Thiscomprehensive baseline data will be used for before and after ex-post impact studies.Published findings are expected in 2010.

3A: III. Criterion 3: Communication/dissemination and capacity enhancement (10%)

A) Please specify how the findings of epIAs have been disseminated in 2007 (Indicate “Notapplicable” if there is nothing to report under a particular heading):

1. Number of epIA briefs published(not general M&E briefs): 02. Dissemination of epIA findings in popular media (number of stories published): 03. Any other method of dissemination of epIA findings used in 2007:CIP 2006 Annual Report (published in 2007) reproduces the CIP Performance Measurement

System Impact Assessment Report. (see pp 61-69).

B) Please specify your Center’s efforts in building capacity in IA in 2007 (Indicate “Notapplicable” if there is nothing to report under a particular heading)

1. Number of IA related conferences/workshops conducted for external audiences in 2007(e.g., NARS scientists): 3

List of events:2. Number of IA related training materials developed: 0

List:3. Number of IA visiting specialists from a NARS hosted: 04. Any other IA related capacity building efforts in 2007:The Andean Change Project has developed draft guidelines for use by NARS and other for

evaluating the impact of the use of participatory methodologies in agricultural R&D.



3A: IV. Other

Please list/describe any other impact-related activity or outcome of 2007 that you believewarrants consideration in this exercise but is not covered in any previous criteria/questions..(Modifier to overall score)

G. Thiele contributed as a co-author with Tom Walker to the preparation of SPIA guidelineson epIA in the CGIAR.

G. Thiele contributed to work with ILAC looking at complementary approaches to impactevaluation. Watts, J., D. Horton, G. Thiele et al. (2008). “Transforming impact assessment:Beginning the quiet revolution of institutional learning and change.” Expl Agric 44: 21-35.

3B: SC/SPIA rating of two Center impact studies carried out in the period 2003-05for rigor

Impact Study 1: Q3b1_EconDevCulturalChange-Ortiz.pdfImpact Study 2: Q3b2_Potato-Genetic-Improvement-CABI.pdf

Copyrights © 2006-2008 - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)[Studies available on request from [email protected].]

CIP quality and relevance of currentresearch - 20074A: Number of externally peer-reviewed publications per scientist in 2007 (excluding articlespublished in journals listed in the Thomson Scientific/ ISI):- number of externally peer-reviewed publications per scientist in externally published

journals and books: 0.44 papers per scientist- number of externally peer-reviewed publications per scientist in Center-produced book/

research report series or journals: 0.00 papers per scientist- Total number of externally peer-reviewed publications per scientist: 0.44 papers per scientist

Indicator 4A peer-reviewed not in Thomson Scientific - 2007.doc

4B: Number of peer-reviewed publications per scientist in 2007 that are published in journalslisted in Thomson Scientific/ISI: 1.12 papers per scientist

4C: Percentage of scientific papers that are published with developing country partners inrefereed journals, conference and workshop proceedings in 2007: 52% of scientific papers

SC AssessmentAssessment of 4D: 0.00



Appendix. List of publications

Indicator 4B: Number of peer-reviewed publications per scientist in 2007that are published in journals listed in Thomson Scientific

1. Abad, JA, Parks, EJ, New, SL, Fuentes, S, Jester, W, and Moyer, JW. (2007). First reportof sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus, a component of sweetpotato virus disease, in NorthCarolina. Plant Disease, 91(3): 327. ISSN 0191-2917.

2. Almekinders, C, Thiele, G, and Danial, D. (2007). Can cultivars from participatory plantbreeding improve seed provision to small-scale farmers? Euphytica 153(3): 363-372. ISSN0014-2336.

3. Ames, M, Salas, A, and Spooner, DM. (2007). The discovery and phylogenetic implicationsof a novel 41 bp plastid DNA deletion in wild potatoes. Plant Systematics and Evolution.268: 159-175. ISSN 0378-2697.

4. Andre, CM, Ghislain, M, Bertin, P, Oufir, M, Herrera, MR, Hoffmann, L, Hausman, JF,Larondelle, Y, and Evers, D. (2007). Andean potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.) as asource of antioxidant and mineral micronutrients. Journal of Agricultural and FoodChemistry 55(2): 366-378. ISSN 0021-8561.

5. Anthofer, J, and Kroschel, J. (2007). Effect of mucuna fallow on weed dry matter andcomposition in succeeding maize. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 24(4): 397-414.ISSN 0144-8765.

6. Baigorria, GA, and Romero, CC. (2007). Assessment of erosion hotspots in a watershed:Integrating the WEPP model and GIS in a case study in the peruvian Andes. EnvironmentalModelling & Software 22(8): 1175-1183. ISSN 1364-8152.

7. Bouma, J, Stoorvogel, JJ, Quiroz, R, Staal, S, Herrero, M, Immerzeel, W, Roetter, RP,van den Bosch, H, Sterk, G, Rabbinge, R, and Chater, S. (2007). Ecoregional research fordevelopment. Advances in Agronomy 93: 257-311. ISSN 0065-2113.

8. Brown, C, Culley, D, Bonierbale, M, and Amoros, W. (2007). Anthocyanin, carotenoidcontent and antioxidant values in native south american potato cultivars. HortScience42(7): 1733-1736. ISSN 0018-5345.

9. Burgos, G, Amoros, W, Morote, M, Stangoulis, J, and Bonierbale, M. (2007). Iron and zincconcentration of native andean potato cultivars from a human nutrition perspective.Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 87(4): 668-675. ISSN 0022-5142.

10. Buytaert, W, De Bièvre, B, Cuesta, F, Célleri, R, Hofstede, R, and Sevink, J. (2007) Watersupplies in the tropical Andes e-letter response to “climate change: Threats to water



supplies in the tropical Andes” (R. Bradley et al. Science 2006, 312: 1755-1756) Science(28 June 2007). http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/eletters/312/5781/1755 ISSN 1095-9203.

11. Buytaert, W, Iñiguez, V, and De Bièvre, B. (2007). The effects of afforestation andcultivation on water yield in the Andean paramo. Forest Ecology and Management251(1-2): 22-30. ISSN 0378-1127.

12. Chacón, MG, Andrade-Piedra, JL, Gessler, C, and Forbes, GA. (2007). Aggressiveness ofPhytophthora infestans and phenotypic analysis of resistance in wild Petota accessions inEcuador. Plant Pathology 56(4): 549-561. ISSN 0032-0862.

13. Chirinos, R, Campos, D, Arbizu, C, Rogez, H, Rees, JF, Larondelle, Y, Noratto, G, andCisneros, L. (2007). Effect of genotype, maturity stage and post harvest storage onphenolic compounds, carotenoid content and antioxidant capacity of Andean mashuatubers (Tropaeolum tuberosum R&P). J. Sci. Food Agric. 87(3): 437-446. ISSN 0022-5142.

14. Claessens, L, Knapen, A, Kitutu, MG, Poesen, J, and Deckers, JA. (2007). Modellinglandslide hazard, soil redistribution and sediment yield of landslides on the Ugandanfootslopes of Mount Elgon. Geomorphology 90(1): 23-35. ISSN 0169-555X.

15. Claessens, L, Schoorl, JM, and Veldkamp, A. (2007). Modelling the location of shallowlandslides and their effects on landscape dynamics in large watersheds: An application forNorthern New Zealand. Geomorphology 87(1-2): 16-27. ISSN 0169-555X.

16. Cole, D, Sherwood, S, Paredes, M, Sanin, LH, Crissman, C, Espinosa, P, and Muñoz F.(2007). Reducing pesticide exposure and associated neurotoxic burden in an Ecuadoriansmall farm population. Int J Occup Environ Health 13(3): 281-289. ISSN 1077-3525.

17. Cruz, M, Quiroz, R, and Herrero, M. (2007). Use of visual material for eliciting shepherds’perceptions of grassland in highland Peru. Mountain Research and Development27(2): 146-152. ISSN 0276-4741.

18. Cullen, DW, Toth, IK, Boonham, N, Walsh, K, Barker, I, and Lees, AK. (2007).Development and validation of conventional and quantitative polymerase chain reactionassays for the detection of storage rot potato pathogens, Phytophthora erythroseptica,Pythium ultimum and Phoma foveata. J. Phytopathology 155(5): 309-315. ISSN 0931-1785.

19. Danial, D, Parlevliet, J, Almekinders, C, and Thiele, G. (2007) Farmers’ participation andbreeding for durable disease resistance in the Andean region. Euphytica 153(3): 385-396.ISSN 0014-2336.

20. Darabant, A, Rai, PB, Tenzin, K, Roder, W, and Gratzer, G. (2007). Cattle grazing facilitatestree regeneration in a conifer forest with palatable bamboo understory. Forest Ecologyand Management 252(1-3): 73:83. ISSN 0378-1127.

21. Fuglie, KO. (2007). Priorities for sweetpotato research in developing countries: Results ofa survey. HortScience 42(5): 1200-1206. ISSN 0018-5345.

22. Fuglie, KO. (2007). Priorities for potato research in developing countries: Results of asurvey. Am. J. Potato Res. 84(5): 353-365. ISSN 1099-209X



23. Gandarillas, A, Blajos, J, Devaux, A, and Thiele, G. (2007). Changing paradigms fororganising R & D: Agricultural research and the creation of the PROINPA foundation inBolivia. International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology 6(2): 256-276. ISSN 1462-4605.

24. Graham, RD, Welch, RM, Saunders, DA, Ortiz Monasterio, I, Bouis, HE, Bonierbale, M,De Haan, S, Burgos, G, Thiele, G, Liria, R, Meisner, CA, Beebe, SE, Potts, MJ, Kadian, M,Hobbs, PR, Gupta, RK, and Twomlow, S. (2007). Nutritious subsistence food systems.Advances in agronomy 92: 1-74. ISSN 0065-2113.

25. Hijmans, R, Gavrilenko, T, Stephenson, S, Bamberg, J, Salas, A, and Spooner, D. (2007).Geographic and environmental range expansion through polyploidy in wild potatoes(Solanum Section Petota). Global Ecology & Biogeography (UK). 2007. 16(4): 485-495.ISSN 485-822X.

26. Horgan, FG, Quiring, DT, Lagnaoui, A, Salas, AR, and Pelletier, Y. (2007). Periderm- andcortex-based resistance to tuber-feeding Phthorimaea operculella in two wild potatospecies. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 125(3): 249-258. ISSN 0013-8703.

27. Kadian, MS, Ilangantileke, S, Arif, M, Hossain, M, Roder, W, Sakha, BM, Singh, SV, Farooq, K,and Mazeen, ACM. (2007). Status of potato seed systems in South West Asia (SWA).Potato Journal 34(1-2): 25-30. ISSN 0970-8235

28. Kidmose, U, Christensen, LP, Agili, SM, and Thilsted, SH. (2007). Effect of homepreparation practices on the content of provitamin A carotenoids in coloured sweetpotatovarieties (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) from Kenya. Innovative Food Science and EmergingTechnologies 8(3): 399-406. ISSN 1466-8564.

29. Kristjanson, P, Krishna, A, Radeny, M, Kuan, J, Quilca, G, Sánchez-Urrelo, A, andLeón-Velarde, C. (2007). Poverty dynamics and the role of livestock in the peruvianAndes. Agricultural Systems 94(2): 294–308. ISSN 0308-521X.

30. Labarta, RA, White, D, Leguía, E, Guzmán, W, and Soto, J. (2007). La agricultura en laAmazonia ribereña del río Ucayali. ¿Una zona productiva pero poco rentable? ActaAmazónica 37(2): 177-186. ISSN 0044-5967.

31. Lane, CR, Hobden, E, Walker, L, Barton, VC, Inman, AJ, Hughes, KJD, Swan, H, Colyer, A,and Barker, I. (2007). Evaluation of a rapid diagnostic field test kit for identification ofPhytophthora species, including P. ramorum and P. kernoviae at the point of inspection.Plant Pathology 58: 828-835. ISSN 0032-0862.

32. Low, J, Arimond, M, Osman, N, Cunguara, B, Zano, F, and Tschirley, D. (2007). Ensuringthe supply of and creating demad for a biofortified crop with a visible trait: Lessonslearned from the introduction of orange-fleshed sweet potato in drought-prone areas ofMozambique. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 28(2): 258-270. ISSN 0379-5721.

33. Low, J, Arimond, M, Osman, N, Cunguara, B, Zano, F, and Tschirley, D. (2007). A food-based approach introducing orange-fleshed sweet potatoes increased vitamin A intake andserum retinol concentrations in young children in rural Mozambique. Journal of Nutrition(USA) 137(5): 1320-1327. ISSN 0022-3166.



34. Martelli, GP, Adams, MJ, Kreuze, JF, and Dolja, VV. (2007). Family flexiviridae: A casestudy in virion and genome plasticity. Annual Review of Phytopathology 45: 73-100. ISSN0066-4286.

35. McElhinny, E, Peralta, E, Mazon, N, Danial, D, Thiele, G, and Lindhout, P. (2007). Aspectsof participatory plant breeding for quinoa in marginal areas of Ecuador. Euphytica 153(3):373-384. ISSN 0014-2336.

36. Menon, P, Ruel, MT, Loechl, CU, Arimond, M, Habicht, JP, Pelto, G, and Michaud, L.(2007). Micronutrient sprinkles reduce anemia among 9- to 24-mo old children whendelivered through an Integrated health and nutrition program in rural Haiti. The Journal ofNutrition 137(4): 1023-1030. ISSN 0022-3166.

37. Mihovilovich, E, Alarcón, L, Pérez, AL, Alvarado, J, Arellano, C, and Bonierbale, M. (2007).High levels of heritable resistance to potato leafroll virus (PLRV) in Solanum tuberosumsubsp. andigena. Crop Science 47(3): 1091-1103. ISSN 0011-183X.

38. Mwanga, ROM, Odongo, B, Niringiye, C, Aljo, A, Abidin, P, Kapinga, R, Tumwegamire, S,Lemaga, B, Nsumba, J, and Carey, E. (2007). Release of two orange-fleshed sweetpotatocultivars, “SPK004” (Kakamega) and ‘Ejumula’ in Uganda. HortScience 42(7): 1728-1730.ISSN 0018-5345.

39. Orozco, F, Cole, DC, Muñoz, V, Altamirano, A, Wanigaratne, S, Espinosa, P, and Muñoz, F.(2007). Relationships among production systems, preschool nutritional status and pesticide-related toxicity in seven ecuadorian communities: A multi-case study approach. Food andNutrition Bulletin (Japan) 28(2): S247-S257. ISSN 0379-5721.

40. Ortega, OR, Duran, E, Arbizu, C, Ortega, R, Roca, W, Potter, D, and Quiros, CF. (2007).Pattern of genetic diversity of cultivated and non-cultivated mashua, Tropaeolumtuberosum, in the Cusco region of Peru. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution (Germany)54(4): 807-821. ISSN 0925-9864.

41. Osiru, M, Adipala, E, Olanya, OM, Lemaga, B, and Kapinga, R. (2007). Occurrence anddistribution of alternaria leaf petiole and stem blight on sweetpotato in Uganda. PlantPathology Journal 9(2): 112-119. ISSN 0032-0862.

42. Pissard, A, Arbizu, C, Ghislain, M, Faux, A-M, Paulet, S, and Bertin, P. (2007). Congruencebetween morphological and molecular markers inferred from the analysis of the intra-morphotype genetic diversity and the spatial structure of Oxalis tuberose. Mol. Genetica132(1): 71-85. ISSN 0016-6707.

43. Randolph, TF, Schelling, E, Grace, D, Nicholson, CF, Leroy, JL, Peden D, Cole, DC,Demment, MW, Omore, A, Zinsstag, J, and Ruel, M. (2007). Invited review: Role oflivestock in human nutrition and health for poverty reduction in developing countries.Journal of Animal Science 85(11): 2788-2800 ISSN 00218812.

44. Rios, D, Ghislain, M, Rodriguez, F, and Spooner, DM. (2007). What is the origin of theeuropean potato? Evidence from Canary island landraces. Crop Science 47(1): 1271-1280.ISSN 0011-183X.



45. Roder, W, Dorji, K, and Wangdi K. (2007). Implications of white clover introduction in EastHimalayan grasslands. Mountain Research and Development 27(3): 268-273. ISSN 0276-4741.

46. Romero, CC, Stroosnijder, L, and Baigorria, GA. (2007). Interrill and rill erodibility in thenorthern Andean highlands. CATENA 70(2): 105-113. ISSN 0341-8162

47. Romero, CC, Baigorria, GA, and Stroosnijder, L. (2007). Changes of erosive rainfall for ElNiño and La Niña years in the northern Andean highlands of Peru. Climatic Change85(3-4): 343-356. ISSN 0165-0009

48. Schafleitner, R, Gaudin, A, Gutierrez Rosales, RO, Alvarado Aliaga, CA, and Bonierbale, M.(2007). Proline accumulation and real time PCR expression analysis of genes encodingenzymes of praline metabolism relation to drought tolerance in Andean potato. ActaPhysiologiae Plantarum 29(1): 19-26. ISSN 0137-5881.

49. Schafleitner, R, Gutierrez Rosales, RO, Gaudin, A, Alvarado Aliaga, CA, NombertoMartinez, G, Tincopa Marca, LR, Avila Bolivar, L, Mendiburu Delgado, F, Simon, R, andBonierbale, M. (2007). Capturing candidate drought tolerance traits in two native Andeanpotato clones by transcription profiling of field grown plants under water stress. PlantPhysiology and Biochemistry 45(3): 673-690. ISSN 0981-9428.

50. Solis, J, Medrano, G, and Ghislain, M. (2007). Inhibitory effect of a defensin gene fromthe Andean crop maca (Lepidium meyenii) against Phytophthora infestans. Journal of PlantPhysiology 164(8): 1071-1082. ISSN 0176-1617.

51. Sporleder, M, Rodriguez Cauti, EM, Huber, J, and Kroshel, J. (2007). Susceptibility ofPhthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) to its granulovirus PoGV withlarval age. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 9(4): 271-278. ISSN 1461-9555.

52. Spooner, DM, Núñez, J, Trujillo, G, Herrera, MR, Guzmán, F, and Ghislain, M. (2007).Extensive simple sequence repeat genotyping of potato landraces supports a majorreevaluation of their gene pool structure and classification. Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciencies of the United States of America. 104(49): 19398-19403. ISSN 1091-6490.

53. Thiele, G, Devaux, A, Velasco, C, and Horton, D. (2007). Horizontal evaluation. Fosteringknowledge sharing and program improvement within a network. American Journal ofEvaluation 28(4): 493-508. ISSN 1098-2140.

54. Tomlinson, JA, Barker, I, and Boonham, N. (2007). Faster, simpler, more-specific methodsfor improved molecular detection of Phythophthora ramorum in the field. Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology 73(12): 4040-4047. ISSN 0099-2240.

55. Untiveros, M, Fuentes, S, and Salazar, LF. (2007). Synergistic interaction of sweetpotatochlorotic stunt virus (Crinivirus) with carla-, cucumo-, ipomo- and potyviruses infectingsweetpotato. Plant Disease 91(6): 669-676. ISSN 0191-2917.



56. Velásquez, AC, Mihovilovich, E, and Bonierbale, M. (2007). Genetic characterization andmapping of major gene resistance to potato leafroll virus in Solanum tuberosum ssp.Andigena. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 114(6): 1051-1058. ISSN 0040-5752.

57. Wulff, EG, Pérez, W, Nelson, RJ, Bonierbale, M, Landeo, JA, and Forbes, GA. (2007).Identification of stabile resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato genotypes evaluatedin field experiments in Peru. Experimental Agriculture 43(3): 353-363. ISSN 0014-4797.

58. Tian, YP, Zhu, XP, Liu, JL, Yu, XQ, Du, J, Kreuze, J, and Li, XD, (2007). Molecularcharacterization of the 3’-terminal region of turnip mosaic virus isolates from EasternChina. Journal of Phytopathology 155(6): 333-341. ISSN 0931-1785.

59. Yeudall, F, Sebastian, R, Cole, DC, Ibrahim, S, Lubowa, A, and Kikafunda, J. (2007). Foodand nutritional security of children of urban farmers in Kampala, Uganda. Food andNutrition Bulletin (Japan) 28(2): S237-S247. ISSN 0379-5721.

60. Zanklan, S, Ahouangonou, S, Becker, HC, Pawelzik, E, and Gruneberg, W. (2007).Evaluation of the storage root-forming legume yam bean (Pachyrhizus spp.) under WestAfrican conditions. Crop Science 47(5): 1934-1946. ISSN 0011-183X.

61. Zermane, N, Souissi, T, Kroschel, J, and Siroka, R. (2007). Biocontrol of broomrape(Orobanche crenata forsk. and Orobanche foetida poir.) by Pseudonomas fluorescensisolate Bf7-9 from the faba bean rhizosphere. Biocontrol Science and Technology17(5): 483-497. ISSN 0958-3157.

Indicator 4B: Number of peer-reviewed publications per scientist in 2007 thatare published in journals listed in Thomson Scientific

Number of publications = 61Number of scientists = 54.16Pubs/Scientists = 1.126


2007CIPin


Financial2007

The International Potato Centerachieved a US$ 0.6M surplus in2007. The surplus increased CIP’sreserves from US$ 5.8M to US$6.4M, defined as net workingcapital plus long term investmentsminus net fixed assets.

CIP’s total revenues reached US$25.8M in 2007, 9% above 2006.Total revenues include US$ 7.0M ofunrestricted contributions andUS$18.0M of restricted donations,and US$ 0.8M of other revenues,consisting of interests andexchange rate gains. At the end ofthe year, US$ 1.6M of approvedgrants (6% of total grant revenues)was pending disbursements bydonors.

Unrestricted contributionsdecreased by 21% from US$ 8.9Mto US$ 7.0M, while restrictedcontributions increased by 33%from US$13.6M to US$18.0M. Themajor increase was due to theadditional EC contribution, tocompensate for the 2006 shortfall,and an increasing success inobtaining new research contracts.

During the year, 52 newrestricted proposals, for a totalcommitment of US$ 20.2M, wereapproved by donors. Newcommitments increased by 6%,with respect to 2006. The averagedonation per proposal approved

Financial Reserves (US$ thousands)

Revenues (US$ thousands)

Statement of financial position Year ending 31 December 2007 (compared with 2006)

6,500

6,200

5,900

5,600

5,300

5,0002004 2005 2006 2007

18,000

13,500

9,000

4,500

-

Unrestricted Restricted

2004 2005 2006 2007

report

(US$000)

2007 2006

Assets

Current Assets

Cash and cash equivalent 16,658 13,990

Investments

Account receivable:

Donors 1,602 1,310

Employees 152 186

Others 311 271

Inventory 410 396

Advances 269 148

Prepaid Expenses 140 144

Total Current Assets 19,542 16,445

Non-Current Assets

Investments non – current 383 337

Furnishing and Equipment, Net 3,686 3,711

Total Non-Current assets 4,069 4,048

Total Assets 23,611 20,493

2007 2006

Liabilities and Net AssetsCurrent LiabilitiesAccounts Payable

Donors 8,071 6,118

Others 4,390 4,789

Employees 104 97

Accruals and Provisions 450

Total Current Liabilities 13,015 11,004Non- Current LiabilitiesEmployees 388 248

Accruals and Provisions 407 150

Total Non-current Liabilities 795 398Total Liabilities 13,810 11,402Net AssetsDesignated 3,373 3,297

Undesignated 6,428 5,794

Total Net Assets 9,801 9,091Total Liabilities and Net Assets 23,611 20,493

(US$000)


Expenditures (US$ thousands)

Indirect Cost Ratio

Liquidity (Acceptable range - 90/120 days)

Adequacy of Reserves (Acceptable range - 75/90 days)

increased from US$ 0.32M toUS$ 0.39M in 2007.

CIP’s indirect cost ratio, asdefined by the FG 5, CGIAR IndirectCost Allocation Guidelines,remained at 13%. Growingprogram expenditures and austeremanagement policies, keptconstant the share of indirectexpenses.

The liquidity indicator,measured as net working capitalplus investments divided by thedaily average expenditures minusdepreciation, improved from 96days in 2006 to 104 days in 2007.The financial stability indicator,measured as the unrestricted netassets minus net fixed assetsdivided by the average dailyexpenditures minus depreciation,also improved from 89 days to 92days. The Center will continueexercising prudent policies tostrengthen even further CIP’sfinancial position.

The table on page 78summarizes CIP’s financial positionas of December 2007. A copy of thecomplete audited financialstatements may be requested fromthe office of the Director forFinance and Administration at CIPheadquarters in Lima, Peru.

20,000

16,000

12,000

8,000

4,000

-

Unrestricted Restricted

2004 2005 2006 2007

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

120

100

80

60

40

20

02000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

7 0

4 9 5 1

9 7 9 99 3 9 6

DA

YS

104

120

100

80

60

40

20

02000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

7 0

4 9 5 1

9 7 9 5 9 1 8 9

DA

YS

9 2


Donor

STATEMENT OF GRANT REVENUE Donors (For the Year Ending 31 December 2007) (US$000) Unrestricted Restricted Total

contributions2007

Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) 748 2,111 2,859European Commission 2,486 2,486Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) 887 1,238 2,125Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) 1,740 1,740United States Agency for International Development 50 1,601 1,651Department for International Development (DFID) 1,371 76 1,447Global Enviroment Facility (GEF) 1,276 1,276International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank Group) 1,150 98 1,248Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) 990 990Government of Belgium 443 512 955Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo - Generation Challenge Program 684 684International Development Research Centre 617 617Government of Germany (BMZ/GTZ) 313 231 544Government of Spain 494 494Irish Aid 269 174 443Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research (ACIAR) 189 246 435Common Fund for Commodities (CFC) 412 412Government of Luxembourg 404 404Government of Norway 404 404New Zealand Agency for International Development 364 364Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation 252 252Government of India 37 200 237Bioversity International 229 229Government of Peru 219 219The Kilimo Trust 215 215Government of Italy 202 202International Institute of Tropical Agriculture 199 199Rockefeller Foundation 190 190Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Africa - ASARECA 187 187Universidad Politecnica de Madrid 131 131Government of China 130 130International Water Management Institute - Water and Food 130 130Government of The Republic of Korea 50 74 124Fondo Regional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria 110 110The International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology 98 98The Lemelson Foundation 88 88Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations 83 83Swiss Centre for International Agriculture 66 66International Livestock Research Institute - ILRI 60 60Organizacion Española de Cooperación Internacional 54 54International Fund for Agricultural Development 51 51Donald Danforth Plant Science Center 50 50Global Crop Diversity Trust 50 50Fundacao para o desenvolvimento cientifico e tecnologico em saude 36 36Government of Netherlands 33 33International Food Policy Research Institute 32 32Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) 24 24CGIAR - IFAR 23 23University of the Philippines Los Baños Foundation, Inc. 20 20Fundacion para la Ciencia y Tecnologia 17 17Government of Philippines 17 17Ayuda - Help for Latin America 12 12Farm Concern International (FCI) 12 12The OPEC Fund for International Development 12 12Intermediate Technology Development Group 11 11Natural Resources Institute 10 10ONG Grupo Yanapai 6 6Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) 5 5Kansas State University 4 4The Field Museum of Natural History 4 4Government of Brazil 3 3Michigan State University 3 3United States Department of Agriculture 3 3Aid for Africa 2 2International Rice Research Institute 2 2

TOTAL 7,048 17,976 25,024


EcuadorEcuador

ChinaChinaAfghanistanAfghanistan

UzbekistanUzbekistan

PhilippinesPhilippinesVietnamVietnam

ColombiaColombia

BoliviaBolivia

MadagascarMadagascar

TajikistanTajikistan

BrazilBrazil

BangladeshBangladesh

MyanamarMyanamar

KazakhstanKazakhstan

GeorgiaGeorgia

South AfricaSouth Africa

ZambiaZambiaMozambiqueMozambique

TanzaniaTanzaniaAngolaAngola

MalawiMalawi

RwandaRwanda

EthiopiaEthiopiaUgandaUgandaCameroonCameroon

GhanaGhana

PapuaNew Guinea

PapuaNew Guinea

Countries in whichCIP is working

These are the countries in which CIP is currently working:

Tajikistan

Armenia

Georgia

Uzbekistan

Kazakhstan

Zambia

Burkina Faso

South Africa

Malawi

Ethiopia

Angola

Cameroon

Ghana

Kenya

Mozambique

Uganda

Tanzania

Rwanda

Madgascar

Ecuador

Brazil

Peru

Bolivia

Colombia

Philippines

Indonesia

Papua New Guinea

Vietnam

Myanmar

China

India

Bangladesh

PeruPeruIndonesiaIndonesia

IndiaIndia

KenyaKenya

ArmeniaArmenia

Burkina FasoBurkina Faso


email: [email protected]: www.quito.cipotato.orgContact: Graham Thiele, LiaisonScientist

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

Kenya Regional OfficeInternational Potato CenterP.O. Box 25171Nairobi 00603, KenyaTel: +254 20 4223601Fax: +254 20 4223600/4223001email: [email protected]: Jan Low, SSA RegionalLeader

Malawi Liaison OfficeInternational Potato CenterChitedze Research StationPO Box 30258Lilongwe 3Malawi

Tel: +265 1 707014, Extension 212Fax: +265 1 707026email: [email protected]: Paul Demo, LiaisonScientist

Mozambique Liaison OfficeInternational Potato CenterIIAMAvenida das FPLM 2698Maputo, Mozambique.PO Box 2100 Maputo.Tel/Fax: +258 21 461610email: [email protected]: Maria Andrade, LiaisonScientist

Uganda Liaison OfficeInternational Potato CenterPlot 106, Katalima Road, NaguruHillP.O. Box 22274Kampala, UgandaTel: +256 414 286 209

CIP Headquarters

International Potato Center (CIP)Avenida La Molina 1895, La MolinaP.O. Box 1558 Lima 12, PeruTel: +51 1 349 6017 Fax: +51 1317 5326email: [email protected] Website:www.cipotato.org

Latin America and theCaribbean (LAC)

Ecuador Liaison OfficeInternational Potato CenterSanta Catalina ExperimentalStationKm. 17 Panamericana SurSector Cutuglagua Canton MejíaApartado 17-21-1977Quito, EcuadorTel: +593 2 2690 362/363Fax: +593 2 2692 604

Globalcontactpoints

Latin Americaand the

Caribbean (LAC)

Sub-SaharanAfrica (SSA)

PeruEcuador

Malawi

Mozambique

Malawi

Mozambique

PeruEcuador

South, Westand Central Asia

(SWCA)

Liaison Office Regional OfficeLiaison Office

UgandaUganda

KenyaKenya

IndiaIndia

ChinaChina

BhutanBhutan

OrissaOrissa

AfghanistanAfghanistan

UzbekistanUzbekistan

Northeast IndiaNortheast India

HeilongjiangHeilongjiang

PhilippinesPhilippines

VietnamVietnam

IndonesiaIndonesia

East and SoutheastAsia and the

Pacific (ESEAP)


Fax: +256 414 286 947email: [email protected]: Regina Kapinga, LiaisonScientist

South, West and CentralAsia (SWCA)

India Regional OfficeInternational Potato CenterNASC ComplexDPS Marg, Pusa CampusNew Delhi, 110012, IndiaTel: +91 11 2584 0201/2584 3734Fax: +91 11 2584 7481email: [email protected]: Dindo Campilan, SWCARegional Leader

Orissa Liaison OfficeRegional Center of CTCRIP.O. Dumduma HBCBhubaneswar 751019Orissa, IndiaTel: +91-0674-2472244Fax: +91-0674-2470768Email: [email protected]: Sreekanth Attaluri

Northeast India Liaison OfficeNagaland University-SASRD CampusMedziphemaNagaland 797106IndiaTel: +91-03862-247311Fax: +91-03862-247113Email: [email protected]: N. Thungjamo Lotha

Afghanistan Liaison Officec/o International Center forAgricultural Research in Dry Areas(ICARDA)Central P.O. Box 1355Kabul, AfghanistanTel: +93 7060 1593email: [email protected]: Muhammad Arif

Bhutan Liaison OfficeP.O. Box 670, SemtokaG.P.O. ThimphuBhutanTel: +975 2 351 016 / 351 694 /323 355Fax: +975 2 351 027email: [email protected]: Walter Roder

Uzbekistan Liaison Officec/o ICARDA-CACP.O. Box 4564Tashkent 700000UzbekistanTel: +998 71 137 1782Fax: +998 71 120 7125

email: [email protected]: Carlo Carli, LiaisonScientist

East and Southeast Asiaand the Pacific (ESEAP)

Indonesia Regional Officec/o BALITSAJl. Tangkuban Perahu no. 517P.O. Box 8404 LembangBandung 40391IndonesiaTel: +62 22 2785591 or 2785586Fax: +62 22 2785549email: [email protected]:www.eseap.cipotato.orgContact: Fernando Ezeta, ESEAPRegional Leader

China Liaison OfficeInternational Potato Centerc/o The Chinese Academy ofAgricultural SciencesZhong Guan Cun South Street 12West Suburbs of Beijing,Beijing, People’s Republic of ChinaTel: +86 10 8210 5690Fax: +86 10 8210 5689email: [email protected]: www.eseap.cipotato.org/cip-chinaContact: Yi Wang, Liaison Scientist

Heilongjiang Liaison OfficeTraining Building, Room No. 324Northeast Agricultural University59-Mucai Street, Xiangfang DistrictHarbin, Heilongjiang 150030People’s Republic of ChinaTel: +86 451 5519 0997Fax: +86 451 5519 1717email: [email protected]: Fengyi Wang

Vietnam Liaison OfficeInternational Potato CenterPhong 215, Nha A,Vien Chan nuoiThuy Phuong, ChemTu Liem, HanoiVietnamTel: +84 4 7410-004Fax: +84 4 7410-003email: [email protected]: Thi Tinh Nguyen, LiaisonScientist

Global, Regional andSystemwide Initiatives

Papa Andina Initiativesame address, telephone and fax as

CIP Headquartersemail: [email protected]: www.cipotato.org/papandinaContact: André Devaux, Coordinator

CONDESAN (Consortium for theSustainable Development of theAndean Ecoregion)(same address, telephone and fax asCIP headquarters)email: [email protected]: www.condesan.orgContact: Bert De Bièvre, Coordinator

GMP (Global Mountain Program)(same address, telephone and fax asCIP headquarters)email: [email protected]: Peter Trutmann,Coordinator

PRAPACE (Regional Potato andSweet PotatoImprovement Program for East andCentral Africa)International Potato CenterPlot 106, Katarima Road, Naguru HillP.O. Box 22274Kampala, UgandaTel: +256 414 286 209Fax: +256 414 286 947email: [email protected]: Berga Lemaga, Coordinator

UPWARD (Users’ Perspectiveswith AgriculturalResearch and Development)Physical address:PCARRD ComplexLos Baños, Laguna 4030, PhilippinesPostal address:c/o IRRI DAPO Box 7777Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel: +63 49 536 8185Fax: +63 49 536 1662email: [email protected]: Marietta Nadal,CoordinatorWebsite: www.eseap.cipotato.org/upward

Vitamin A for Africa (VITAA)Liaison Office UgandaInternational Potato Centerc/o PRAPACEPlot 106, Katalima Road, Naguru HillP.O. Box 22274Kampala, UgandaTel: +256 414 287 571Fax: +256 414 286 947email: [email protected]: Regina Kapinga,Coordinator


CIP’s internalstructure*

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

FinanceHead:Amalia Perochena

AdministrationHead: Aldo Tang

HumanResourcesServicesHead:Michael Pigeon

LogisticsAdministrator:Jorge Locatelli

InformationTechnology UnitHead:Anthony Collins

Director GeneralPamela K. Anderson

Office of theDirector General

Director of Financeand AdministrationCarlos Alonso

ResearchDivisions

Division 1: ImpactEnhancementLeader: Graham Thiele

Division 2:Genetic ResourcesConservation andCharacterizationLeader: David Tay

Division 3:GermplasmEnhancement andCrop ImprovementLeader:Merideth Bonierbale

Division 4:Crop ManagementLeader: Oscar Ortiz

Division 5:ProductionSystems and theEnvironmentLeader: Roberto Quiroz

Division 6:Agriculture andHuman HealthLeader: Donald Cole

PartnershipPrograms

VITAACoordinator:Regina Kapinga

Papa AndinaCoordinator:André Devaux

UPWARDCoordinator:Dindo Campilan

CONDESANCoordinator:Miguel Saravia

GlobalMountainProgramCoordinator:Peter Trutmann

Urban HarvestCoordinator:Gordon Prain

PRAPACECoordinator:Berga Lemaga

RegionalOffices

Sub-SaharanAfrica (SSA)Regional Leader:Jan Low

South, Westand CentralAsia (SWCA)Regional Leader:Dindo Campilan

East, andSoutheast Asiaand the Pacific(ESEAP)Regional Leader:Fernando Ezeta

ResearchSupport

GermplasmandDistributionUnitLeader:Enrique Chujoy

AppliedBiotechnologyLaboratoryLeader:Marc Ghislain

ResearchInformaticsUnitLeader:Reinhard Simon

CapacityStrengtheningDeptLeader:Wayne Nelles

LibraryHead:Cecilia Ferreyra

External RelationsMariella Altet

Grants andContracts UnitHead:JacquelineSawyer

Deputy DirectorGeneral for ResearchCharles Crissman

*As of 1 September 2008

Communicationsand PublicAwareness DeptHead:Paul Stapleton


CIP listlist

staff

1. Director General’sOffice

Director General, Anderson,Pamela K.Alberco, Roque, Audiovisual

Technician, (since May)Altet, Mariella, Manager for

External Relations andInternational Personnel

Cortbaoui, Roger, ExecutiveAssistant to the DirectorGeneral

García, Erika, Office AuxiliaryHuanes, Martha, Events and

Conferences Administrator(since May)

Infantas, Viviana, Visitors OfficerMarcovich, Rosario, Administrative

AssistantNeyra, Gladys, Administrative

Assistant (until October 2007)Ortiz, Caroll, Administrative

Assistant1

Deputy Director General forResearch, Crissman CharlesParker, Charlotte, Administrative

Assistant2

Salinas, Lilia, AdministrativeAssistant

Director of Finance andAdministration, Alonso, CarlosGallardo, Ana, Administrative

Assistant1

Paliza, Ñantika, Bilingual Secretary2

Resource Mobilization UnitJohnson, Kirsten, Head2

Solis-Rosas, Martina, BilingualSecretary2

Communications andPublic AwarenessDepartmentStapleton, Paul, HeadAvendaño, Juan Carlos, Exhibits/

Display AuxiliaryCarre, Jean Pierre, Systems

Development SupportChampi, Blanca, HandicraftDelgado, Ruth, Exhibits/Display

AssistantFernández-Concha, Nini, Graphic

DesignerLafosse, Cecilia, Chief DesignerLanatta, María Elena,

Administrative AssistantMoncada, Paul, Webmaster

Morales, Anselmo, GraphicDesigner

Portillo, Zoraida, Spanish Writer-Editor/Media

Ramírez, Mirian, HandicraftTaipe, Elena, Graphic DesignerTorres, José, Graphic Designer

Finance and AdministrationDepartment

AdministrationTang, Aldo, Head ofAdministrationCórdova, Silvia, Bilingual SecretarySecada, Ana María, Head, Travel

OfficeSolís, Gloria, Administrative

Assistant2

Human ResourcesDelgado, Gustavo, HumanResources ManagerAlfaro, Jorge, Cooking AttendantBarrios, Teófilo, Cooking AttendantCarpio, Giovanna, Bilingual

Secretary1

Cerna, Wilber, Cooking AttendantChávez, Raúl, CookChávez, Salvador,2 Cooking

attendantFerreyros, Mónica, Auxiliary

Services SupervisorIsla, Rocío, Social Worker, Social

Welfare and Health Supervisor1

Jiménez, Miguel, CookingAttendant

Lapouble, Sor, Auxiliary ServicesAssistant

Lei, Adriana, Human ResourcesAnalist1,2

León, Roxana, Social Worker, SocialWelfare and Health Supervisor2

Llallico, Joel, Cooking AttendantNavarro, Teófila, Room & Linen

attendantOlivera, Gicela, Human Resources

Assistant2

Paraguay, Eugenio, CookingAttendant,2

Polo, William, Human ResourcesAssistant

Quico Venturo, CookSchmidt, Lucero, NurseVaras, Yoner, Salary AdministratorVargas, Gerardo, Cooking

AttendantVentura, Jerónimo, Cooking

AttendantZamudio, Juana, Auxiliary Services

Assistant2

LogisticsLocatelli, Jorge, LogisticsAdministratorAlarcón, Willy, Maintenance

ThecnicianAlminagorta, Luis, DriverAnaya, Alfonso, JanitorAnglas, Ignacio, Maintenance

TechnicianArellano, Tito, Warehouse

SupervisorAuqui, Carlos, JanitorAuqui, Filomeno, Purchasing

AssistantBernui, Pilar, Bilingual Secretary2

Blanco, Dalmecio, MechanicBriceño, Antolín, Security OfficerBruno, Genaro, ReceptionistCánepa, Héctor, DriverCastillo, Wilfredo, JanitorCcenta, Alberto, JanitorCcenta, Leoncio, Warehouse

AssistantCorzo, Guillermo, Purchasing

Assistant2

Curasi, Mario, DriverDel Carpio, María Fernanda,

Recepcionist2

Dueñas, Javier, General ServicesAssistant

Enciso, Cirilo, DriverEnciso, Facundo, JanitorEnciso, Wilmer, MechanicGanoza, Ximena, Purchasing

SupervisorGaray, Marino, DriverGaray, Rogger, JanitorGarcía, Raúl, Purchasing AssistantGorvenia, José, Security DriverGuerrero, Atilio, Vehicle

ProgrammerHuamán, Saúl, Maintenance,

Technician2

Huambachano, Víctor, SecurityOfficer

Lara, Eduardo, JanitorLópez, Luis, Warehouse Assistant2

Marquina, Juan, DriverMartínez, Julio, JanitorMena, Víctor, JanitorMendoza, Julio, Security DriverMontalvo, Hugo, Security OfficerMorillo, Antonio, Maintenance

ChiefMurrieta, Raquel, Receptionist1

Noa, Martín, General ServicesAuxiliary

Orellana, Richard, JanitorPalomino, Juan, Maintenance

TechnicianPeláez, Pedro, Maintenance

Technician


Pozada, Angel, Logistics AssistantQuispe, Edgar, JanitorQuispe, Francisco, CarpenterQuispe, Kini, Maintenance

TechnicianRiveros, Richard, JanitorTintaya, Teófilo, Security OfficerUribe, Carlos, Maintenance

TechnicianVásquez, Lisardo, Safety OfficerVilca, Luis, JanitorYancce, José, Maintenance

TechnicianZapata, Saturnino, Maintenance

Technician

FinancesBardalez, Eliana, Accountant1

Chirinos, Raúl, Special ProjectsSupervisor1

García, Andrés, AssistantAccountant

Giacoma, Denise, BudgetSupervisor

Maza, Christian, AssistantAccountant1

Neyra, Gladys, AdministrativeAssistant (since November 2007)

Orellana, Sonnia, CashierParedes, Ruth, Assistant

Accountant2

Patiño, Milagros, TreasurerPeralta, Eduardo, AccountantSaavedra, Miguel, General

AccountantTapia, César, Assistant AccountantZambrano, Mamerto, Office

AuxiliaryZapata, Susana, AccountantZuñiga, Tania, Finances Analist1

Information TechnologyUnitCollins, Anthony, HeadCastro, Samuel, Helpdesk AssistantChang, Candie, Helpdesk AssistantDel Villar, Roberto, Server

AdministratoDíaz, Denis, Linux AdministratorNavarro, Rolando, Network

AdministratorPalacios, Dante, Helpdesk

AdministratorPuchuri, Jacqueline,

Administrative Systems Analyst1

Rodríguez, Saúl, Web SystemsAnalyst

Torres, Edgardo, SystemsDevelopment Administrator

Valdivieso, Peter, HelpdeskAssistant

Zevallos, Diana, AdministrativeSystems Analyst2

2. Divisions

Impact EnhancementDivisionGraham, Thiele, Anthropologist,Division LeaderAshby, Jacqueline, Research

Coordinator, ColombiaCampilan, Dindo, Sociologist,

UPWARD Program CoordinatorEspinosa, Patricio, Agricultural

Economist, Liaison Scientist2

Fonseca, Cristina, Agronomist,Research Assistant

Labarta, Ricardo, Post DoctoralAgricultura Economist3

(Mozambique)Lozano, María, Database Auxiliary2

Maldonado, Luis, Economist,Research Assistant3

Suárez, Víctor, Statistics AssistantVásquez, Zandra, Bilingual

Secretary

Genetic ResourcesConservation andCharacterization DivisionTay, David, Plant Biologist,Division Leader1

Arbizu, Carlos, Andean CropsSpecialist

Barrientos, Marleni, LaboratoryTechnician3

Bendezú, Néstor, Field/Greenhouse Auxiliary

Callañaupa, Julio, GreenhouseAuxiliary3

Campilan, Dindo, Sociologist,UPWARD Program Coordinator

Cárdenas, José, LaboratoryTechnician3

Carrillo, Oscar, LaboratoryTechnician

Chujoy, Enrique, Geneticist, Headof Acquisitions and DistributionUnit

Cruzado, Juan, Laboratory/Greenhouse Auxiliary

Curasi, Erick, Greenhouse Auxiliary2

Espinoza, Catherine, Biologist,Research Assistant3

Fernández, Juan, LaboratoryTechnician3

Fuentes, Segundo, PlantPathologist, Research Assistant

García, Luis, Greenhouse AuxiliaryGarcía, Wendy, Laboratory

Technician3

Gaspar, Oswaldo, Field/Greenhouse Auxiliary

Ghislain, Marc, Head AppliedBiotechnology Laboratory

Gómez, Rene, Agronomist,Research Assistant

Gonzales, Roberto, LaboratoryTechnician

Gonzalez, Eugenio, ResearchTechnician2

Javier, Miguel, LaboratoryTechnician3

Manrique, Iván, Biologist, ResearchAssistant

Martín, Mariana, BilingualSecretary

Nuñez, Jorge, Biologist, ResearchAssistant

Panta, Ana, Biologist, ResearchAssistant

Ramírez, Carlos, LaboratoryTechnician

Ramos, Martín, LaboratoryTechnician3

Robles, Olegario, LaboratoryTechnician3

Rodríguez, Wilder, Laboratory/Greenhouse Auxiliary

Rojas, Edwin, System EngineerRomero, Sandra, Laboratory

TecnicianRossel, Genoveva, Research

Assistant1

Ruíz, Mario, Laboratory TechnicianSalas, Alberto, Agronomist,

Research AssociateSánchez, Juan, Research

Technician3

Torres, Pilar, LaboratoryTechnician3

Vargas, Fanny, Agronomist,Research Assistant

Villagaray, Rosalva, LaboratoryTechnician3

Vivanco, Francisco, Agronomist,Research Assistant

Ynga, Alberto, Laboratory/Greenhouse Auxiliary3

Ynouye, Cecilia, Biologist, ResearchAssistant3

Zorrilla, Cinthya, Biologist,Research Assistant3

Germplasm Enhancementand Crop ImprovementDivisionBonierbale, Merideth, SeniorPotato Breeder, Division LeaderAgili, Sammy, Breeder, Research

AssistantAmorós, Walter, Agronomist,

Research AssociateAndrade, Maria, Sweetpotato

Breeder and Seed SystemsSpecialist3

Attaluri, Sreekanth, SweetpotatoScientist, Liaison Scientist(Bubaneshwar, India)

Alfaro, Delio, Greenhouse AuxiliaryAliaga, Vilma, Greenhouse

Auxiliary3


Alva, Eduar, Greenhouse AuxiliaryAponte, Maruja, Research

Technician1,3

Auqui, Mariella, ResearhTechnician2,3

Baca, Helga, Greenhouse Auxiliary3

Blanco, Mónica, Bilingual Secretary(since February 2007)

Bastos, Carolina, ResearchAssistant,1

Barzola, Alexander, LaboratoryTechnician

Beltrán, Arnaldo, ResearchTechnician

Benavides, Jorge, Biologist,Research Assistant2

Blasco, Cristina, ResearchAssistant2,3

Burgos, Gabriela, Biologist,Research Assistant3

Cabello, Rolando, Agronomist,Research Assistant

Carbajulca, Doris, Biologist,Research Assistant3

Carli, Carlo, Regional SeedProduction Specialist, LiaisonScientist (Uzbekistan)

Chujoy, Enrique, Geneticist, Headof Acquisitions and DistributionUnit

Da Ponte, Lorena, Biologist,Research Assistant2,3

De la Torre, Idelfonso, Field/Greenhouse Auxiliary

Del Villar, Faviola, LaboratoryTechnician

De Haan, Stefan, Potato Breeder3

Diaz, Luis, Agronomist, ResearchAssistant

Erquinio, Efraín, Field/GreenhouseAuxiliary

Espinoza, Jorge, Agronomist,Research Assistant

Eusebio, Domingo, LaboratoryTechnician

Falcón, Rosario, Biologist, ResearchAssistant

Fernández, Máximo, LaboratoryTechnician

Fernández, Luciano, LaboratoryTechnician

Forbes, Anne, Plant Breeder,Fellow3

Gamarra, Freddy, Agronomist,Research Assistant

García, Paulo, Research TechnicianGastelo, Manuel, Agronomist,

Research AssistantGaudin, Amelie, Biologist, Research

Assistant2

Ghislain, Marc, Head AppliedBiotechnology Laboratory

Gildemacher, Peter, PotatoBreeder/Agronomist, JPO2,3

Gómez, Félix, Research TechnicianGómez, Walter, Research

Technician

Gonzalez, Geoffrey, Biologist,Research Assistant2

Grande, Enrique, ResearchTechnician

Gruneberg, WolfgangJ.,Sweetpotato BreederGeneticist

Gutiérrez, Luis, Laboratory/Greenhouse Auxiliary

Gutiérrez, Claudia, ResearchAssistant1,3

Herrera, Rosario, Biologist,Research Assistant

Huaccachi, Juan, LaboratoryTechnician

Kadian, Mohinder, Senior RegionalPotato Agronomist (CIPSWCA)

Kapinga, Regina, SweetpotatoBreeder (CIP-Kampala),ProgramCoordinator

Kim, Hyun-Jun, Potato Breeder,Visiting Scientist2,3

Kreuze, Jan, Molecular Virologist3

Landeo, Juan, Potato BreederLara, Raúl, Greenhouse AuxiliaryLoayza, Wilder, Greenhouse

AuxiliaryManrique, Sandra, Ph.D. Biologist,

Research AssistantMartínez, Roberto, Greenhouse

AuxiliaryMel, Isabel, Bilingual SecretaryMihovilovich, Elisa, Biologist,

Research AssistantMunive, Susan, Research

Technician3

Nuñez, Jorge, Biologist, ResearchAssistant

Ochoa, Carlos, Taxonomist,Scientist Emeritus

Orrillo, Matilde, Biologist, ResearchAssistant

Patilla, Julio, Greenhouse AuxiliaryParedes, Joel, Laboratory/

Greenhouse Auxiliary3

Perinango, Carla, Biologist,Research Assistant3

Ponce, Miguel, GreenhouseAuxiliary3

Portal, Leticia, Biologist, ResearchAssistant

Porras, Eduardo, LaboratoryTechnician3

Pozo, Víctor, Research TechnicianRamos, Shamir, Laboratory

Technician3

Rivera, Cristina, Biologist, ResearchAssistant3

Rivera, Luis, Research Assistant1,3

Roder, Walter, Regional SeedPotato Specialist3 (Bhutan)

Rodríguez, Daniel, GreenhouseAuxiliary3

Rodríguez, José, LaboratoryTechnician

Rojas, Percy, Biologist, ResearchAssistant3

Romero, Elisa, Agronomist,Research Assistant3

Salas, Elisa, Agronomist, ResearchAssistant3

Salazar, Rosa, Bilingual SecretarySalcedo, Carlos, Greenhouse

Auxiliary3

Schafleitner, Roland,Biotechnology ResearchScientist3

Setiawan, Asep, SweetpotatoBreeder(CIP-ESEAP)

Solís, Julio, Biologist, ResearchAssistant3

Sierra, Yaquili, Agronomist,Research Assistant3

Tincopa, Rosalina, ResearchAssistant1,3

Tovar, José, Biologist, ResearchAssistant3

Tumwegamire, Silver, Breeder,Research Assistant, LiaisonOffice Uganda

Untiveros, Milton, Biologist,Research Assistant3

Vega, Jorge, Greenhouse AuxiliaryVélez, José, Field/Greenhouse

AuxiliaryWang, Fengyi, Potato Production

Specialist, DPRK ProjectCoordinator3

Integrated CropManagement DivisionOrtiz, Oscar, AgriculturalExtension and RuralDevelopment Specialist, DivisionLeaderAguilar, César, Research Assistant2,3

Alcazar, Jesús, Agronomist,Research Assistant

Aley, Pedro, Plant Pathologist,Research Assistant

Alvarado, Javier, ResearchAssistant1,3

Arellano, Jaime, ResearchTechnician

Barker, Ian, Senior VirologistBlanco, Mónica, Bilingual Secretary

(until january 2007)Campoverde, Vanessa, Research

Assistant,1,2,3

Cañedo, Verónica, Biologist,Research Assistant

Carli, Carlo, Regional SeedProduction Specialist, LiaisonScientist (Uzbekistan)

Caycho, Jorge, Research AssistantChuquillanqui, Carlos, Agronomist,

Research AssistantDe la Calle, Fernando, Laboratory

Technician2

De la Torre, Elvin, Laboratory/Greenhouse Auxiliary

De la Torre, Carola, ResearchAssistant2


Demo, Paul, Regional PotatoExpert3

Erquinio, Jhojan, GreenhouseAuxiliary3

Espinoza, Hugo, ResearchTechnician

Ezeta, Fernando, AgronomistFlores, Betty, Research Technician3

Forbes, Gregory, PathologistFrench, Edward, Scientist EmeritusFuentes, Segundo, Plant

Pathologist, Research AssistantGamarra, Heidy, Research

Technician1-3

Gamboa, Soledad, Biologist,Research Assistant

Gildemacher, Peter, PotatoBreeder/Agronomist JPO2,3

Girish, Basavapatna Halappa, PotatoScientist

Gonzales, Manuel, Field/Greenhouse Auxiliary

Gutarra, Liliam, Agronomist,Research Assistant

Huamán, Eva, Research TechnicianIlangantileke, Sarath, Postharvest

SpecialistJarrín, Francisco, Research

Technician2

Kadian, Mohinder Singh,Agronomist

Kapinga, Regina, SweetpotatoBreeder (CIP-Kampala), ProgramCoordinator

Kroschel, Jurgen, EntomologistLow, Jan, EconomistMalpartida, Carlos, Agronomist,

Research Assistant2,3

Mendoza, Carlos, ResearchTechnician

Meza, Marco, Research TechnicianMujica, Norma, Agronomist,

Research AssistantMuller, Giovanna, Biologist,

Research AssistantOliva, Ricardo, PhD StudentOchoa, Francisco, Research

TechnicianOrrego, Ricardo, Agronomist,

Research AssistantOswald, Andreas, Integrated Crop

Management Expert3

Pradel, Willy, Zoologist, ResearchAssistant3

Paredes, Catalina, ResearchTechnician

Pérez, Wilmer, Plant Pathologist,Research Assistant

Picho, Claudia, Research Assitant1,3

Ponce, Luciano, Field,GreenhouseAuxiliary

Potts, Michael, SweetpotatoProduction Specialist2,3 (CIPUganda)

Priou, Sylvie, Bacteriologist2

Ramirez, Guillermo, Consultant

Raymundo, Ruby, ConsultantRoder, Walter, Regional Seed

Potato Specialist3 (Bhutan)Sánchez, Juan, Research

Technician3

Santivañez, Sonia, BilingualSecretary1

Sierralta, Alexander, LaboratoryTechnician

Sporleder, Marc, Entomologist,Post Doctoral3 (until April 2007)

Sporleder, Marc, Entomologist, ICMSpecialist4 (since June 2007)

Taipe, Jaime, Research AssistantTenorio, Jorge, Biologist, Research

AssistantTrebejo, Marcelo, Research

TechnicianTrillo, Antonio, Research

TechnicianUribe, Richard, Greenhouse

Auxiliary3

Vega, Adan, Research TechnicianVentura, Fredy, Laboratory

TechnicianVinueza, Marcelo, Research

TechnicianZamudio, Julia, Bilingual SecretaryZegarra, Octavio, Biologist,

Research Assistant

Natural ResourcesManagement DivisionQuiroz, Roberto, Land UseSystems Specialist DivisionLeaderAlarcón, Nikolai, Greenhouse

Technician3

Barreda, Carolina, Agronomist,Research Assistant

Bazoalto, Jimena, ResearchAssistant

Claessens, Lieven, Soil Scientist3

Cruz, Mariana, Research Assistant1,3

De la Cruz, Jorge, AssistantProgrammer2,3

García, Alex, AssistantProgrammer2,3

García, Alberto, PhotographicDesign Technician3

Guerrero, José, Systems Assistant3

Heidinger, Haline, ResearchAssistant1,3

Ilangantileke, Sarath, PostharvestSpecialist

León-Velarde, Carlos, AgriculturalSystems Analysis Specialist3

Loayza, Hildo, Research Assistant3

Posadas, Adolfo, Physicist, ResearchAssociate3

Rosales, Luis, Research Assistant3

Sietz, Diana, Associate Expert,Environmental VulnerabilityEvaluation1,4

Silva, Luis, Database Technician3

Torres, Diana, Research Assistant2,3

Valdizán, Ivonne, BilingualSecretary

Vela, Ana María, Bilingual Secretary(until July 2007)

Yactayo, Guido, ResearchAssistant2,3

Yarlequé, Christian, ResearchAssistant3

Zorogastúa, Percy, Agronomist,Research Assistant

ALTAGRO ProjectLi Pun, Héctor Hugo, SeniorAdvisor to the Director General2

Lanatta, Amalia, AdministrativeAssistant3

Mares, Victor, ConsultantValdivia, Roberto, Coordinator

Altagro-Puno3

Agriculture and HumanHealth DivisionCole, Donald, Epidemiologist,Division Leader1

Loechl, Cornelia, Nutritionist3

Capacity StrengtheningZschocke, Thomas, Head2

Alberco, Roque, AudiovisualTechnician, (until April)

Echeandía, Edda, MultimediaDeveloper

Huanes, Martha, TrainingCoordinator (until April)

Puccini, Alfredo, MultimediaDesigner

Suito, Mercedes, BilingualSecretary

LibraryFerreyra, Cecilia, Head LibrarianGarcía, Daniel, Library Auxiliary1

Ghilardi, Rosa, Bilingual Secretary2

Hoyos, Alexis, Library Auxiliary1

Lay, Griselda, Library AssistantValencia, Luis, Library Auxiliary2

Field Research SupportOtazú, Victor, ExperimentalStations SuperintendentAlburqueque, Juan, Field LaborerAyquipa, Agustin, DriverBarrientos, Herminio, GardenerBlas, Walter, MechanicCallañupa, Francisco, Field LaborerCancho, José, Field LaborerCardozo, Reymundo, Field LaborerCarhuamaca, Mario, Administrative

AuxiliaryCastillón, Maromeo, Field LaborerCipriano, Jorge, Field LaborerColachagua, Eloy, Field Laborer


Cosme, Anastacio, Driver (Tractor)Coz, Armando, DriverCristobal, Juan, Field LaborerCumpa, Jhony, Field LaborerDominguez, Augusto, Field LaborerDuarte, Roberto, Agronomist,

Field/Greenhouse SupervisorEspinoza, Angel, Field LaborerFalcón, José, Cooking AttendantFlores, Julián, Office AuxiliaryFrisancho, Rebeca, Agronomist,

Field/Greenhouse SupervisorGaspar, Demetrio, Field LaborerGaspar, Henry, Cooking AttendantHuachache, Elías, GardenerHuarcaya, Alberto, Field LaborerLara, Carmen, SecretaryLimaylla, Jenny, Administrative

AssistantLlacta, Eusebio, Field LaborerLópez, Serapio, Field LaborerMaguiña, Sergio, Field LaborerMarín, Fernando, Maintenance

TechnicianMena, Víctor, Greenhouse/Field

LaborerMerma, Luis, Greenhouse/Field

LaborerMontes, Marco, Field LaborerNoa, Fernando, Field LaborerOlmedo, José, Driver (Tractor)Piana, Vanna, Administrative

AssistantPorras, Jorge, Warehouse AssistantQuino, Miguel, Research

TechnicianQuispe, Héctor, Field AsistantQuispe, Julio, Field LaborerReyes, Eddy, GardenerRomero, Emeterio, Field/

Greenhouse AuxiliarySilva, Fredy, Security ChiefSuárez, Julio, Field LaborerVega, Ricardo, Field/Greenhouse

AuxiliaryVelasco, Diogardo, Field/

Greenhouse AuxiliaryVicencio, Domingo, Field LaborerZamora, Marco, Field Laborer

Research Informatics UnitSimon, Reinhard, HeadAvila, Luis, Systems Assistant2,3

De Mendiburu, Felipe, Statistician,Research Assistant

Gonzales, Juan Carlos, SystemsAssistant1,3

Hualla, Vilma, Research Assistant1,3

Juárez, Henry, Agronomist,Research Assistant

Rojas, Edwin, Systems AnalystSchmitt, Magna, Systems Assistant3

Vargas, María Elena, ResearchAssistant1,3

Villanueva, Sara, Systems Assistant2,3

3. Partnership Programs

VITAAKapinga, Regina, SweetpotatoBreeder (CIP-Kampala),ProgramCoordinatorTumwegamire, Silver, Breeder,

Research Assistant

Papa AndinaDevaux, André, Agronomist,Program Coordinator3

Andrade, Jorge, Coordinator,InnovAndes Project3

Antezana, Ivonne, Economist,Regional Scientist1,3

Cruz, Saco Rocío, BilingualSecretary2,3

Egúsquiza, Rolando, ConsultantJulca, Pamela, Consultant3

López, Gastón, Consultant1-3

Manrique, Kurt, Agronomist,Research Assistant

Ordinola, Miguel, Consultant1-3

Thomann, Alice, Associate Expert3

Valcarcel, Verónica, InformationAssistant1,3

Vela, Ana María, Bilingual Secretary(since August 2007)3

Velasco, Claudio, Coordinator ofPapa Andina in Bolivia1

PRAPACELemaga, Berga, Agronomist,Program Coordinator(CIPKampala)3

Ameru, Martha, Secretary3

Nsumba, James, Agronomist, GProgram Assistant3

Wakulla, N. Rachel, Accountant3

Migisa, Isaac, Driver3

UPWARDCampilan, Dindo,Sociologist(CIP-Los Baños),Program CoordinatorAquino, Mylene, Administrative

OfficerDe los Reyes, Mario, Office

Messenger2

Gallentes, Jaime, Research FellowLuis, Judith, Project Specialist2

Nadal, Marietta, Office ManagerSister, Lorna, Project Specialist

CONDESANSaravia , Miguel, ProgramCoordinator3 (since May 2007)Saravia, Miguel, InfoAndina Leader3

(until April 2007)

de Bièvre, Bert, Paramo AndinoProject Coordinator3

Briceño, Musuq, ResearchAssistant3

Calle, Tania, Research Assistant3

Castro, Augusto, ResearchAssistant1,3

Guerrero, Mauricio,ResearchAssistant3

Hernández, Connie, BilingualSecretary3

Hidalgo, Ruth, Junior WebAssistant3

Ramirez, María Catalina, ResearchAssistant (based at CIAT)1,3,4

Ramirez, Amparo, ProjectAdministrator1,3

Sánchez, Adam, Programmer1,3

Yáñez, Natalia, Research Assistant1,3

Global Mountain ProgramTrutman, Peter, ProgramCoordinator3

Urban HarvestPrain, Gordon, SocialAnthropologist, ProgramCoordinatorAlegre, Jessica, Research Assistant3

Alfaro, Tomás, Research Assistant2,3

Gonzales, Nieves, ResearchAssistant3

Karanja, Nancy, RegionalCoordinator,SSA

Njenga, Mary, Research OfficerPacheco, Rossana, Research

Assistant,1,3

Salvo, Miguel, Post DoctoralScientist3

Shuaib Lwasa, Regional Scientist3

Muñoz, Ana Luisa, BilingualSecretary3

4. Regional Offices

Liaison Office, Quito, EcuadorEspinosa, Patricio, AgriculturalEconomist, Liaison Scientist2

Alcócer, Julio, Field LaborerAyala, Sofia, Administrative

AssistantBurbano, Rosa, AccountantBrusil, Ramiro, Guard1

Centeno, María del Carmen, FieldLaborer2

Cuesta, Francisco, ResearchAssistant1

Delgado, Juan, VehicleMaintenance and Messenger

Guerrero Mauricio, ProjectCoordinator

Inaquiza, Rosa María, Field Laborer2


Jarrín, Francisco, ResearchTechnician2

Jiménez, José, NetworkManagement and SystemsMaintenance

Oliva, Ricardo, PhD StudentOrozco, Fadya, Project CoordinatorPomboza, Pedro, Research

AssistantReinoso, Lidia, Field and

Greenhouse LaborerTaipe, Jaime, Research AssistanceVinuesa, Marcelo, Research

TechnicianYanza, Pablo, Field Laborer1

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA),Nairobi, KenyaLow, Jan, Economist, RegionalLeaderAgili, Sammy, Breeder, Research

AssistantIgunza, Elijah, Purchasing Officer2

Kaguongo, Wachira, AgriculturalEconomist, Research associate3

Maina, George, DriverNdoho, Emily, AccountantReuben, Anangwe, CleanerZani, Naomi, Administrative

Assistant

Liaison Office, Kampala, UgandaKapinga, Regina, SweetpotatoBreeder, VITTA ProgramCoordinator3

Alimbangira, James, Security Guard2

Atong, Moses, Office MessengerLoechl, Cornelia, Nutritionist3

Lubowa, Abdelrahman, ResearchAssistant, Urban Harvest2

Lwamata, James, Security Guard1

Namanda, Sam, Agronomist,Research Assistant3

Nyamutale Placid, ResearchAssistant1,3

Osaga, Denis, Night Watchman2

Potts, Michael, SweetpotatoProduction Specialist2,3

Shuaib, Lwassa, Project Leader,Focus Cities3

Tumwegamire, Silver, Breeder,Research Assistant

Tumwesige, Annet, Accountant,Administrator2

Tumwirize, Ronald, Driver,Purchasing Assistant

Office, Lukibgwe, MalawiDemo, Paul, Regional PotatoExpert3

Liaison Office, Maputo,MozambiqueAndrade, Maria, SweetpotatoBreeder and Seed SystemsSpecialist3

Alvaro, Abilio dos Santos,Agronomist, Research Assistant1,3

Armando, Lourenco, Driver1

Banze, Franciso A., TechnicianChokwe (Gaza Province)2

Chibebe, Arlindo, TechnicianChiconela, Luisa, Greenhouse

workerDa Costa, Virgílio, Driver, AngoniaDias, Francisco, Greenhouse

worker2

Faria, Maria de Lourdes, AssistantNutritionist

Felimão, Diogo, Driver, Maputo2

Ferreira, Faruque, AgronomistAngonia (Tete Province)2

Jorge, Fernandes J., TechnicianMartins, Nydia, Agronomist South

Zone2

Mauariha, José Albino, Driver, GazaMunguambe, Chelza, Greenhouse

workerNaico, Abdul T.A., Agro-processing

specialist2

Rabeca, Cesar A., Technician Beira(Sofala Province)

Rafael, Dinoclaudio Z., TechnicianNampula Province2

Ruco, Amelia Ozias, Accountantand Administrator

Venancio, Felismino, Agronomist,Research Assistant1 (Based inAngonia)

Vura, Alberto, TechnicianGuambe, Abrahamo Alberto

(gardener)

Reaching End Users ProjectOffice, Quelimane, MozambiqueLabarta, Ricardo, Post DoctoralAgricultura Economist3

Devunane, Jose, Driver3

Godinho, Nelson, Field Enumeratorand Data Entry3

Manteiga, Iranett Almeida, FieldEnumerator and Data Entry3

Munhaua, Bernardinho Azevedo,Data Entry Manager andAdministrator3

Murina, Bernardo, Cleaner &Messenger3

Mussuale, Momade Cesar, FieldSupervisor3

Mutalibo, Mussa Raimundo, FieldEnumerator and Data Entry2,3

Pedro, Gomes Federico, FieldEnumerator and Data Entry3

Serra, Victor Luis, Field Enumeratorand Data Entry3

South, West and CentralAsia(SWCA),New Delhi,IndiaIlangantileke, Sarath,Postharvest Specialist, RegionalLeaderAnjan, Barik, Office DriverArya, Sushma, Accountant/Program

CoordinatorDasappan Jayakumar, Computer

AssistantGirish, Basavapatna Halappa, Potato

ScientistJagram, Office AssistantKadian, Mohinder Singh, Senior

Regional Potato AgronomistKumar, Vinod, Driver1

Mony, Lalitha, AdministrativeSecretary

Verma, Romi, Program AssociateViwheto, Thorie, Research

Assistant1

Liaison Office, Bhubaneswar,IndiaAttaluri, Sreekanth, SweetpotatoScientist, Liaison Scientist-BBSR,India

Liaison Office, Nagaland,Northeast IndiaLotha, Nsemo Thungjamo,Agronomist and Liaison Scientist2

Office, Kathmandu, NepalSporleder, Marc, Entomologist,ICM Specialist4 (since June 2007)

Liaison Office, Tashkent,UzbekistanCarli, Carlo, Regional SeedProduction Specialist, LiaisonScientistKhalikov, Durbek, Assistant

AgronomistKhegay, Eduard, Office DriverKim, Alexey, Administrative

Assistant1

Makhmudor Murod, AdministrativeAssistant1

Tashpulatova, Dildora, Interpreter/Translator1

Vasilievna, Li Irina, Interpreter/Translator2

Afghanistan Special Project,Kabul, Afghanistan-LiaisonOfficeBhutan Special Project-LiaisonOffice-BhutanRoder, Walter, Project Coordinator

CIP/CFC3

Norbu, Kencho, Driver


1 Joined CIP in 20062 Left CIP in 20063 Funded by special project4 Joint appointment

East and Southeast Asiaand the Pacific (ESEAP)Bogor, IndonesiaEzeta, Fernando, Agronomist,Regional LeaderAgus, Irwansyah, Office Driver2

Asmunati, Rini, Research Assistant2

Atu,Lawrence, Country CoordinatorSpecilal Project Solomon Islands1

Cargill, Colin, Animal Scientist3

(Australia)Djumiyo, W., Security Guard2

Eti, Nurhayati, Janitor2

Hidayat, Toteng, Facilities Manager2

Kosay, Luther, Research Assistant3

Kusbandi, Dessy, Secretary2

Ma’mun, Asep, Technician2

Mahalaya, Sukendra, ResearcherMulyadi, Yaya, Office Driver2

Nawawi, Kusye, AccountantSatiman, Partono, Office DriverSetiawan, Asep, Sweetpotato

Breeder2

Sofiari, Eri, Plant Breeder, RegionalScientist1

Suherman, Security Guard2

Syahputra, Aris, Research AssistantSyamsudin, Imam, Security Guard2

Tjintokohadi, Koko, ResearchAssistant

Turi McFarlane, Technical Assistant& Trainer, Solomon IslandProject3

Yuniarti, Fihartini, SecretaryExecutive1

Liaison Office, Beijing, ChinaXie, Kaiyun, Liaison Scientist1

Bei, Zhou, Secretary andAccountant

Dian-ping, Zhu, Yanqing StationManager and Technician

Gu, Jianmiao, AdministrativeAssistant1

Shi-an, Liu, Office Assistant andDriver

Wang, Fengyi, Potato ProductionSpecialist, DPRK ProjectCoordinator3

Consulting Agencies in theProvincesMin-shuang, Yao, Potato Seed

Technology, Breeding andTraining, Pengzhou Potato Unit,Sichuan Agriculture Bereau,Sichuan Province

Yu-ping, Bi, Pathogen Diagnosisand Training, BiotechnologyCenter, Shandong Academy ofAgriculture Sciences, ShandongProvince

Liaison Office, Hanoi, VietnamNguyen, Thi-Tinh, AnimalScientist, Liaison ScientistLe van Huyen, Research Assistan1

Nguyen, Thia Hoa, Cleaner


CIP is one of 15 food andenvironmental research centerslocated around the world thatmake up the Consultative Groupon International AgriculturalResearch (CGIAR), a strategicglobal partnership of countries,international and regionalorganizations, and privatefoundations. Working withnational agricultural researchsystems, the private sector andcivil society, the CGIAR mobilizesagricultural science to reducepoverty, foster human wellbeing,promote agricultural growth, andprotect the environment.

The Centers collaborate amongthemselves and with their diversepartners through numerousprojects and system-wideprograms. The CGIAR is alsocreating a series ofindependently governedpartnerships among a wide rangeof institutions for high-impactresearch that targets complexissues of overwhelming globaland/or regional significance. CIPhas substantial participation ineach of these ChallengePrograms, and intends to extendthis involvement to the Sub-Saharan Africa ChallengeProgram, currently beingformulated. Over the past twoyears, three Challenge Programshave been established:The Challenge Program on Waterand Food, The HarvestPlusChallenge Program, TheGeneration Challenge Program

Centers supported by theCGIAR

Bioversity International

ClAT Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical

CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research

CIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo

CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa

ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas

ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

IFPRl lnternational Food Policy Research Institute

IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

ILRl lnternational Livestock Research Institute

IRRl lnternational Rice Research Institute

IWMl lnternational Water Management Institute

WARDA West Africa Rice Development Association

World Agroforestry Centre

WorldFish

IFPRIUSA

CIATColombia

WARDACote d'ivoire

BIOVERSITYItaly

ICARDASyria

WORLDAGROFORESTRYCENTREKenya

IWMISri lanka

CIFORIndonesia

IITANigeria

ICRISATIndia

CIPPeru

IRRIPhilippines

CIMMYTMexico

WORLDFISHMalaysia



CIP’s Mission

The International Potato Center (CIP) seeks to reduce poverty and achieve food security on a sustained

basis in developing countries through scientific research and related activities on potato, sweetpotato,

and other root and tuber crops, and on the improved management of natural resources in potato and

sweetpotato-based systems.

The CIP Vision

The International Potato Center (CIP) will contribute to reducing poverty and hunger; improving

human health; developing resilient, sustainable rural and urban livelihood systems; and improving

access to the benefits of new and appropriate knowledge and technologies. CIP will address these

challenges by convening and conducting research and supporting partnerships on root and tuber

crops and on natural resources management in mountain systems and other less-favored

areas where CIP can contribute to the achievement of healthy and sustainable human development.

www.cipotato.org

CIP is supported by a group of governments, private foundations, and international and regional

organizations known as the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).

www.cgiar.org


CIP. 2008. Roots and tubers: the overlooked opportunity

International Potato Center Annual Report 2007

© 2008, International Potato Center

ISSN 0256-6311

Readers are encouraged to quote or reproduce material from this Report. As copyright holder CIP requests

acknowledgement and a copy of the publication where the citation or material appears. Please send this to

the Communications and Public Awareness Department at the address below.


Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Perú

[email protected]

www.cipotato.org

Press run: 2,000

October 2008

Editor and principal writer

Paul Stapleton

with additional stories by Lisa Wing

Production coordinator

Cecilia Lafosse

Design and layout

Nini Fernández-Concha

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International Potato Center Av. La Molina 1895 La Molina Apartado 1558 Lima 12, Perú

Documents

CIP Annual Report 2007