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CITIZENSHIP AND MIGRATION by S. Castles and A. Davidson. Macmillan Press, Basingstoke, 2000. No. of pages: xiii 258. Price: £16.99. ISBN 0 333 64310 0. Why would population geographers become inter- ested in a topic traditionally reserved for the pages of political science journals? Certainly, citizenship, and the terms of membership in society it de®nes, helps shape the context for individual and group experiences of reproduction, health and movement. Yet, the concept of citizenship is undergoing what some see as an epochal shift, and this transforma- tion has everything to do with practices of interna- tional migration. Castles and Davidson provide an up-to-date, trenchant account of the various ways in which contemporary migration processes are re- de®ning the parameters of citizenship, and creating new challenges for what it means, most generally, to belong. This, then, is a book that seeks to combine geographical, sociocultural and political arguments to arrive at a coherent account of how citizenship is being changed by migration. The broad objective of Citizenship and Migration is the analysis of `citizenship and the ways in which it is being questioned and reshaped by current global transformations' (p. 3). Chapter one is an ambitious, and largely successful, attempt to place the links between international migration and citizenship in the wider context of globalisation. The argument invokes Castells' (1996) work on the Network Society to recognise how the concept of the nation-state is being transformed by the tension between economic rationality and the emergence of particularist identities. The resulting loss of author- ity of the nation-state expresses itself as a discon- nect between institutions of the state and the geographical spaces of the nation. Indeed, global- isation has ushered in complex articulations of group identities, notions of belonging, membership and allegiances. When set against these economic-cultural trans- formations, the increased scale, diversity and reach of contemporary international migration under- mines classical notions of citizenship in several direct ways. For example, groups arrive from increasing distances and increasingly diverse back- grounds, stretching to the limit±and beyond±tradi- tional reception practices. Furthermore, processes of ethnic minority formation mean that an increas- ing share of migrants live in impoverished and isolated conditions. Finally, particular characteris- tics of contemporary mobility±for example, its often temporary and segmented nature±further stretch existing citizenship concepts. Chapter two develops the theoretical position that existing concepts of citizenship are stymied by the problem of the `Irreducible Other'. The Greco- Judaeo-Christian traditions of citizenship tend to deploy, uncritically, the idea that a population develops its cultural unity (nation) from its political efforts at securing protection from malevolent enemies (state-building). But populations are het- erogeneous with respect to, for example, past experiences and backgrounds. Such differences must be overcome if the nation-state model is to be successful. Indeed, it is the crisis of constructing convivial communities that riddles today's complex and rapidly evolving multi-ethnic social landscape, and which renders the citizenship ideal of the nation-state model problematic. In practice, modern nation-states have not only experienced rising population diversity over the past century (due partly to international migration), but have actively promoted cultural difference as a way of solving the problem of belonging (loyalty) to the political community of the nation. In Chapter three, Castles and Davidson argue that the process of racialisation helped create and exclude `others' in a manner that brings short-term relief to the idea that nations can be culturally cohesive under conditions of increasing population diversity, but spells long-term crisis as ethnic minorities settle, become geographically isolated and politically mobilised. The big lesson here is that it is very hard, if not impossible, to control difference using this simple `us-here and them-there' discourse. Chapters four and ®ve respectively describe how states have taken on board the realisation that immigrants are `here to stay' through changing citizenship practices, and how immigrants them- selves actually experience the rights and responsi- bilities of citizenship. The theme of widespread variation in civil, political, social, gender and cultural rights across `Western' societies sets up the keystone of the book's argument: new forms of ethnic consciousness are unfolding to directly challenge and stretch the theory and practice of Western citizenship (the focus of Chapter six). That Castles and Davidson's three forms of conscious- ness (separatist, diasporic and transcultural) clearly evoke different mobility behaviours (classic immi- gration, forced migration/circulation, and transna- tional migration respectively) further underscores the importance of migration in transforming citi- zenship. The next two chapters interpret current reformu- lations of citizenship in regions of the Western and non-Western (speci®cally Asia-Paci®c) world. Chapter seven, `The end of national belonging', focuses on the emergence of new types of multi- cultural citizenship in the US and Australia, and Copyright # 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Int. J. Popul. Geogr. 8, 315±318 (2002) Book Reviews 317

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Page 1: Citizenship and migration by S. Castles and A. Davidson. Macmillan Press, Basingstoke, 2000. No. of pages: xiii + 258. Price: £16.99. ISBN 0 333 64310 0

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Page 2: Citizenship and migration by S. Castles and A. Davidson. Macmillan Press, Basingstoke, 2000. No. of pages: xiii + 258. Price: £16.99. ISBN 0 333 64310 0

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