City Diagnostic Report: Green growth of Indian cities ...icities4greengrowth.in/sites/default/files... · 1.2. Urbanization and Green Growth This rapid urbanization leads to immense

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City Diagnostic Report:

Green growth of Indian cities -

Panjim, Hubli & Shimla

Introduction / Taking stock the transformation journey of

global cities for achieving Green Growth and building ICT

solution catalogue / Making it happen: Approach adopted for

current project / Diagnostic Tool run for pilot cities: Panjim /

Diagnostic tool run for pilot cities: Hubli/ Diagnostic tool run

for pilot cities: Shimla / Recommendations/Annexures

Final

2 PwC | City Diagnostic Report

1 October 2012

This report has been prepared as a part of the deliverables for World Bank Project “Consultancy for Technical Assistance in ICT-enabled Integration for Green Growth in an Indian City (P152288)”.

It provides the assessment and detailed diagnostic of the three identified cities under the project i.e. Panjim, Hubli and Shimla. The report assessment results has been derived from Microsoft Excel based diagnostic tool developed under the current project.

The assessment has been conducted on the basis of the data and documents made available to the working team by respective city authorities and consultations and discussions held with concerned stakeholders.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction .....................................................................................................8

1.1. Background - Global Challenges ..............................................................8

1.2. Urbanization and Green Growth ............................................................ 10

1.3. Understanding the Green Growth Challenge in India .............................11

1.4. Current Project Objective....................................................................... 13

1.5. Project scope and key activities .............................................................. 13

2. Taking stock of the transformation journey of Global Cities for achieving Green

Growth ................................................................................................................. 16

2.1. Barcelona, Spain .................................................................................... 17

2.1.1. City Profile ................................................................................................... 17

2.1.2. Use of IT in the systems............................................................................ 18

2.1.3. Governance structure and Stakeholders ............................................. 19

2.1.4. Duration of implementation .................................................................. 20

2.1.5. Cost of the systems & its operation ....................................................... 21

2.2. Amsterdam, Netherlands ....................................................................... 24

2.2.1. City Profile ...................................................................................................24

2.2.2. Use of IT in the systems............................................................................25

2.2.3. Governance structure and Stakeholders .............................................26

2.2.4. Duration of implementation ...................................................................26

2.2.5. Cost of the systems & its operation ....................................................... 27

2.3. Seoul, South Korea ................................................................................30

2.3.1. City Profile .................................................................................................. 30

2.3.2. Use of IT in the systems............................................................................ 31

2.3.3. Duration of implementation ................................................................... 31

2.3.4. Cost of the systems & its operation .......................................................32

2.4. ICT Solutions Catalogue ......................................................................... 34

2.4.1. ICT Solution Listing ..................................................................................34

2.4.2. ICT Solutions Analysis for enhancement of public services management

and delivery while ensuring impact on GHG Emissions reduction. ...........35

3. Making it happen-Approach adopted for the current project ........................ 37

3.1. Stage 1 – Assessment Stage – Diagnostic Assessment Framework ......... 38

3.1.1. Devlopment of Questionnaires for Socio Economic Assessment ................. 38

3.1.2. Citizen Engagement .......................................................................................39

3.1.3. Stakeholder Consultation .............................................................................. 40

3.2. Stage 2 – Global Scanning of Best Practices and Identification of ICT Solutions 41

3.3. Stage 3 - Identification of Priority ICT Solutions for three Cities (On the basis of

City Diagnostic Tool results) ........................................................................... 42

3.3.1. Sector performance, need and readiness for transformation ........................42

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3.3.2. ICT Solution readiness ...................................................................................44

3.3.3. Citizen Engagement & Stakeholder Engagement ..........................................44

4. Pilot City 1: Panjim, Goa.................................................................................46

4.1. City background .....................................................................................46

4.1.1. City Demographics ......................................................................................... 47

47

4.1.2. Taking stock of city wide initiative/projects undertaken by city .................. 48

4.1.3. Sector Analysis (Panjim -Energy Sector) ...................................................... 50

4.1.4. Sector Analysis (Panjim –Transport Sector) ................................................. 51

4.1.5. Sector Analysis (Panjim –Water and Waste Sector) ......................................52

4.1.6. Sector Analysis (Panjim –Urban Sector) .......................................................53

4.1.7. City Assessment Summary .............................................................................54

4.1.8. Top three Solutions for Panjim ......................................................................54

4.1.9. Prioritization of the ICT solutions for Panjim................................................55

5. Pilot City 2 ...................................................................................................... 57

5.1. Hubali , Karnataka................................................................................. 57

5.1.1. City Demographics ........................................................................................ 58

5.1.2. City Sectorial details ...................................................................................... 58

5.1.3. Taking stock of city wide initiative/projects undertaken by city ...................59

5.1.4. Sector Analysis (Hubli -Energy Sector)..........................................................62

5.1.5. Sector Analysis (Hubli–Transport Sector) .....................................................63

5.1.6. Sector Analysis (Hubli –Water and Waste Sector) ........................................64

5.1.7. Sector Analysis (Hubli –Urban Sector) ..........................................................65


5.1.9. Top three Solutions for Hubli ........................................................................66

5.1.10. Prioritization of the ICT solutions for Hubli .................................................. 67

6. Pilot City 3 ......................................................................................................69

6.1. Shimla , Himachal Pradesh ....................................................................69

6.1.1. City Demographics .........................................................................................70

6.1.2. City Sectorial detail ........................................................................................70

6.1.3. Taking stock of city wide initiative/projects undertaken by city ................... 71

6.1.4. Sector Analysis (Shimla -Energy Sector) ....................................................... 74

6.1.5. Sector Analysis (Shimla –Transport Sector) .................................................. 75

6.1.6. Sector Analysis (Shimla –Water and Waste Sector) ...................................... 76

6.1.7. Sector Analysis (Shimla –Urban Sector)........................................................ 77


6.1.9. Top three Solutions for Shimla ......................................................................78

6.1.10. Prioritization of ICT solutions for Shimla ...................................................... 79

7. Recommendations .......................................................................................... 81

8. Annexure 1 –List of Possible ICT Solutions..................................................... 83

9. Annexure - 2 ................................................................................................... 97

10. Annexure 3 – Stakeholder Engagement Details ........................................... 122

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10.1.1. Academia Inputs – Centre for Policy Research............................................ 122

10.1.2. Inputs from City Authorities, World Bank Sector Experts: MOM’s ............ 126

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Executive Summary Urbanisation is now a global megatrend and by 2050, around 64% of the developing world and 86% of the

developed world is expected to be urbanised. Rapid urbansiation is putting a strain on the infrastructure,

environment and social fabric of cities. In addition, the existing physical, urban and social infrastructure

is unable to meet and sustain city requirements and needs an overhaul.

After 1990, urbanisation in India picked up pace, becoming faster than anywhere else in the world. This

rise can be attributed to population growth, opening up of the industry (both manufacturing and services),

better quality of living as well as employment opportunities in urban areas. The urban proportion in the

country has increased from 17.3% in 1951 to 31.2% in 2011. Today, the country has more than 1.2 billion

people, out of which, nearly one-third are urban dwellers. Over the last decade, Indian cities have

witnessed a high rate of urbanisation with metro cities leading the race followed by tier 2 cities.

It is important to take cognisance of this accelerating expansion and develop transformation strategies

and implementation plans leveraging the smart city concept to address this situation and lead to a

balanced growth.

The purpose of this report is to take a detailed stock of the three cities i.e. Panjim, Shimla and Hubli,

analyse how these cities are performing in meeting the demand of its citizens and stakeholders, identify

challenges and improvement opportunities and select best suited ICT solution that will enables these cities

to a successful Smart City transformation journey. For each city detailed diagnosis has been conducted

across five predefined sectors – Energy, Water, Urban, Transport and ICT.

The report findings will also help the city authorities to understand their current readiness and the key

steps that are required to be taken up to start the transformation journey of achieving Green Growth that

will foster economic growth and development while ensuring that the natural assets continue to provide

the resources and environmental services on which our well-being relies.

Report Structure

Volume 1:

Approach adopted under the engagement to meet the objectives

Includes detailed diagnosis of three cities Panjim, Shimla and Hubli across five predefined

sectors – Energy, Water, Urban, Transport and ICT.

Best suited ICT solutions

Recommendations

Annexures

Volume 2 – City Diagnostic Tool

Volume 3 – Manual for operating the tool

As a part of the engagement schedule, this City Diagnostic Report forms the first deliverable and PwC

takes pleasure in submitting it to World Bank and respective city authorities. Finding and

recommendations of the report upon acceptance by city authority will form the basis for our next

deliverable i.e. Detailed Project Report of selected ICT solution.

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Chapter 1: Introduction

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1. Introduction

1.1. Background - Global Challenges

As part of the global development process, economies across the globe are moving from rural to urban

societies. The process of urbanization brings in more economic opportunities, better infrastructure and

better services for its citizens. Our planet has gone through a process of rapid urbanization over the past

six decades. In 1950, more than two - thirds (70 per cent) of people worldwide lived in rural settlements

and less than one-third (30 per cent) in urban settlements. In 2014, 54 per cent of the world’s population

is urban. Cities occupy 0.5% of the world’s surface, but consume 75% of its resources. Every week, some

1.5 million people join the urban population, through a combination of migration and childbirth.

Inevitably, this rapid expansion is putting cities’ infrastructure, environment and social fabric under

pressure. With ever-increasing population, the citizen’s demand for basic amenities such as water, energy,

infrastructure and clean environment is increasing correspondingly.

Urbanization is one of the biggest hurdle and challenge that both developed and developing countries

across the world is facing. Roughly half of the world’s population lives in urban areas, and this share is

increasing over time. The proportion of the world’s population living in urban areas is expected to increase,

reaching 66 per cent by 2050

Source: World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, United Nations

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The process of urbanization historically has been associated with other important economic and social

transformations, which have brought greater geographic mobility, lower fertility, longer life expectancy

and population ageing.


The urban population of the world is expected to increase by

more than two thirds by 2050, with nearly 90 per cent of the

increase to take place in the urban areas of Africa and Asia. The world’s urban population is now close to

3.9 billion and is expected to reach 6.3 billion in 2050. Africa and Asia will experience a marked increase

in their urban populations. Most of the urban population of the world will be concentrated in Asia (52 per

cent) and Africa (21 per cent).

In Asia, China has the largest urban population (758 million), followed by India (410 million). These two

countries account for 30 per cent of the world’s urban population .


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1.2. Urbanization and Green Growth

This rapid urbanization leads to immense pressure on cities’ infrastructure, social fabric and its overall

natural environment. With ever-increasing growth of cities and their population, the citizen’s demand for

basic amenities such as water, energy, infrastructure and clean environment is increasing

correspondingly. To promote green growth, in depth understanding of its determinants and hurdles is

essential. It is on the basis of this understanding that an implementing framework can be created. Green

growth can be defined as:

Green growth is about fostering economic growth and development while ensuring that the natural assets

continue to provide the resources and environmental services on which our well-being relies.

The framework for green Growth enabled Smart Cities approach must catalyse investment and innovation

which will underpin the twin objectives of sustained growth and new economic opportunities. The

progress towards sustainable Smart Cities that equally promote the objectives of green growth need to be

measured through indicators that monitor trends and structural changes. The monitoring and evaluation

of progress indicators must also direct attention to issues that require further analysis and possible policy

action. The main aim is to foster the green growth enabled approach for urban development.

Environment as a ’global asset’

One of the biggest challenges to towards sustainable development is to protect the environment as the

global asset. The climate change policies and strategies directly impact the global asset – our environment

(and the atmosphere’s capacity to absorb greenhouse gases). Other natural assets, for example water is of

critical importance in some particular areas but is less so in other areas with abundance of water. However,

GHG contributes to environment deterioration, no matter where they are emitted. Main concerns relate

to effects of increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations on global temperatures and the

earth's climate, and resultant consequences for the entire ecosystem – including the human settlements,

agriculture and other socio-economic activities that would comprise the global economic output.

(*Source: OECD Insights – Economic Globalisation, Origin and Consequences)

GHG Emission

This study therefore places a special emphasis on GHG emission as the area of highest priority in addition

to focussing on sustainable growth. The main challenges are to support planned development of cities and

use of appropriate ICT and other technologies that help us significantly enhance the management and

delivery of public services while helping limit emissions of CO2 and other GHG. Inadequate climate

change policies and the increasing industrialization of emerging and developing economies would lead to

continued global CO2 and other GHG emissions that would destroy our planet. The future models of

economic growth therefore need to be closely linked to a sustainable development strategy both at national

and international levels.

For citizens, the environmental outcomes are important determinants of health status and well-being.

Improved production and income growth cannot be justified if the degraded environmental quality cause

unsustainable development outcomes of health costs to reduced agricultural output, impaired ecosystem

functions and a generally lower quality of life. Environmental degradation impacts the quality of life of

people in various ways, for example they may affect human health through air and water pollution,

exposure to hazardous substances and noise, loss of water bodies, biodiversity loss and natural disasters

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that affect the health of ecosystems and damage the property and life of people. The main concerns for the

green growth initiative is to ensure the economic growth and better quality of public services while

ensuring to protect human exposure to environmental pollution and environmental risks, and their

associated effects on human health and on quality of life, and the related health costs and impacts on

human capital. The Green Growth enabled Smart Cities must ensure equity and type of access that

different groups of people have to environmental services such as clean water, sanitation, green space, or

public transport.

1.3. Understanding the Green Growth Challenge in India

Urbanization in India is following the global trend and propels social and environmental challenges.

Within the Indian context, the situation is all the more alarming as both the access to basic urban services

and their quality are constrained. With a population of 846 million in 1991, 914 million in 1994, 1027

million in 2001, and 1210 million in 2011, India is the second most populous country in the world.

Population density has also increased from 264 persons/km2 in 1991 to 325 persons/km2 in 2001 and

382 persons/km2 in 2011. Indian cities are likely to experience a fast growth rate along with high

consumption of resources and changing lifestyle patterns that may lead to in increased generation of

greenhouse gases.

By 2025, India will have six megacities housing a population of 10 million or more, up from three such

cities today. As per estimates, India will house 63 cities with a population of 1 million or more, as against

43 such cities in 2011 India’s population has steadily risen over the years, crossed the one billion mark in

2000 and increasing annually by about 15 million since then.

Indian Cities are characterized by strained infrastructure which manifests itself in terms of power cuts and

water shortages, high cost of living, and unaffordable real estate resulting in urban sprawl and slums, high

volume of traffic resulting in pollution and delays. Environmental management and economic

development have emerged from a myriad of problems as common ones around the world. Increasing

climate variability and extreme weather events are expected to severely affect cities, with floods and

droughts predicted to grow in both magnitude and frequency. In urban areas, heat stress, extreme

precipitation, inland and coastal flooding, drought and water scarcity pose risks that are amplified for

those lacking essential infrastructure and services. Cities emit significant and growing amounts of

greenhouse gases (GHGs) - accounting for 37-49 % of total global GHG emissions (IPCC 2014). The

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International Energy Agency’s projections indicate that urban energy related GHG emissions will rise from

around 67% today to 74% by 2030 (IEA 2008)

Cities consume a great majority – between 60 to 80% – of energy production worldwide and account for

a roughly equal share of global GHG emissions. Countries that are more urbanized tend to generate higher

levels of CO2 emissions. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in cities are increasingly driven by human

activities such as consumption of energy services required for lighting, heating and cooling, appliance use,

electronics use, and transportation.

The electricity demand from cities in India is estimated to be 288 KWh per person, which when

aggregated, contributes to about 70% of total country’s carbon emissions. As India’s population rises , more

and more citizens are expected to move to cities from rural areas in search of better livelihood and

lifestyles. Such an influx may put the existing cities under the threat of being rendered unlivable owing to

increased consumption against limited resource availability

*Source: INCCA Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment, Ministry of Environment and Forests

Government of India

Comparison of GHG emissions by sector between 1994 and 2007 in million tons of CO2 eq.

Sectors 1994 2007 CAGR (%)

Electricity 355.03 (28.45%) 719.30 (37.8%) 5.6

Transport 80.28 (6.4%) 142.04 (7.5%) 4.5

Residential 78.89 (6.3%) 137.84 (7.2%) 4.4.

Other Energy 78.93 (6.3%) 100.87 (5.3%) 1.9

Cement 60.87 (4.9%) 129.92 (6.8%) 6.0

Iron & Steel 90.53 (7.2%) 117.32 (6.2%) 2.0

Other Industry 125.41 (10%) 165.31 (8.7%) 2.2

Agriculture 344.48 (27.6%) 334.41 (17.6%) -0.2

Waste 23.23 (1.9%) 57.73 (3.0%) 7.3

Total without LULUCF 1251.95 1904.73 3.3

Total with LULUCF 1228.54 1727.71 2.9

(*Source: INCCA Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment, Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India)

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1.4. Current Project Objective

Despite its myriad challenges, rapid urbanization is vital for a nation’s economic development. It brings

along with it, opportunities for economic growth and provides additional prospects of entrepreneurship

as well as employment to the population. This enables faster inclusion of more people within the growth

story of the country. Urbanization has a direct correlation with the growth of a nation. To make

urbanization a positive and productive transformation that will deliver long-term sustainable gains to

citizens, three goals need to be achieved—

Social equitability - Social equitability is based on the principle of inclusion; there is no

discrimination in access to benefits across population segments

Economic viability - Considering solutions are those that are financially self-sustaining.

Environmental sustainability - Ensuring the preservation of the environment for future

generations.

Governments across the globe are building transformation strategies to address urbanization and build

smart cities to improve the quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness,

while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations with respect to economic, social

and environmental aspects leading to realization of Green Growth agenda.

With the objective mentioned above,

current report aims to take a detailed

stock of the current situation,

identify the top concern areas of the

city and select the best suited ICT

solution that will address these

concerns and leads the cities for a

successful Smart City transformation

journey. Also it is ensured the

frameworks prepared under this

project are replicable in other cities

and can be used with very little

modifications.

1.5. Project scope and key activities

The scope of this project and key activities as depicted below are around the following sectors – Energy,

Water, Transport and Urban. The particular sectors have been selected basis the terms of reference /scope

of the assignment. The scope of the project has been categorized into five different phases with their own

set of deliverables. This report covers the work undertaken under the first two stages of this project:

I. Stage 1 - Conduct Diagnostic and Readiness assessment of the three selected pilot cities

II. Stage 2-Identification of the Smart City ICT Solutions that enable the green growth approach

III. Stage 3 – In this stage of this project, a City Performance Card /City scoring card based on green

growth indicators would be developed to measure the progress of the pilot cities as they move ahead

with the implementation of ICT solutions.

IV. Stage 4 – This stage will include knowledge sharing and capacity building workshops for the three

pilot cities.

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V. Stage 5 – Finally in this stage the recommended implementation Roadmap and the Detailed Project

Report (for phase 1 priority areas) will be developed as part of this project.

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Chapter 2: Taking stock the transformation journey of global cities for achieving Green Growth and building ICT solution catalogue

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2. Taking stock of the transformation journey

of Global Cities for achieving Green Growth

Under this chapter, a glimpse of the transformation journey adopted by leading global cities has been

provided. These cities are recognised globally as smart and sustainable cities that have attained a

significant level of Green Growth and provides an opportunity for other cities to refer and leverage on the

transformation strategies adopted by these cities. The study also take stock of the technologies chosen and

the challenges faced by these cities in their journey of becoming a smart city. Emphasis was laid to

understand different types of innovative development projects taken up to strengthen and to strike

balances between the economic, social and environmental development. We tried to identify what global

cities have done in order to nurture good growth, sustainable competitiveness and city’s ability to keep

growing and developing over time while fostering the need & demands of the city population

Following cities were selected on the basis of their appropriateness in context to the current project

objectives and outcomes –

Barcelona Amsterdam Seoul

Core areas of interest covered in the Case Study

includes -

City Profile

Governance Structure

ICT Projects and key details

Duration of implementation

Objectives and benefits of the system

Broad technical specifications of the system

Cost of the systems & its operation

System value add

We have used the study findings to prepare our overall project approach that includes building city

diagnostic framework and finalisation of ICT solutions that will enable the cities to meet the project

objective.

During our research we looked for answers to following questions -

What are the key features of the projects

What is the innovative value and how are

they tackling sustainable

competitiveness?

Which enablers have been critical to

‘make it happen’?

What are direct and indirect results of the

projects, limitations and challenges

ahead?

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2.1. Barcelona, Spain

2.1.1. City Profile

Barcelona, the capital city of Catalonia in Spain is the country's 2nd largest city. It is the largest metropolis

on the Mediterranean Sea, located on the coast between the rivers Llobregat and Besòs, and bounded to

the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range, the tallest peak of which is 512 metres (1,680 ft.) high.

Barcelona is today one of the world’s leading tourist, economic, trade fair/exhibitions and cultural-sports

centers, and its influence in commerce, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all

contribute to its status as one of the world’s major global cities.

Barcelona is spread over an area of 101.4 km2 and has a population of 1.62 million within its administrative

limits. The urban area of Barcelona extends up to 803 km2 with a population 4.2 million. It is the sixth -

most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris, London, Ruhr area, Madrid and Milan.

Barcelona is ranked 13th in the world on Innovation Cities Global Index. Economically, Barcelona remains

far ahead of other Spanish cities and some of the major economic hubs around the world. This is

demonstrated in its GDP statistics where the city ranks 4th in the EU and 35th globally.

Its GDP per capita output stands at €39,859 which is 44% higher than the European Union average and

GDP per head is €80,894 according to Eurostat. Barcelona stands in 29th place in a list of net personal

earnings headed by Zurich. It is Europe’s 3rd and one of the world’s most successful as a city brand, both

in terms of reputation and assets. Also, it is Europe’s 4th best business city and fastest improving European

city, with growth improved by 17% per year. Barcelona, among world centers of commerce takes 2nd place

in economic stability. The level of entrepreneurship in Barcelona is the highest in Spain.

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2.1.2. Use of IT in the systems

Barcelona Smart City is a collaborative

movement among its corporations, academic

institutions, government authorities and the

residents of Barcelona, aimed at developing

smart projects to foster urban development.

The main objective of smart city model in

Barcelona is smart services that has different

natures and purposes to manage the city in

better way. Smart City Barcelona seeks to

efficiently provide city services at multiple

levels to all citizens by harnessing information

and communications technology (ICT) through

development and implementation of the

Barcelona Smart City Model. The city of

Barcelona has got the ambition to become a

model Smart City for the whole world.

The key objectives of Barcelona smart city are –

To be efficient in city management and existent

public services

To create new opportunities for people and

companies

Efficient and sustainable urban mobility

Environmental sustainability

Business-friendliness and attracting capital

Integration and social cohesion

Communication and proximity with people

Knowledge, creativity and innovation

Transparency and democratic culture

Universal access to culture, education and

health

Key factors that fuelled the Barcelona to become a global smart city -

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2.1.3. Governance structure and Stakeholders

Urban Habitat was established in 2011, when the new Mayor was elected. It works as an umbrella structure

to facilitate departments that used to work in isolation to come together. Underneath this Urban Habitat

structure sits water, energy, human services and environment departments. Housing and urban planning

are also grouped together.

Urban Services ICT Environment Architecture

Energy Urban Habitat

Area Infrastructure

Water Housing Metropolitan Area Urban Planning

The city has created a Smart City PMO (Personal Management Office) which coordinates all the projects

in the city that are classified under the smart city tag. This has meant transitioning from individual work

to “transversal” work

The definition, deployment and management of Smart Barcelona projects implies the need to organize a

wide range of actions in a multidisciplinary, complex and technologically innovative environment, which

includes a variety of activities and multiple agents. This requires comprehensive coordination by a Project

Management Office (PMO), which acts as point of reference for the project.

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2.1.4. Duration of implementation

Barcelona’s Smart City program began more than 30 years ago when the city first installed fiber-optic

lines to connect two municipal buildings. Since that time, the city has continued to develop its fiber-optic

network. In 2011, the current mayor made integration of city technology a key component of his election

platform. After taking office, his administration immediately began implementing a comprehensive

Barcelona Smart City program. The first overarching goal of was to improve efficiency of city services and

to address sustainability and environmental concerns. The Barcelona Smart City program aims to provide

city services at multiple levels to all citizens using internet and telecommunications technology.

In Barcelona, the smart city movement started with smart energy, but now has spread across all the

sectors. The city believes that this investment will create a sustainable city, and also work towards fostering

citizen participation, mobility, and other fields. Barcelona is a major innovator, introducing a solar

thermal ordinance in 2000 that requires all new buildings over a certain size to generate hot water from

solar thermal energy. More recently, an initiative known as LIVE Barcelona promoted electric vehicle

adoption. There are currently almost 200 EV charging stations throughout the city.

Barcelona Smart City Journey

Implementations Timelines of selective projects -

The Tap and Go Barcelona project allows contactless payments using NFC (Near Field

Communications) technology. It is included in a range of strategic initiatives aligned with the

Barcelona Mobile World Capital over the 2012 - 2018 periods.

The automated heating & cooling system was introduced in 2002 for the first time in Spain and it

was then extended in other districts in 2005. And still it is continuously evolving and runs on the

parallel paths with the advancements in technology.

Orthogonal Bus network first stage was started in September 2012 .In November, 2013 the city

unveiled the second phase of its bus reorganization plan, remaking the system. Now the network

consists of 5 running lines. Total target to be achieved is of 28 lines (17 vertical lines, eight

horizontal and three diagonal), but they’ll be much of higher quality than those they replace. It will

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move two-thirds of the old, conventional network’s passengers with just a bit over 30 percent of

the number of vehicles. This is yet in developing stage and Barcelona transport authorities are

moving towards achieving the target of 28 lines.

The Bicing Company came into being in March 2007. It is providing bicycle service to the citizens

to commute within the city. Eventually due to heavy load it has been made Smart. So, now by 2014

this service is being delivered online and through Mobile app just to make convenient for the

citizens.

Media TiC Buildings were introduced in 2010 in one of the districts of Barcelona but now by 2014

there is a plan of extending the same type of infrastructure in other districts of the Spain.

The city also has the Open Government program, which aims to bring transparency of the

municipal government to citizens This started with the deployment of 44 “Citizens Attention”

kiosks and the launch of an Open Data portal that allows private citizens and companies to develop

applications that address needs of city residents.

2.1.5. Cost of the systems & its operation

Financing of the Barcelona Smart City project is a carried out under the following heads:

Self-financing: Within the city plan, Barcelona has allocated public budgets to a number of

developments linked to the smart cities project, including "Habitat Urbà" and "Habitat to the City."

The goal is to create a city of neighbourhoods within a metropolis that is hyper-connected and

energy efficient.

Use of financial instruments authorized by the European Commission (EC) for Smart Cities

(7PM/Horizon 2020), as well as Spanish funds, including the transportation initiative under the

EC program Miracle Civitas.

At the same time, the council is involved in collaborative projects through contracts, partnerships,

and licensing rights

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Barcelona City - ICT Project Snapshot

Population: 16, 20,500; Area: 101 sq. km.

Smart City

Initiatives

Project Key Objectives Partner Benefits/Impacts

Smart

Utilities –

Energy

Energy efficiency in

buildings; Urban

heating and cooling

network; Distributed

generation; Smart

metering; Lighting

cabinets; Remote

control of escalators;

Solar energy

Energy Efficiency

and management;

Energy storage,

Formulating new

regulations &

business models,

Zero carbon

footprint,

controlling Climate

change

Philips,

Schnieder-

Telvant,

ETRA,

bdigital,

elecnor,

tesyse, GDF

SUEZ,

Rationalization of domestic energy

consumption patterns; Energy

management, demand side

management, energy storage &

monitoring, greater savings, energy

surplus and more efficient

sustainable management

Smart

Utilities -

Water

Tele management of

Irrigation; SCADA

Efficient water

usage, monitoring &

savings

Agbar;

Samcla;

elecnor

Water conservation, monitoring,

savings and water surplus

Advanced

Mobility

Orthogonal bus

network; Smart

Parking; Sustainable

mobility; Sustainable

Mobility Plan;

Electric cars, Travel

time, Prioritization of

traffic lights; Hybrid

taxi

Improved, Efficient

and sustainable

urban mobility

Schnieder -

Telvant,

Indra,

ferrovial,

OBA,

Parkhelp,

traffic now,

Zolertia

Ease to Barcelona citizens and

increase in use of public

transportation

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City

Governance -

iCity

Barcelona

contactless; mobile

apps, Open

Government, open

data portal; Tourism

management; iCity

To increase the

transparency of the

City Council; to

standardize data

access; to promote

the economic fabric

Telefónica;

HP; fastpay

Normalized public information to

businesses and individuals;

fostering citizen participation,

standard formats that facilitate and

universalize use; Knowledge,

creativity and innovation

Infrastructure

- Telecom

Optical Fiber,

Municipal Wi-Fi

Seamless

connectivity &

management of

telecommunications

network

Telefónica,

Abertis &

Cisco

WiFi for citizens and tourists;

Business-friendliness and

attracting capital; Communication

and proximity with people

Urban

Platform

Barcelona sensor

platform (Sentilo),

city operating system

and apps and services

Collection of city

level data on open

protocols

Wonderware,

Telefonica,

Indra, HP,

Abertis, GDF

SUEZ; Cisco

Aggregating and analyzing the data

being collected from all the sensors

& gaining better idea of its city;

data analytics & predictive analytics

City Control

Centre

Incident &

Emergencies

analysis/action, State

of services,

infrastructure,

Contact Centre

Designing a

comprehensive

platform for the

storage and analysis

of meaningful data,

monitoring the

incidents, & control

of the city’s strategic

projects.

IMI, Vista,

SITEP, IBM,

Cisco

Real-time & historical views in

order to optimize operations at city

level; centralized management to

facilitate analysis & real-time

monitoring. Generation of reports

for urban operations and decision

making; Set priority order & alerts

to create emergency command

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2.2. Amsterdam, Netherlands

2.2.1. City Profile

The city of Amsterdam is ranked third in the

European rankings by Cohen. Amsterdam, the

capital of the Kingdom of Netherlands, is a city with

rich culture and a melting pot of several ethnicities.

The city, a hub of commerce, has embraced various

cultures with open arms. With a population of

779,808 in 2011, as per UN data, Amsterdam is the

most populous city of Netherlands.

Located in western Netherlands on the Ijsselmeer

lake and directly connected to the North Sea,

Amsterdam covers an area of approximately 219 sq.

km. The city is situated in a low-lying and flat region

on south bank of the IJ, an inland arm of the

Ijsselmeer. The Amstel River flows across the city

from south to north towards the IJ. Several parts of

the city are submerged below sea level, with some of

them reclaimed from the lakes, marshes or the sea.

Amsterdam, over 700 years old, is renowned for its canals, patrician houses and art collections. The city

is a unique blend of ancient and modernism, with old and contemporary elements coexisting together to

give the city its own exclusive character. Amsterdam was founded in the year 1275 after residents living

along the banks of the Amstel River were granted toll-free status by the Count of Holland. Subsequently,

the Amstel River was dammed for controlling flooding, and this Amstel dam was the basis of the Dutch

capital’s name.

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Amsterdam is a worldwide hub for data, people and goods. In fact, the Dutch capital is the third best centre

for commerce in Europe. The city is the principal financial and commercial centre of the Netherlands. The

Dutch capital is a service centre, with business services being the primary component, which includes

telecommunications, medical and information technology, and consulting. In fact, Amsterdam is a

popular site for global businesses, primarily owing to its cultural richness, accessibility and cosmopolitan

character. Global trade and transport, banking and insurance, as well as cultural, social and health services

are some of the other major verticals in Amsterdam’s economy. In addition, tourism is a major contributor

to the city’s economy.

Like several other metropolitan areas, Amsterdam is plagued by several urban issues such as traffic

congestion, housing shortage and environmental pollution. To overcome these issues, Amsterdam Smart

City (ASC), a partnership between research institutions, authorities, businesses and residents of the city

is focusing on developing the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area as a smart city. The main objective of the ASC

platform is to help to achieve the targets set out in the Energy Strategy 2040 and to reduce carbon

emissions in Amsterdam.


Amsterdam set out its sustainability targets in the Structural Vision 2040 and the Energy Strategy 2040.

In these documents they stated the ambitions of:

Climate-neutral municipal organization in 2015

40% reduction in CO2 emissions in 2025, compared with 1990 levels

75% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2040.

To help achieve these targets, the

Amsterdam Innovation Motor

(AIM), now Amsterdam Economic

Board, the city of Amsterdam, net

operator Liander and telecom

provider KPN started the

Amsterdam Smart City platform in

2009. The Amsterdam Smart City

(ASC) platform is a partnership

between businesses, authorities,

research institutions and the

people of Amsterdam that

initiates, stimulates and advances

Smart City projects in Amsterdam.

This platform has one central office with several people working on the Smart City platform. In 2013 this

platform has grown into a partnership with over 70 partners who are engaged in 37 different Smart City

projects. These Smart City projects deal with a variety of topics and cover all characteristics of a Smart

City including energy transition, Smart Mobility solutions and open connectivity. Several other

(European) Smart City initiatives, such as Citadel, Common4EU, NiCE, Digital Cities and Open Cities,

also have a link with the city of Amsterdam. Altogether, all Europe 2020 targets are covered by all Smart

City initiatives in Amsterdam.

ASC reduces emissions by focusing on Sustainable Living, Working, Transport and Municipality enabled

by Smart Grid technology. Amsterdam Smart City is designed as an accelerator for climate/energy

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programs, bringing parties together and initiating projects that reduce CO2 and yield local best practices

for full scale roll out. Amsterdam Smart City is based on following key principles -

2.2.3. Governance structure and Stakeholders


The project began in 2009 and was organized into four phases: visioning, road mapping, pilot projects,

and full-scale rollout. The main activities comprised in each of the four phases, are listed hereunder -

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The first phase of the Amsterdam Smart City Project (2009-2011) had a budget of approximately €4

million and was partly funded through the European Regional Development Fund (€1,564,140). The

second largest financier is Liander along with KPN during the second phase.

Private partners also joined the smart city project with initially only 25 partners contributing, which after

two years, increased to 70 partners. The project was finally realized with 40% ERDF funding, 40% private

funding and 20% government funding.

Phase I

Visioning

•Determine desired program goals and partners

•Compose long list of potential initiatives

•Determine approach

•Determine selection criteria for all initiatives

Phase II Roadmappin

g

•Evaluate initiatives on technical feasibility and potential result

•Cluster, prioritize, and select initiatives for pilots

•Select pilot projects

•Contact and organize partners

•Develop program plan and legal framework (including governance)

Phase III

Pilot Project

•Develop project plans and business cases

•Develop communication plans

•Secure funding and people from partners

•Develop detailed planning

•Initiate communication plans

•Initiate pilot projects

Phase IV

Full Scale Rollout

•Evaluate pilot results

•Select successful initiatives and partners

•Communicate results

•Support tenders for full-scale implementation

•Continuous concept development.

•Set up new pilots with new initiatives

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Amsterdam City - ICT Project Snapshot

Population: 8, 00,000; Area: 220 sq. km.

Smart City

Initiatives

Projects Objectives Partners Benefits

Smart

Utilities

City- Zen Smart Grid,

City-Zen, Neighborhood

Geuzeveld , Energy

Atlas, ship -2-grid,

SCADA, Smart Metering

Energy management -

Better consumption of

Electricity, proper billing

& revenue realization

systems; energy

conservation and

consumer as prosumers

Liander,

KPN,

Gemeente

Amsterdam

Effective usage of electricity

leading energy savings, enhanced

billing & revenue realization for

utility departments, environment

pollution free, awareness among

people to save energy, Energy

management - transferring

surplus energy to grid etc.

Advances

Mobility

Vehicle-2-Grid, Smart

Traffic Management;

Digital Road Authority

–Incident management,

Air Quality; Smart

Parking; Electric

Vehicles

To reduce traffic at

hotspots, avoid

accidents, time saving in

finding parkings,

reducing traffic for the

emergencies like

ambulances etc.

Mercure,

Accor, BNP

Paribas,

TrafficLink,

CWI, Coffley,

Liander,

ABB; Startup

bootcamp

Effective traffic management,

Green city with fuel conservation

and subsequent cost savings, less

accidents prone area

Surveillance

Systems

CCTV Cameras, Video

Cameras , Alarming

Sensors

Aims at the overall

security of Barcelona

and protecting the city

from crime and taking

the appropriate

proactive/ reactive

action on notification.

Information

not available

Secured and safe area, achieving

zero/ less crimes, 24*7

surveillance, safe environments

for city inhabitants

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City e-

Governance

Amsterdamopent.nl,

Amsterdam city

dashboard, IJburg You

Decide!

Aims at open

government data

available to public, city

services to be delivered

to be online through

portals

KPN,

Liander,

CWI, Coffley,

IBM

Citizen engagement and opinions

on the government issues,

policies, etc. Delivering services

to citizens online - such as

Licensing, passports among

others

Infrastructure Amsterdam Wi-Fi,

Mobile technology,

Sustainable District

Heating, IJBurg

Wiki TV

This project aims at the

seamless connectivity of

Amsterdam through Wi-

Fi and optic fiber, and

then developing

applications using the

same.

KPN

,Liander,

Gemeente

Amsterdam,

Hogs school

Van

Amsterdam

Access to charge free Wi-Fi in

most parts of the city, continuous

networking, data from smart

sensors is also made available

through wi-fi, municipality

operations automated through

Wi-fi and optic fiber

Sustainable

Living

Smart Homes, IRIS,

Smart Living Showroom

Smart homes with

automated controls of

temperature, parking

system, security; safety

and house devices. water

utilization and

conservation

IBM,

Liander,

KPN, Hoghs

School Van

Amsterdam

People living in smart and safe

houses, saving energy and

making its proper utilization,

Electric energy has been

transferred to grid rather than

being wasted, pollution free

environment.

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2.3. Seoul, South Korea

2.3.1. City Profile

Seoul is the capital of South Korea and the country’s largest metropolis with a population of over 10 million

people and spread over an area of 605.21 km2. Having hosted the Olympic Games, the FIFA World Cup,

and 2010’s G-20 summit, Seoul is world renowned economy and leading tourist destination.

Situated on the Han River, Seoul's history stretches back more than 2,000 years when it was founded in 18

BCE by Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It continued as the capital of Korea under the Joseon

Dynasty. The Seoul Capital Area contains five UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Changdeok Palace, Hwaseong

Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine, Namhansanseong and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. Seoul is

surrounded by mountains, the tallest being Mt. Bukhan, the world's most visited national park per square

foot. Modern landmarks include the iconic Dongdaemun Design Plaza, Lotte World, the world's second

largest indoor theme park and Moonlight Rainbow Fountain, the world's longest bridge fountain.

The city has experienced numerous historical events during the 20th century and the population of Seoul

has multiplied from 2 million to 10 million in just thirty short years. Seoul has become the city it is today by

facing and overcoming such endless challenges. In the same way that all major cities have overcome their

own trials, Seoul would not have advanced to its current state if the city had shied away from challenges. The

city constantly faced and solved problems. Seoul is however best known as one of the most tech-savvy cities

in the world, retaining its No.1 ranking in the UN e-Government Survey since 2003, and creating a true

world-first in the PC-gaming equivalent of the Olympic Games

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_River_(Korea)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baekje

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Capital_Area

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changdeokgung

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwaseong_Fortress

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwaseong_Fortress

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongmyo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namhansanseong

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tombs_of_the_Joseon_Dynasty

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhansan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_World

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonlight_Rainbow_Fountain

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The Seoul Metropolitan Government is leading the world in smart administration through its constant

efforts to make use of rapid developments in

smart technologies worldwide to realize the

corresponding innovations in its public

services under the new paradigm of a citizen-

centric administration based on

communication, transparency, sharing, and

collaboration. It has successfully established

participatory governance with its citizens on

the basis of the country’s sophisticated IT

service infrastructure. Citizens are not just

recipients of various public services but also

creators of diverse types of public information

for fellow citizens utilizing an entirely new

type of participatory administrative platform.

The Seoul Metropolitan Government

discloses all of its administrative information

to citizens and shares public data with them.

It provides citizens with useful everyday

information such as bus and subway arrival times, cultural events, job opportunities, and real estate

transactions and rentals as well as the entire range of city administrative services accessible via mobile

devices and public apps. Citizens can access the information anytime, anywhere. On the other hand,

through the e-voting system, the Seoul Metropolitan Government encourages citizens to participate in the

policymaking process. In order to close the digital divide, SMC supports the disadvantaged to boost their

information literacy. Seoul has prepared a plan for ‘Smart Seoul 2015’ focusing to utilize the huge potential

of Smart technologies for urban development. Seoul has been successful in using broadband internet since

late 1990s. Seoul has topped in the UN-supported Rutgers Global E-Governance Survey since 2003. It is

an established fact that Seoul has the highest internet competitiveness in terms of broadband internet

penetration, mobile service usage, level of online services, and other categories.

However, the paradigm shift into "Smart" means major internal and external changes in the

administrative environment. With other nations and cities catching up with the world best e-Governance

frameworks, there is a growing need for Seoul to take proactive measures under the new circumstances.

"Smart Seoul 2015" pushes forward with the 3-phase plan:

first, build up Smart infrastructure (2011~2012) based on the existing ICTs project second, provide Smart services (2013~2014) third , advance smart services (2015)


Seoul has developed into a Smart City in three Phases

The First Phase, or the individual service level, applies ICT to improve individual city operations such as

transportation, safety, environment and culture. The majority of 2012’s smart city projects lie in this

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phase, an example being the addition of real-time bus schedule information to public transportation

services, or using closed-circuit television (CCTV) to a greater extent in maintaining public safety.

The Second Phase, or the vertical service level, integrates related processes and services by smart

technology within major sectors of a city, enabling the provision of more advanced services. Taking the

transportation sector as an example, citizens are offered information on the public transportation

system’s real-time activity as well as emergencies, road conditions, road repairs and subsequent

detours. Smart city services are not yet integrated across sectors, but people will experience leaps

forward in the quality of service provided by each sector.

The Third Phase, or the horizontal service level, is the point of smart city development at which there is no longer a distinction between different service areas, with all parts now seamlessly integrated within an efficient smart city ecosystem.

An administrative optical network called “e-Seoul Net” was established in 2003, embedding fibre-optic

cable along Seoul’s subway tunnels to connect the city’s main public buildings, its affiliated offices

and municipalities. Smart Seoul 2015 was announced in June 2011 to uphold Seoul’s reputation as a

global ICT leader by boosting its sustainability and competitiveness through smart technologies.


Most services and smart city initiatives of Seoul are financed by the central government or city itself with

very limited funding from private sector contribution. The funding ratio witnessed so far is 90 percent

to 10 percent funds from central government or city itself and private sector contribute respectively

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Seoul City - ICT Project Snapshot Population - 10 million ; Area – 605.21Sq KM

Smart City Initiatives

Components Objectives Partners Benefits

Smart Utilities Smart Metering Project, Smart Water Grid, hybrid De-Sallination of Water, Smart Waste management

Effective usage, 24*7 availability of the service along with enhanced billing system for power and water utilities. Recycling and disposal of the waste through integrated waste management systems

Koreas Smart Grid Institute, LGCNS

24*7 availability of electricity, display of real time usage of electricity in homes through IHD and smart meters, Clean water distribution purified through Hybrid De-Sallination technique.

Advanced Mobility including Intelligent Traffic Mgmt System

Smart Bus Stops, Automatic Train Stops, TOPIS, SCADA systems for tunnel monitoring, mobile apps for public transports

Aims to facilitate public transport with the smart components such as passenger information systems, T- Money cards, monitoring of the underground metros etc.

LGCNS, Cisco Ample availability of buses, accurate schedule of the buses available on the bus stops on PIS, effective planning of the routes of public transport, 24*7 monitoring of the metros, citizens can use a common card for transport, avoiding the need to carry cash.

Surveillance System

CCTV and Video Management System; Children safety solution

24/7 city monitoring; developing sense of security in citizens & businesses

NongShim NDS Ensuring public safety and children Safety efficiently and cost-effectively; lower crime rates

City Governance

Community Mapping, Open Government, Online reservation systems, Eun-pyeong U-City, 3-D Spatial Information, U-Shelter Bus Stops

It aims at extensive participation of the citizens in Government activities. Under this they are automating the Government Bodies through Spatial Information program.

Cisco, IBM ,LGCNS Active participation and interaction of citizens with the Government Authorities and in policy making. Online service availability

Infrastructure U-Seoul Net, Smart Work Centre

Seamless connectivity of Seoul City through Wi-Fi. Smart work centers have been designed for the employees to facilitate work culture.

Cisco, LG CNS Free of cost access to Wi-Fi in most parts of the city, continuous networking, Connected Municipalities filed operations through Wi-Fi

Smart Living Virtual Stores, Smart Homes, NFC- Based Mobile Payments, School News Letter Applications, M-Seoul

Aims at raising the standards of living in Seoul City. Under M-Seoul Program all the services have been made accessible through Mobiles.

LGCNS, Samsung Citizens can buy grocery/ home items from the virtual stores and can get the delivery of the products directly at home in short time intervals. Intelligent payment systems directly in collaboration with the banks. All the govt. and other services are accessible through mobile.

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2.4. ICT Solutions Catalogue

2.4.1. ICT Solution Listing

The purpose of this stage is to identify all the possible ICT solutions for 360 degree transformation

that will lead us to fulfil the vision of current project of achieving Green Growth and leading to the

transformation of identified cities into smart cities. The catalogue of possible ICT solutions has

emerged from the scan of global best practices in Smart cities.

All the possible ICT solution for the focus sectors under the current project i.e. Energy, Water

&Waste Water , Transport & Urban and are evaluated on the basis of GHG emissions , solutions

readiness and sector readiness and are listed. Some of the listed solution have been implemented

in the global cities that have been studied in above chapter. We have tried to analyse

implementation insights like the challenges faced during implementation, benefits achieved,

dependencies, cost, industry maturity, execution time, O&M etc. This will help us to prepare a

framework that will enable us to select the best suited solution to meet the project objectives.

Below diagram depicts the list of solutions identified sector wise.

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2.4.2. ICT Solutions Analysis for enhancement of public services management and delivery while ensuring impact on GHG Emissions reduction.

A brief functional write up and GHG hypothesis has been provided for all the identified solution

areas at Annexure 2. For GHG hypothesis, we have taken following assumptions.

– considering limited availability of primary data for the cities Panjim, Shimla, and Hubli we have

followed Tier 1 method for tentative estimation of GHG emission reductions based IPCC default

values, Central Electricity Authority (CEA) data, national and international experiences of

implementation of smart solutions. This is in line with the principle of GHG Protocol for

“Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories”. We have listed out the assumptions

considered for each solution while estimating the GHG emission reductions.

– For more accurate estimation of GHG reductions, primary survey data on Vehicle Kilo meter

Travelled, % Mode Share, Population, Households, Street lighting, Solid Waste Generation etc. for

these 3 cities was required. We have indicated a set of questions for each solution, which may be

used as checklists to collect GHG related information before and after implementation of smart

solutions.

Once the solutions are finalised by respective city authorities, we will conduct next round of

interviews to gather data points that will lead us to accurate GHG emissions for the finalised

solutions. These estimations would become a part of the subsequent project deliverable i.e

aggregated city wise DPR’s

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Chapter 3: Making it happen – Approach Adopted

Final


3. Making it happen-Approach adopted for

the current project

It is important to carve out an implementable transformation strategy around ways to achieve the

future development of sustainable, green and competitive smart cities to address social,

environmental and economic issues in a holistic manner, whilst making the most of future

opportunities.

We have divided the work area in 3 stages i.e.

1. “Assessment” stage,

2. “Global Scanning of Best Practices and Identification of ICT Solutions”

3. “Identification of Top ICT Solutions

For Three Cities (On the basis of Diagnostic Tool)” stage as depicted below. Due consideration was

given during developing strategy that will help sustain the city’s growth over time without

endangering its foundations (such as economic diversity, people, governance and the

environment)

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3.1. Stage 1 – Assessment Stage – Diagnostic Assessment

Framework

In the stage 1, questionnaires were developed to enable the city authorities and associated

stakeholders to understand the city in a holistic manner and identify the city’s texture, theme,

socio economic parameters and most importantly assess city’s performance in serving the citizen

needs and the areas that require immediate attention.

The key guiding principle adopted to build these questionnaires were to provide a lens through

which the complexity of the cities and the numerous factors that contribute the same can be

analysed and best suited mitigation approaches can be applied.

The results of the diagnosis framework helped in identification of critical gaps and areas of

weakness that should be prioritized to unlock opportunities within the city. It also brought

out the current and emerging needs of the city and assisted in developing strategy for smart city

transformation, while also taking into consideration the readiness of the city for the

transformation.

3.1.1. Devlopment of Questionnaires for Socio Economic Assessment

A set of questionnaire were prepared to understand the city demographics, geography, economic

characteristics, land use, city sectors, gaps and opportunity areas. The prime objective is to

diagnose the current situation of the city by analysing various social, economic and urban

components in order to develop a comprehensive stock of the city

Documents collected from respective cities were studied and discussion with concerned city

departments & various teams were carried out to gather responses to the questionnaire.

Responses were given score to derive quantitative results and arrive at the challenges faced and

addressed by the cities.

Three sets of questionnaire were prepared as follows:

1. City questionnaire - To understand the city at large, its demographics, texture and its

characteristics

2. Sector questionnaire - To understand in detail the various city sectors under the

project and to comprehend the current performance of respective sectors. Sectors focussed

under this project – Energy, Water, Transport, Urban and ICT. An exhaustive list of

questions were developed to understand these sectors comprehensively

3. Tool questionnaire - These set of questions focussed on the current project outcome

i.e. to identify the top concern areas/sectors of cities that need immediate attention by

analysing the performance of these areas to meet the citizen need and delivering required

services. Questions were developed to deep dive in the sector performance.

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3.1.2. Citizen Engagement

Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India has launched a mission to transform its

100 cities into Smart cities. Under this mission, city wide proposals were prepared by

understanding the city current & future requirement and subsequently addressing these

requirements with practical and feasible solutions. For identifying the city requirements, city

administrations conducted extensive citizen engagement exercise as the starting point.

Discussions were held with various group of citizens, such as youth and student associations,

welfare associations, tax payers associations, senior citizens, special interest groups, slum dwellers

and others using various communication means. City authorities devised the most effective way

to encourage participatory process that involved the citizens of varied interests concerned with

the city’s growth and sustainable development.

Citizen engagement was conducted in following three stages-

Round 1 – To establish a city vision, city level sub goals and strategy to achieve objectives

Round 2 – To get feedback on ideas for pan city solutions and area based developments

Round 3 – To inform citizens about the intended pan city solutions and area based

developments, its implementation and financing plan

Various methods that were employed during the above stages –

Face to Face consultations – Town meetings, ward level consultations, focus group

discussions

Written Submissions – Invite and receive suggestions in writing

Local print, radio and TV

Online crowd sourcing and polling – Conducted a survey of citizens to gather their ideas

about the solutions that are needed in the city and to seek their suggestions or establish

priorities. This was done using “My Gov” portal, city website, facebook, twitter etc

Mobile Polling – Defined key questions that were easily understood by citizens and asked

them to poll the options.

Created Wi Fi hot spots and App surveys to increase participation in slum areas or other

excluded areas

Pictorial representations – Painting Competitions etc. to include participation from

children’s and people who cannot read and write

It helped the cities to understand and also reconfirm that the most urgent needs are addressed

first.

Two of the cities under our current project i.e. Panjim and Hubli were also among the list of 100

cities selected under the Ministry of Urban Development “100 Smart city Mission”. These cities

have carried out the citizen engagement activity and the result of the same has been leveraged and

used for the current project.

(*This exercise and subsequent results are not available for Shimla)

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3.1.3. Stakeholder Consultation

Under this activity key stakeholders & champions were identified from World Bank, City

Authorities, associated city departments and Academia to understand their perspective, thoughts,

focus areas, current situation and the success factors that should be considered.

All the stakeholders were introduced to the objectives and the implementation of the development

of Diagnostic Assessment Framework. Knowing what to expect allowed the city authorities and

leadership to support with relevant data and articulate expectations for the diagnostic framework.

Initial sensitization to the goals and objectives of the exercise helped to garner active support of

all the stakeholders and enhanced their engagement in the overall process. Following experts/

institutions were interviewed –

1. City Authorities – Municipal Corporations of Panjim, Shimla and Hubli.

Key people interviewed -

a. City Mayor and Commissioner

b. Project nodal officer

c. Various Department champions –Energy, Water, Urban (Sewage, Waste,

Governance, Transport, ICT

2. World Bank

a. Task team

b. Urban Sector Team

c. Transport Sector Team

d. ICT Exerts

e. Water Sector Team

f. Energy Sector Team

g. Gender Expert

h. Environment Expert

3. Academia

a. Center for Policy Research

b. National Institute of Urban Affairs

c. Department of Management, Studies, IIT Delhi

Stage Output - Results of the all the three activities i.e. Socio Economic assessment, citizen

engagement and stakeholder consultation were synthesised to understand the sectors that are on

top priority and need focused improvement by using ICT solutions.

Final


3.2. Stage 2 – Global Scanning of Best Practices and

Identification of ICT Solutions

The purpose of this stage is to identify all the possible ICT solutions for 360 degree transformation

that will lead us to fulfil the objective of current project of identifying and improving the city’s top

concerning area and hence achieving Green Growth leading to the transformation of identified

cities into smart cities.

All the possible ICT solution for the focus sectors under the current project i.e. Energy, Water,

Transport, Urban and ICT that has the capability to improve the city’s top concerning areas were

referred, evaluated and listed. Some of the listed solution have been implemented in the global

cities that have been studied in above chapter.

We have tried to analyse implementation insights like the challenges faced during

implementation, benefits achieved, dependencies, cost, industry maturity, execution time, O&M

etc. This helped us to prepare a framework that enabled us to select the best suited solution to

meet the project objectives. Below diagram depicts the list of solutions identified sector wise.

Now to narrow down the list of 55 solutions further, approach of GHG hypothesis was adopted.

The GHG hypothesis assisted in carving out the 17 solutions which have major GHG impact.

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3.3. Stage 3 - Identification of Priority ICT Solutions for

three Cities (On the basis of City Diagnostic Tool

results)

To come closer to the priority solutions from the list of 17 ICT solutions, a City Diagnostic Tool is

developed to facilitate quantified evaluation of these ICT solutions. Each ICT solution was

evaluated as per the three categories that are mentioned below. Each category was assigned a

weight and final score determined the top priority solution.

3.3.1. Sector performance, need and readiness for transformation

Data vectors were identified for each of the sector and each data vectors has group of questions.

Responses to these questions were prepared basis detailed analysis of the respective sector

documents that were made available. Keeping the project objective in mind of achieving Green

Growth by leveraging leading and feasible ICT solutions, questions grouped under respective data

vector while capturing the main essence also captured the ICT details –

ICT - Assessment was done on the basis of how much ICT and following parameters -

Automatic fault, leakage and damage

identification System

Automated operation and maintenance

Is there any manual intervention in O&M

Is the system integrated

Feedback portal and/or grievance redressed portal to collect feedback and

grievances from the residents

Plan ready for future ICT implementation

GIS - Geographical Information Systems (GIS) - Level of GIS is used

Plan ready for GIS implementation

GIS mapping and coverage

GIS Portal for citizens

Status of the GIS if available

O&M - Operation and Maintenance including cost

Operation and Maintenance as per standards

Optimum response and resolution time for the complaints

Annual average Operation and Management cost

GHG - GHG levels

GHG emission respect to each solution

City initiative to reduce GHG

Technologies, products, processes or

services City developed,/ developing, in

response to GHG emission

City’s current emissions reduction strategy?

A brief functional write up and GHG hypothesis has been provided for all the

Final


identified solution solutions in Annexure 2. For GHG hypothesis, we have taken

following assumptions:

considering limited availability of primary data for the cities Panjim, Shimla,

and Hubli we have followed Tier 1 method for tentative estimation of GHG

emission reductions based IPCC default values, Central Electricity Authority

(CEA) data, national and international experiences of implementation of

smart solutions. This is in line with the principle of GHG Protocol for

“Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories”. We have listed

out the assumptions considered for each solution while estimating the GHG

emission reductions.

For more accurate estimation of GHG reductions, primary survey data on

Vehicle Kilo meter Travelled, % Mode Share, Population, Households, Street

lighting, Solid Waste Generation etc. for these 3 cities will be required. We

have indicated a set of questions for each solution, which may be used as

checklists to collect GHG related information before and after

implementation of smart solutions.

Institutional Framework - Understanding the institutional structure to carry out city

function and operations

Governance structure

Scope of work/charter of duties / delegation of power

Regulations

Institutional body for controlling the implementation and O&M

Budget - Understanding the financial plan and the spending’s in the current year

Policy - Understanding policies for city operation and functions

Sector wise policies and schemes

Scoring for Data Vectors

Data Vectors are assessed on a scale of 0 to 4, four being the highest rating and zero being the

lowest. Weights have been assigned to these data vectors on the basis of their significance and

contribution. The response obtained from the city has been assigned a score based on the

below mentioned parameters.

0 – Not Planned – Minimal state

1- Planning Stage - This signifies a stage where the planning has started and some

guiding reference is available.

2- Implementation Stage/Current Level - This signifies a stage where the planning

has been completed and the implementation has started. (For factual question where the

present scenario is up to the mark, this score has been assigned.

3- Operational /Basic Stage - This stage signifies a stage where the implementation

has been completed and the operations has started

Final


4- Operational /Advanced Level - Operation is comparable to the best practices

observed in the other smart cities world wide

Average of the scores of all the data vector was taken and made inversely proportional to

establish them as high priority areas that need immediate intervention.

3.3.2. ICT Solution readiness

ICT solution readiness was also evaluated to understand the ease with which the solution can be

implemented and its impact. Key pointers included -

Feasibility: How feasible the solution is to be taken up for Short term and long term

gain?

Cost: Evaluating the solution on the basis of the cost of implementation and deriving

ROI

Benefit Realization: How the solution will deliver benefits to its stakeholders? Ease

of transaction, operational efficiency.

Implementation Time: Understanding City authority governance, model, industry

readiness & maturity, technology maturity.

Prioritization: Moving from fundamental to ‘good to have’.

Risks: Technology adoption by stakeholders changes management, policy and

regulatory scenario.

3.3.3. Citizen Engagement & Stakeholder Engagement

Responses of citizen and stakeholders were also added for all the 17 ICT solutions and were

quantified in scores.

Final Scoring – Derived as per following formula -

Sector performance, need and readiness for transformation (50%)

+

ICT Solution readiness (20%)

+

Citizen Engagement & Stakeholder Engagement Stakeholders (30%)

Final


Chapter 4: Pilot City Panjim

Final


4. Pilot City 1: Panjim, Goa

4.1. City background

Panaji City is the administrative and political capital of the state of Goa, located in the Tiswadi taluka

of North Goa. It lies in the Konkan region and is well connected to all parts of the country by road, rail

and air network. It is one of the fast growing cities of Goa, administered by the ‘Corporation of the City

of Panaji’ (CCP). Economy is driven majorly by tourism since it is a popular and an attractive tourist

destination nationally as well as internationally.

Owing to the population growth and its varying settlement, Census 2011 has designated the area of the

Panaji city along with seven outgrowths (OGs) and four census towns (CTs) as the Panaji Urban

Agglomeration (PUA), which is administered by the independent urban local bodies (5 in North Goa

and 6 in South Goa) or gram panchayats.

Basis. By 2021, the population projection (decadal growth method) for the same is estimated to be

60000 (CCP) and 181453 (PUA) respectively. The density of population within Panaji city is 5,336

persons/ sq.km and that in the outer areas of the PUA is as low as 1000 persons/ sq.km. According to

the Census 2011, Panaji has a fairly balanced sex ratio of around 981 females per 1000 males and

overall literacy rates in the CCP and the PUA areas stand at rather high levels of 86% and 82%

respectively.

Panaji has a geographical area of 8.2 sq. km. With more than 50 percent of the town area under various

residential uses while the central core area represents major commercial area. CCP area does not have

any notified slums, however during reconnaissance surveys certain pockets across various municipal

wards were identified, which are characterized by poor level of infrastructure & services, typical of

slums. Panaji town presents a fluctuating and rather inconsistent growth pattern.

http://sq.km/

http://sq.km/

http://sq.km/

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4.1.1. City Demographics

City Area : 8.2 Sq. KM

Population Density: 4928 per sq.km.

Number of House Holds: 10,158

City Population: 40,017

Literacy Rate: 86%

Maternal Mortality Rate: 212

Population growth: 8.23%

Floating Population: 5886 per day

Work Participation Rate: (WPR): 43%

Sex Ratio: 981 females per 1000 males

Infant Mortality rate: 44

Pupil Teacher Ratio (PTR): 18%

Final


4.1.2. Taking stock of city wide initiative/projects undertaken by city

(*Source: Detailed Project Reports and other documents of the respective cities and the communication from the respective

stakeholders)

Energy Sector

Project Name Objective Cost Current Status

Underground ducting for the distribution system and Replacement of existing fluorescent lamp to higher order one

For improvement of Street Lighting system in the city by concealment of the open electricity cables and increasing the energy efficiency of the Street Lighting system

18.4 Crore Proposed as per CDP 2006

Street Lighting Project Provision for adequate street lighting. Solar based LED Lighting (preference to

core city and main roads) Underground ducting of the electricity

cables (core city area) SCADA for street lighting and implementation of day light savings

Implementation of Solar City Master Plan for Panaji as prepared in 2014

133.6 Crore To be completed by 2021

Transport sector


Upgradation and provision of Ring Roads

Primary and Secondary Ring Road improvement. Development of Ring Roads to be compatible to Light Bus Rapid Transit System. Upgradation of lanes and bypasses

361.38 Crore

To be completed by 2021

New Bridges Construction of bridge across river Mandovi

260 Crore To be completed by 2021

Junction and Road improvements

Construction and improvement of various roads and junctions across the city


Route and Bus frequency upgradation

Upgradation the roads and bus frequency for better connectivity of public transport system


New Bus stops and New Buses for Public Transportation

Provision of new bus stops and improvement of existing bus stops. Procurement of green fuel buses for the city transport.

Rs. 15.7 Crores


Redevelopment of KTC bus stand area

Re-development of KTC bus stand area by providing parking and ITC systems for better management of incoming and outgoing bus fleets and additional passenger amenities.


Final


Comprehensive Mobility Plan

Comprehensive projects throughout Panaji including Road improvements, Public transport, Pedestrian and NMV Plan, Parking and Traffic Management

742.91 Crore

To be completed by the year 2031

Decongestion Model for the city center of Panaji

This project predominantly addresses to three main issues, apart from the change in traffic directions: Bus Rapid Transit, Parking strategies, Pedestrian Environment

- -

Proposed Public Bicycle Share(PBS) system for Panaji

A fully automated Public Bicycle sharing system with bicycles and bicycle stations with terminal/kiosks with advertisement spaces

- -

Development of Parking Lots

Developing parking lots on PPP basis at entry and exit points of city and Core city areas

5.2 Crore Proposed in CDP 2006, submitted to MoUD in 2013

1.1.1.1

Water-Waste Sector


Solid Waste Management Project

Various solid waste management initiatives such as Door-to-door waste collection, Development of Disposal and Landfill site, Capacity building of the SWM, Staff and IT based tracking and monitoring system for value chain of SWM

138.81 Crore


Storm Water Drainage Project

Storm water drainage project throughout the city

243.81 Crore

To be completed by 2021 in the short term

GIS mapping of infrastructure services

Mapping of all infrastructure services on GIS (Water Supply, Sewerage, Storm Water etc.)

2.5 Crore To be completed by 2021 in the short term

Improvement of Water Distribution system network

Laying of new pipelines (37 kms) 44.4 Crore Proposed in CDP 2006

Installment of Water Treatment Plants and Accessories

Rehabilitation of WTPs, Installation of pre chlorination equipment, Installation of safety equipment’s , Installation of generators and flow , meters, Replacement of Raw water pumps and back wash pumps, Distribution system management

13.13 Crore Proposed in CDP 2006

Urban Sector


Property Tax survey

Property tax survey and reform implementation

3.5 Crore Proposed to be completed by 2021

Final


4.1.3. Sector Analysis (Panjim -Energy Sector)

Energy Sector Outcome Table

Energy Sector Outcomes

Concern Areas Diagnostic Data

Vectors

ICT GIS O&M GHG Inst. Framework Budget Policy Citizen

Response

Stakeholder

Response

Reliable Power Network 3.26 0.17 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.33 1.33 1.33 2.00 0.00

City Light 3.13 0.22 0.00 2.20 1.33 1.00 1.33 0.00 4.00 4.00

Solar Energy 3.55 0.17 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.33 0.67 1.00 2.00 1.00

Elecricity Metering & Billing 2.98 0.14 0.67 3.00 1.33 0.00 1.50 0.50 1.00 1.00Str

ee

t li

gh

t

Diagnostic Data VectorsDiagnostic

Response

Energy Sector Tabular Data

Final


4.1.4. Sector Analysis (Panjim –Transport Sector)

Transport Sector Outcome Table

Transport Sector Outcomes

Final


4.1.5. Sector Analysis (Panjim –Water and Waste Sector)

Water and Waste Sector Outcome Table

Water and Waste Sector Outcomes

Final


4.1.6. Sector Analysis (Panjim –Urban Sector)

Urban Sector Outcome Table

Urban Sector Outcomes

Final


4.1.7. City Assessment Summary

4.1.8. Top three Solutions for Panjim

Final


4.1.9. Prioritization of the ICT solutions for Panjim

Final


Chapter 5: Pilot City – Hubli

Final


5. Pilot City 2

5.1. Hubali , Karnataka

Dharwad district is located in the Western sector of the northern half of Karnataka State. It consists of

5 taluks –Dharwad, Hubli, Kalghatagi, and Kundagol & Navalgund.

The population of district of Dharwad, as per provisional census 2011 figures is 1, 349, 563.Hubli-

Dharwad’s population increased 22.99 percent between 1981 and 1991, from 527,108 to 648,298; and

by 21.2 percent between 1991 and 2001. The corporation covers 202 km2. It is the second largest and

second most populated city in the state of Karnataka. It has a large floating population of over 2, lakh

which stands second after Bangalore in Karnataka. Hubli is an important industrial center with more

than 3,000 small & medium industries. Hubli is the main trading center for agriculture produce.

Farmers from all over the state sell their produce here. District has many industrial sectors of

engineering items such as industrial valves, electrical goods, and agricultural implements, machine

tools industries, electrical, steel furniture, food products.

IT Park Hubli is situated in the heart of the City and is promoted by the Government of Karnataka IT

Department and KEONICS. There are many subsidiary agricultural industries such as pickles, cotton

ginning & pressing. Focus Sectors: Food Processing and Agro Processing, Information Technology,

Automobile Components, Textiles, and Aerospace Components.

Hubli-Dharwad has a tropical wet and dry climate. Summers are hot and dry, lasting from late

February to early June. They are followed by the monsoon season, with moderate temperatures and a

large amount of precipitation. Temperatures are fairly moderate from late October to early February,

with virtually no rainfall. Hubli is 640 meters above M.S.L. The average yearly rainfall is 838 mm.

Final



5.1.2. City Sectorial details

Final



(*Source: Detailed Project Reports and other documents of the respective cities and the communication from the

respective stakeholders)

Energy Sector


Street Lighting Improvement of city street light infrastructure and migrating to more energy efficient street lighting system

70 crore Work in Progress

Accelerated development and deployment of Solar Water heating system in the domestic, commercial and Industrial Sector

Residential sector being prime source of GHG emission, providing them with a renewable source of energy is very important

5 Crore Work is scheduled to be completed by 2017

Solar Wind Hybrid system

To provide other source of energy 30 Crore Work is scheduled to be completed by 2017

Hubli Dharwad Solar City

Establishment of Solar City Cell in HDMC

Promotional Activity, workshops, study tours

Solar water heating system and Solar Roof Top system

Solar street lighting system

120 Crore Work is scheduled to be completed by 2017

1.1.1.2

Transport sector


Planning, Reforms and Institutional Strengthening

Constitution of Hubli Dharwad City Transport Authority Increase in bus fleet Transport Asset and Utilities mapping using GIS technology


Better service delivery through improved share of public transport

Provision of Bus bays Development of bus terminals Formulation and operationalization of the dedicated lines


Improved safety, service delivery and customer satisfaction by providing better infrastructure

Strengthening existing roads Upgradation of important roads Flyovers Parking lots/complexes Radial Roads/Outer Ring Roads

464 crore To be completed by 2021

Improved Pedestrian Facilities, comfort and safety.

Subways/FOBs Pedestrian Crossings

8 crore To be completed by 2021

Final


Water-Waste Sector


24*7 Urban Water Supply – A PPP attempt for Hubli-Dharwad

KUIDFC and KUWASIP along with M/s Compagnie Generale Des Eaux planned to improve water connectivity from 50% to 100%

Product under aegis of World bank. Total project cost 1146 crore

Work in progress

Under CDS 2006 Water Infrastructure development plan

95 % network coverage by 2021 95% access to piped supply 170 lpcd Per capita supply NRW reduction to 25%

Total budget of INR 678 crore

The CDS was not approved and therefore the projects identified to improve the water supply were not implemented.

CDS 2006 envisaged improvement in sanitation services

Preparation of a comprehensive sewerage master plan Laying of 500 km sewerage network Construction of 17000 manhole system Construction of sewage treatment plants

260 crore The situation in the city continues to be unsatisfactory even today; HDMC couldn‘t implement any project proposed in CDP 2006, as it was not approved by the GoI.

UGD projects: Comprehensive plan for sewerage infrastructure development

Construction of sewerage treatment plan Trunk Mains Secondary Mains

800 crores Comprehensive DPR has been prepared

Underground drainage project

96 km sewer line in Hubli and 42.5 km sewer line in Dharwad 40 MLD STP at Hubli and 20 MLD at Dharwad

164 crores UGD projects is in implementation phase STPs were due to be commissioned in December 2014

Zero Waste Project HDMC is aggressively trying to solve the issue related to SWM HDMC has also taken a support from Mysore MC for “Zero Waste” project

100 crore DPR for SWM has been prepared Tender has been floated

Initiatives for Solid Waste Management system

Biometric attendance system implemented for monitoring attendance Integrated Municipal Solid waste processing and land filling facility Installation of weighbridge for MSW

100 crore Zero waste management has been applied in 3 wards Projects has

Final


quantification been approved by GoK

Storm water drainage management system

Comprehensive drainage master plan Immediate rehabilitation, strengthening, and expanding of the network Overall storm water drainage management

387.40 crore as proposed in CDS 2006

Work in progress to be completed by 2021

1.1.1.3

1.1.1.4 Urban Sector


Municipal Geographic Information System (MGIS)

HDMC has implemented tax reforms and property related GIS

This enables the user for self-assessment of property tax

Citizen pay property tax through the Self-Assessment Scheme (SAS)

NA Already running and in use by citizens

Rajiv Awas Yojana Aimed at making Hubli Dharwad slum free city

NA Slum free action plan is prepared for the city

Urban Street Shakti (SHGs) under Nirmal Nagar Yojana

Program dedicated toward empowerment of each women in the community to achieve her fullest potential

21.78 Lakh 600 SHGs formed

7940 members enrolled

Nirmal Jyothi Scheme (Improvement

of infrastructure conditions of slums)

The scheme entails improvement of Infrastructure facilities such as roads, surface drains, and external electrifications

1024 Lakh Programme running since 2002

Vambay housing scheme

19 slums identified in Hubli and 9 in Dharwad

Planning to construct 2000 houses in 28 slums

940 Lakh 2353 houses build till 2003

200,000

beneficiaries

Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan Scheme (2002-2003)

Construction of toilets for provision of basic environmental sanitation

144 Lakh This state-

sponsored scheme is estimated to

benefit 3,240

persons by means of employment

Final


5.1.4. Sector Analysis (Hubli -Energy Sector)



Final


5.1.5. Sector Analysis (Hubli–Transport Sector)



Final


5.1.6. Sector Analysis (Hubli –Water and Waste Sector)



Final


5.1.7. Sector Analysis (Hubli –Urban Sector)



Final



5.1.9. Top three Solutions for Hubli

Final


5.1.10. Prioritization of the ICT solutions for Hubli

Final


Chapter 6: Pilot City - Shimla

Final


6. Pilot City 3

6.1. Shimla , Himachal Pradesh

Shimla was first explored by British during colonial period in the first half of 19th century. It is situated

on the last traverse spur of the central Himalayas and a well-known tourist destination in India.

The Ridge, located at the center is a commanding site of the city with scandal point in the west, Lakkar

Bazar, Library and Christ Church in the East, along with Town Hall, and Goofa on the Southern side.

Municipal Committee came into existence in 1851 and was responsible for establishment of Town Hall

and Gaiety Theatre. The city is famous for its buildings style and neo-gothic architecture dating from

the colonial era. British established many architectural masterpieces such as Vice Regal Lodge, Gorton

Castle, Railway Board Building, Gaiety Theatre, Town Hall, Auckland House, Ellerglie, Barnes Court,

etc.

In 1871, the Government of Punjab also decided to use Shimla as its summer capital. In 1904, the Kalka

Shimla railway line was commissioned. After Partition in 1947, offices of Punjab Government were

shifted from Lahore in Pakistan to Shimla. In 1966, with reorganization of territory into Punjab,

Haryana and Himachal Pradesh, Shimla became the capital of Himachal Pradesh and also the head

quarter of Shimla District. Shimla features a subtropical highland climate (Cwb) under the Köppen

climate classification. The climate in Shimla is predominantly cool during winters and moderately

warm during summer. Temperatures typically range from −4 °C (25 °F) to 31 °C (88 °F) over the course

of a year

Final



6.1.2. City Sectorial detail

Final



(*Source: Detailed Project Reports and other documents of the respective cities and the communication from the

respective stakeholders)

Energy Sector


Energy Efficiency and Audit Projects

Implementation of energy efficiency projects such as efficient street lighting, biogas plants, Solar City Plan for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

12 Crore To be implemented till 2021

Solar City Implementation of Solar City Masterplan of Shimla City

185.81 Crore To be implemented till 2021

Implementation of SCADA for Street lighting in SMA

Installation of SCADA systems in street lights in the Shimla Municipal area


Study and implementation of net- metering through solar light system

Installation of solar lighting systems in homes that provide subsidies and billing discounts to households according to the electricity they supply to the grid


Renewable Energy projects as per solar city Plan

Implementation of renewable energy plants as per solar city plan for Shimla


Solar City Plan for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

Implementation of City wide Solar city masterplan for Shimla city


Transport sector


CMP Projects Various activities to be carried out: Construction of Footpath Grade Separated Pedestrian Facilities, Road Marking, pathways, Intersection Improvement, Street Lights, Traffic Management Schemes, Lifts/ Escalator, Connectivity between Phase 3 and Phase 4, Bike Sharing Scheme, City Bus Service (Bus Augmentation), Bus Stops, Khalini Chowk Improvement, ITS on Buses, ITS on Bus Stops, Creation of Off-street Parking Facilities

2697 Crore

To be implemented till 2021

Up-gradation of roads

Development of new CC roads Up-gradation of existing WBM roads and earthen roads to CC/BT roads and resurfacing of damaged roads

37.14 Crore

To be implemented till 2021

Final


Congestion Road Pricing

Study and implementation of congestion road pricing in Shimla city.


Pavement improvement

Improvement of gradient and permanent pavement across the roads


Utility ducts construction

Development of utility ducts on the existing road (200 km)


1.1.1.5

Water-Waste Sector


Sewerage line repairment

Rejuvenation of sewerage network in missing lines and left out areas in various zones of Shimla

54.74 Crore Project retendered on BOT basis in February 2013

Solid Waste Management in Shimla

SWM project of Shimla in which 95% of the work has been completed and case of Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) has been sent to the H.P. State Pollution Control Board.


Water Supply Project Rehabilitation of water supply system in Shimla

72.36 Crore Project retendered on BOT basis in February 2013 according to CDP

Sewerage Network Provision of sewerage network, household connections, extension of STP treatment capacity and provision of additional facilities at existing STPs


Water Treatment systems

Construction of decentralized wastewater treatment systems in newly developing areas


Septage Treatment Facility

Construction of Septage Treatment facility


Community and Public Toilets

Construction and refurbishment of the existing public toilets in the city


New Storm Water Drains

Development and provision of new pucca storm water drains in Shimla city


Improvement of major nallahs

Improvement and rejuvenation of major nallas in the city as presented in the city sanitation plan


Comprehensive Solid Waste management Project in Shimla

Construction of waste transfer stations, development

Disposal and landfill site Construction of de-

centralized waste segregation and composting / Waste to energy –

100.54 Crore


Final


Incineration facilities in the city

Construction of waste recycling plant for the construction and demolition waste

Preparation of IEC campaign strategy for source segregation and efficient waste management and its implementation of the strategy

Other equipment’s and Communication and IEC

Water Supply Project Improvement and refurbishment of the existing water supply system to provide 24x7 water supply including metering Augmentation of water supply system to lift the water from the coal dam and receive 35 MLD water for the city of Shimla Implementation of gravity based water supply scheme

561 Crore (envisaged for 2021)


Final


6.1.4. Sector Analysis (Shimla -Energy Sector)



Final


6.1.5. Sector Analysis (Shimla –Transport Sector)



Final


6.1.6. Sector Analysis (Shimla –Water and Waste Sector)



Final


6.1.7. Sector Analysis (Shimla –Urban Sector)



Final



6.1.9. Top three Solutions for Shimla

Final


6.1.10. Prioritization of ICT solutions for Shimla

Final


Chapter 7 : Recommendations

Final


7. Recommendations

Cities are termed as the “Economic Engines” of Indian Growth story and carries responsibility & vision to

build shared prosperity for its citizens. With Smart cities transformation concept and availability of ICT led

progressive solutions, it is possible that cities can achieve this responsibility and attain Green Growth while

emerging as social and environmentally sustainable destinations.

Focus on Green Growth and four sectors

It is important to emphasize here that this study and recommendations under this report focus on only four

sectors as defined in the project’s TOR i.e. Energy, Transport, Water and Urban. The priority areas and the

recommended ICT Solutions are therefore related to these areas only. For example there are several other

sectors which may have similar or even higher priority areas for a particular city, for example areas related

to sectors like health, education, social welfare, women and child safety etc. This report has not addressed

the needs under these areas. These will have to be studied separately to evaluate their needs for Smart City

Solutions and their priorities identified by the city authorities.

Way Forward

1. Based on the consultations and analysis undertaken under this study, it is recommended that the three

pilot cities address the GG Growth Smart City strategy based on a phased approach. In the first phase,

the cities may address the high priority sectors by using the top ICT solutions that has been identified

based on the following two criteria :

High priority sectors based on potential impact on green growth of the city

Comparatively high level of readiness of the city for implementing the ICT Solutions in terms of

policy, process and infrastructure readiness.

(Please refer respective city sections for top ICT solutions)

2. In addition to these ICT solutions under the predefined sectors for this study, it is recommended that

City management includes certain additional solutions of critical importance in Phase I that are for

‘participative governance’ and for building a ‘productive growth environment’ in the pilot cities. The

recommended solutions under this category may include the following:

Citizen Engagement Platform

City Performance Dashboard to monitor progress

Women & Child Safety Solutions platform

Shared Citizen Services Platform (including services for new trade licences, new job opportunities,

SME related services etc.)

3. Implementing ICT based solutions that support the green growth strategy of the pilot cities may involve

development and implementation of multiple systems for key sectors / departments. Rather than each

sector / department building its own ICT solutions, it is recommended that Phase I implementation

includes building a ‘common shared ICT infrastructure’ along with a Control and Command Center at

the City HQ. This shared infrastructure can serve as a common platform for implementing Smart City

GG Solutions for all the sectors as and when they get ready over different phases of the project.

4. The shared ICT platform shall ensure that comply with the national ICT standards and policies to support

information sharing for improved ‘overall coordination and collaboration’ among multiple government

and non-government agencies within the city.

Final


Chapter 8: Annexures

Final


8. Annexure 1 –List of Possible ICT

Solutions

a) Smart Energy Solutions

The smart grid can make use of technologies, such as state estimation, that improve fault detection and allow self-healing of the network without manual intervention. Smart grid ensures more reliable electricity supply, and reduced natural disasters or attack. Following are different ICT interventions for Smart Grid

1. Smart SCADA System for Energy

Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems manages polling data, exception reports and field devices while generating alarms, replicating values to other systems, etc.

New levels in electric grid reliability – increased revenue

Proactive problem detection and resolution – higher reliability

Meeting the mandated power quality requirements – increased customer satisfaction

Real time strategic decision making – cost reductions and increased revenue

ICT Intervention: Remote terminal units (RTUs) connect to sensors in the process and convert

sensor signals to digital data. Programmable logic controller (PLCs) connects to sensors in the

process and converts sensor signals to digital data, various processes and analytical

instrumentation.

2. Substation and Feeder Automation

Scalable and customizable solution which includes protection devices, measurement centers, bay controllers, communication devices, analysis tools, etc.

Automatically controlling the power system via instrumentation and control devices which includes protection devices, measurement centers, bay controllers, communication devices, analysis tools, using data from intelligent electronic devices (IED).

Control and automation capabilities within the substation, and control commands from remote users to control power-system devices.

ICT PROJECT: SUBSTATION AUTOMATION: Automation by installing controllers,

communication devices etc.

Final


3. Smart Street Light

Modern day outdoor lighting systems are being asked to provide more than ever. Apart from fulfilling their basic function of illuminating the roads and areas, parking zone, public spaces, outdoor lighting system are being evaluated how well they conserve energy, help in reducing crime and increase safety and security, reduce CO2 emission among many other parameters. Enhancing lighting systems into smart street lighting system has become an important cog in the wheel for achieving sustainable and energy efficient smart city. Using LED lights and atomization of it will reduce GHG emission. Can reduce public uses of energy by leveraging technology and can also help in improving energy asset management, energy operations and customer service. Smart streetlights reduce the grid energy demand.

ICT Intervention: Change in light fixtures to LED, automation on lights, GIS mapping of street

poles for coverage of illumination, smart poles for multiple uses like wireless, safety buttons etc.

1) Smart Power Network

Power generated in power stations pass through large and complex networks like transformers, overhead lines, cables and other equipment and reaches at the end users. It is fact that the unit of electric energy generated by Power Station does not match with the units distributed to the consumers. Some percentage of the units is lost in the distribution network. This difference in the generated and distributed units is known as Transmission and Distribution loss. Transmission and Distribution loss are the amounts that are not paid for by users. This loss in transmission and distribution also attribute in energy consumption and GHG emission. With proper ICT enablement T&D losses can be reduced.

ICT Intervention: HIGH CONDUCTING LINES, Use of HVDC and other technologies can increase the capacity of the existing grid. . ICT Intervention: POWER QUALITY DEVICE, Usage of sensors

which are distributed throughout the network to monitor power quality and respond automatically to them, bring higher quality power and less downtime while simultaneously

supporting power from intermittent power sources and distributed generation . ICT Intervention:

AUTOMATIC FAULT, LEAKAGE AND DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION SOFTWARES

2) Smart Power Meters

Smart meters within smart grids can not only record electricity consumption but also send the information back to a central server for monitoring, analysis, and management. The typical smart meter performs several functions, such as measuring electrical parameters, recording data, and facilitating communication. Smart meters are considered to be the most cost-effective smart grid components that can enhance end-user engagement in energy saving.

ICT Intervention: Technology can provide reliable metering and data can be used for real-time monitoring, energy consumption and help identify theft and pilferage. Smart meters provide

accurate data of consumers and help track defaulters.

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3) Smart Energy- Rooftop Solar

Urbanization and economic development are leading to a rapid rise in energy demand in urban areas. The growth in use of energy is a symbol of growing economy, but at the same time, the excessive use is environmentally damaging for the community. With the usage of perishable source as energy today, need for a renewable energy is at the peak. Thus solar power and solar cell provides an opportunity and alternative for the energy requirement of the city. Installation of 1 MW capacity solar power plant will help in generation of 1577 MWH of power. Thus this will help in quenching the need of energy demand of the urbanization. Solar cell enabled LED lighting helps in providing the electricity required for lighting the street lights. The solar enabled LED lighting helps in optimizing the energy conservation even more.

ICT Intervention: Installing rooftop solar panels and putting excess energy on grid. Location mapping with help of GIS and central monitoring stations. ICT Intervention: Energy simulation

software also called building energy modelling uses past weather data to provide precise

projections of renewable energy generation which helps producing more renewable energy.

4) Electric Infrastructure Management (EIM)

Electric infrastructure management (EIM) supports the design and records management for the

principal assets of a utility - the transmission and distribution facilities. Most utilities spend a lot of time

and money building and maintaining these valuable assets, so it’s important to keep records current and

accurate. EIM reduces the cost of maintaining these records, which are stored in a database and easily

available for a variety of applications. The EIM solution can help you improve record keeping

productivity by more than 50 percent.

ICT Intervention: EIM software implementation at central location with record keeping facility

5) Smart Gas Management

Smart gas meters give real-time view on the consumption of gas. Geospatial-based gas infrastructure

management (GIM) solutions enable utility firms to manage and keep record of gas infrastructure

assets, while dropping the cost of management of records. Online billing and redressal system can

reduce multiple trips to the Gas offices by consumer which in turn reduces carbon foot print per

consumer.

ICT Intervention: utility management software implementation. GIS Mapping of all infrastructures. Online consumer redressal system. Online billing helps in providing the

electricity required for lighting the street lights. The solar enabled LED lighting helps in

optimizing the energy conservation even more. ICT Intervention: Installing rooftop solar panels

and putting excess energy on grid. Location mapping with help of GIS and central monitoring

stations.ICT Intervention: Energy simulation software also called building energy modelling uses

past weather data to provide precise projections of renewable energy generation which helps

producing more renewable energy.

6) Electric Infrastructure Management (EIM)

Electric infrastructure management (EIM) supports the design and records management for the principal

assets of a utility - the transmission and distribution facilities. Most utilities spend a lot of time and money

building and maintaining these valuable assets, so it’s important to keep records current and accurate. EIM

reduces the cost of maintaining these records, which are stored in a database and easily available for a

variety of applications. The EIM solution can help you improve record keeping productivity by more than

50 percent.

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ICT Intervention: EIM software implementation at central location with record keeping facility

7) Smart Gas Management

Smart gas meters give real-time view on the consumption of gas. Geospatial-based gas infrastructure

management (GIM) solutions enable utility firms to manage and keep record of gas infrastructure assets,

while dropping the cost of management of records. Online billing and redressal system can reduce multiple

trips to the Gas offices by consumer which in turn reduces carbon foot print per consumer.

ICT Intervention: utility management software implementation. GIS Mapping of all

infrastructures. Online consumer redressal system. Online billing.

8) Smart O&M

All consumers with known locations and with smart apps will be easy to maintain. Customer feedback and

complaints can be managed very efficiently.

Central portal for consumer feedback and complaints reduces consumer’s trip to the electricity board offices

thus can reduce GHG emissions

ICT Intervention: Digital mapping of all substations, feeders and indexing of all the consumers using GIS.

Consumers identified based on their unique electrical address, called Consumer Index Number (CIN).

Online web application for O&M

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b) Smart Transportation

1) Smart Car Parking

With urbanization and with increase in the number of people owning and using their own private vehicles,

there is huge pressure which has been put on the city parking infrastructure. The city is unable to sustain

and provide parking accommodation for consistent increase in the number of vehicle used within the city.

Thus there is a huge need and opportunity to improve the parking infrastructure so that it can become

sustainable and hence indirectly it can contribute in the preservation of the environment as well. Automated

Parking Lot Management System is a fully functional and digitally controlled parking lot management

system that is implemented with the use and integration of different digital circuitry and micro computing.

This system monitors the occupancy level and thus notifies the availability of the parking space to the

drivers. Mobile based payment of parking fee will help the government in collection of money from the

parking lots and will help in revenue generation model.

ICT Intervention: GIS mapping for all the parking areas in the city.Creating MLCP (multi-level

car parking) at central locations. Automation of all car parking. Mobile app for all parking units

2) Smart Pollution Control

Due to urbanization and ever increase in the number of vehicles in the road, there is enormous increase in

the GHG emission due to transport sector. Vehicle uses fossil fuels and thus generates CO2 polluting the

air. CO2 is being the prime component of GHG and fossil fuel being an important source for the generation

of the CO2 gas, transport sector and the pollution created by it becomes an important factor. More

distributed pollution checking centers

ICT Intervention: GIS mapping of all pollution checking centers. Pollution sensors to check the amount to pollution generated from vehicles. Vehicle tagging at all pollution control stations

which can send reminders once pollution control certificate expires.

3) Intelligent Transport System

Intelligent transport management along with integrated traffic management is very important for maintain

the road infrastructure, stem down congestion and thus help in reducing CO2 emission. The transport sector

consumes maximum fuel in comparison to other sector and thus generates maximum amount of CO2.

ICT Intervention: ICT enabled traffic management system. Speed detection & Pollution detection sensor enabled traffic system. Automatic Challan generation system and Automatic number plate

reading system. GPRS and AVLS (Automatic vehicle location system). Real time tracking of traffic

situation. Multi-Modal transport system. Smart card system. Geospatial-enabled efficient

transportation system. Integrated transit hubs. Public transport surveillance.

4) Smart Transport Modes

CO2 is a major attribute of GHG emission across the world. According to the fact fuel combustion produces

maximum amount of CO2 and thus help in GHG emission. With an increase in urban population and

increase in number of vehicle, the fuel combustion has considerably increased and hence the GHG emission

due to road transport has also increased. Thus it is very important for government to enhance and encourage

the usage of public transport and other alternate mode of transportations. Alternate mode of transportation

includes Bicycling, Ferry system, Use of Escalators and lifts and Gondola system in hilly regions as alternate

modes of transportation. A bicycle sharing system, public bicycle system, or bike share scheme, is a service

in which bicycles are made available for shared use to individuals on a very short-term basis. For many

systems, smartphone mapping apps show nearby stations. They show how many bikes and how many open

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docks are available at each station, increasing convenience for users. Cities which have large coastal lines

can use ferry system as a mode of transportation. This can be used to commute passengers and also to transit

goods as well. Also in hilly regions there can be facilities such as Escalators and lifts to transport people and

goods alike. These facilities will help in traffic decongestion and hence reduced GHG.

ICT Intervention: Smartphone mapping apps for nearest location of getting transport. Online

services: Online services and telecommuting can reduce the need for travel.

5) Smart Walkways

Most of the city does not include plans for walkways and related details in the city master planning. Either

the existing walkways or sideways are poorly maintained or lack the capacity of cleaning and management.

There is also deep concern about the safety of the pedestrians as well. Support infrastructure to encourage

walking such as proper walkways, weather protections, rest places or appropriate street lighting is not

designed and/or constructed. Thus there is a need for better management of the walkways and sideways in

the cities.

ICT Intervention: Sideways and Walkways with installed CCTV cameras. Walking areas installed with Smart

LED lights. Mixed Land Use Plan for promoting walking as a mode of transportation. GIS based mapping

of all sideways and walkways. Providing additional facilities for promoting walkways.

6) Smart Transport Integrated Asset Management Solutions

Transport related integrated asset management of all transport infrastructure assets including road,

highways, traffic signals, bridges, their associated data & processes, and managing authorities etc. for good

management and operations & higher sustainability.

ICT Intervention: Integrated asset management software’s at control rooms. Geospatial tagging

of all assets. Communication devices at locations for better management.

7) Smart Transportation Hubs

Integrated transport hubs faultlessly connect multiple modes of transportation like bus system, metro

system, airports etc.

ICT Intervention: Smart mobile apps to connect all transportation hubs. All Hubs with WIFI connectivity. ICT Intervention: Smart mobility card with software’s to access all transport modes

in the city. Accessible through web application or mobile app

8) Smart Public transport surveillance

As the public transit population raises, it turn out to be increasingly important for surveillance system on

the public transport, for e.g. buses, mass transit railway, trains to secure public transportation. The

supervisors can monitor the public transport remotely and take action against any accident and incidents.

The video footage can be used as legal evidence against damage or illegal action on the public transport.

ICT Intervention: Video Surveillance can be done by installing cameras at each junction Control

room with communication devices.

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c) Solid Waste Management

9) Smart Solid Waste Recycle

Indian cities generate more than 100 million tonnes of solid waste per year. It is also estimated that about 40%

of solid waste is not even collected in the city. Thus it is very important for proper management of the solid

waste. Different steps involved in solid waste management life cycle are waste generation, waste handling,

transportation, waste segregation and waste disposal or recycling. Solid waste which are recycled or converted

into fuel helps in reducing millions of CO2 emission.

ICT Intervention: Smart Waste Management with sensor technology. Automatic waste collection system. Automatic vacuum collection system. GIS Based Tagging of tankers carrying waste. Specific

time for entering city area. Use of data analytics for waste projection. Sensor based sorting.

10) Smart Waste to Energy

The combustion of municipal solid waste to generate heat or electricity could reduce net GHG emission

compared with combusting methane from landfills. Most common disposal method used for waste management

is landfilling. But landfilling has its own problems such as limitation of lands, generation of methane from

landfills etc. Thus it is important that waste to energy should be promoted as a method of disposal.

ICT Intervention: Energy simulation software and analytics can provide accurate projections of

waste generation and energy production from waste.

11) Automatic waste collection system

Automated Waste Collection System (ACS) is a longstanding solution and can take care the conventional

methods like door-to-door, curb-side, bins collections and transportation via chute system from high rise

buildings with waste sucked though. The system is remotely monitored and controlled by operators at the waste

station. In addition, some staff are needed to handle the system maintenance when required. No personnel are

needed in the actual collection and transport of waste from the collection point to the waste personnel costs,

waste vehicle and fuel costs. One of the main environmental benefits is reduced CO2 emissions, which is a result

of reduced waste vehicle traffic. Reduced waste vehicle traffic also means a more pleasant and safe environment

for people living in the area where the system is in use.

ICT Intervention: Underground collection system through conveyor belts. Automated vacuum

(pneumatic) waste collection systems (AVAC)

12) Landfill pollution monitoring

Smart sensors at landfills to gauge pollution levels to find GHG emissions and control it at the source. Thermal

sensors can pick out heated areas to assess the risk of underground fires.

ICT Intervention: Sensors installation and monitoring at each landfill.

13) Smart Bins

Local authority or municipality who collects waste are challenged to ensure that your bins and containers are

collected at the right time. Not too early so that resources are wasted but also not too late when unsightly over-

filling can occur. Sensor-based bins to collect waste can identify status of empty or filled, status of servicing so

as to customize the waste collection schedule accordingly and save costs and fuel. It also reduces air and noise

pollution.

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ICT Intervention: Sensors installation on bins and monitoring software’s

14) GPS Enabled Vehicles

Vehicles which collect waste with GPS enabled technology optimizes the collection efficiency and ensure trucks

dump waste in designated places. It will also give a clear picture of waste generated per ward.

ICT Intervention: GPS ENABLED VEHICLES. GPS installation in each waste carried vehicle and

central monitoring through software

15) Waste Geospatial Dashboard

Waste bin locations, landfill locations, waste management assets mapping in geospatial system. With integrated

command and operations center to monitor city services on real-time. It will improve maintenance activities to

reduce stoppage and improve maintenance effectiveness.

ICT Intervention: GIS Mapping software and survey with control room

d) Smart Water

16) Smart Water Management

Water management is a basic as well as essential service provided by the city government to its citizens and

businesses. Most of the cities have a vast water distributions network running for thousands of kilometers. Most

cities depend on a few key sources like rivers and ponds for water supply. Groundwater management does not

exist in most of the cities. Water resources in India are depleting due to increasing consumption because of

rising population and increased water consumption in urban areas.

ICT Intervention: Data analytics for forecasting water requirement. GIS based water infrastructure management. Ghost pipe detection system and sensors for leakage detection. Real-time hydraulic

modelling water distributions tool. Online hydrology maps

17) Smart Water Meters

Smart metering provisions near real-time information enabling customers to understand and monitor their

water usage and assists the water utility in managing its network and provide better customer service. Smart

meters also provide a more detailed understanding of where water is being used, and in what quantities,

enhancing the ability to pinpoint and tackle leakage.

ICT Intervention: Technology can provide reliable metering and data can be used for real-time

monitoring, energy consumption and help identify theft and pilferage. Online billing

18) Smart Water Quality Meters

Real-time water quality meter send data to the control system to see outbreak of any quality issues. Smart Water

is an improvement on existing water quality control in terms of accuracy, efficiency, and low operational costs.

ICT Intervention: Installation of water quality meters to measure the water quality on real-time basis

to take corrective action in case of any degradation of water quality.

19) Smart Storm water Drains

Increase in population and change in lifestyle along with increasing rate of urbanization has not only put city

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infrastructure under constraint but also has put the drains and nallahs under severe constraints. The drains in

the city have clogged with waste disposal and are unable to drains the rain water during the monsoon causing

flood like situation. Thus for having a clean city it is important to resurrect drains and nallahs along with other

infrastructures.

ICT Intervention: Drains with sensors at inlet and outlet. GIS mapping of all drains and nallahs. GIS mapping of all flood prone areas. Data Analytics for forecasting storm water situation. Control center

for real time analyzing of Drains and Nallahs. Rain or Storm Water harvesting

20) Water and wastewater SCADA

Help to manage water and wastewater infrastructure by measuring, collecting and analyzing network data,

making it available to operators. Proactive problem detection and resolution – higher reliability. Meeting the

mandated water/wastewater quality requirements – increased customer satisfaction. Real time strategic

decision making – cost reductions and increased revenue

ICT Intervention: SCADA implementation

e) Smart Health

21) Smart Healthcare Services

Access to healthcare and hospitals via geo-based services as well as locations of various types of healthcare

services such as doctors’ offices, hospitals and old peoples’ homes helps citizens in availing the right services in

time.

ICT Intervention: GIS mapping of all healthcare facilities. Linkages between all hospitals, labs and drug

stores.

22) Smart Health Cards

Improve the security and privacy of patient information, provide a secure carrier for portable medical

records, reduce healthcare fraud, support new processes for portable medical records, provide secure

access to emergency medical information, enable compliance with government initiatives and

mandates, and provide the platform to implement other applications as needed by the healthcare

organization. An electronic health record is a digital collection of patient health information which

typically includes patient demographics, progress notes, problems and medications, vital signs, past

medical history, immunizations, laboratory data and radiology reports

ICT Intervention: SMART HEALTH CARDS. Unique e-cards per patients which can be used in any

hospital, lab and drug store. Automation in health records.

23) Smart Ambulance:

GPRS and GIS enabled ambulance system helps the ambulance to reach the patients at the earliest. This also

helps the vans to track the shortest possible routes.

ICT Intervention: GPS enabled ambulance with tracing software at control room. Mobile app to find

nearest ambulance.

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f) Smart Education

24) Smart Classroom

Smart classroom: Technology enhanced classrooms that foster opportunities for teaching and learning by

integrating learning technology, such as computers, specialized software, audience response technology,

assistive listening devices, networking, and audio/visual capabilities

Biometric attendance system with SMS alerts to parentsBiometric identification system for monitoring

student attendance and activity in schools and colleges using any of the mechanisms like palm vein scanning,

eye scan, fingerprint scan, etc.

ICT Intervention: Biometric attendance recording system. Audio visual classroom’s, online

monitoring systems

25) Smart Education Performance Management

An objective evaluation process, rewards for high performers, relevant professional development, interventions

to assist low performers and improvement programs for the poorest performers.

ICT Intervention: Performance management tool per student.

26) Safe Education

CCTV-based surveillance and GPS tracking system in buses

Setting up of IP-based security cameras at various places in the school to ensure real-time monitoring and event resolution.

Advanced vehicle tracking solutions optimizes transportation and ridership. These solutions offer real-time GPS tracking from mobile devices thus increasing the reliability

ICT Intervention: CCTV surveillance, school bus tracking systems-GPS enabled

27) Smart Admissions

Online admission system for all colleges and universities right from filling in the application form to evaluation of the application and communication of results.

ICT Intervention: Online centralized admission system

28)Smart Education Platforms

Learning is a process in which two or more individuals obtain knowledge together, or in a group setting with

technologies such as blogs, knowledge repositories and social networks. Unlike individual learning, people

engaged in collaborative learning capitalize on one another’s resources and skill.

ICT Intervention: Collaborative learning platforms

g) Safe City

29) Safe City Surveillance:

Setting up of IP-based outdoor security cameras across the city with video surveillance data being stored and monitored at command control centers. Leverage the intelligence management solution to monitor and record intelligence from devices and networks which are connected and allow seamless flow of information

Panic buttons in public places -To trigger alert to police in case of emergency situation

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ICT Intervention: CCTV surveillance and Intelligence management solution

30) Smart Police Stations:

Kiosks/systems to help citizens file a First Information Report (FIR) remotely, irrespective of the location of the jurisdiction where the offence has occurred in the city. The complainant can sign, print and scan documents virtually as part of the experience

Video analytics triggered by street cameras. Live video is streamed to the command center and field supervisor is alerted to a potential threat. Video analytics enhances video surveillance systems by performing the tasks of real-time event detection, post event analysis and extraction of statistical data while saving manpower costs and increasing the effectiveness of the surveillance system operation

Sensor Observation Service (SOS) mobile application to trigger alerts and incident reporting with geo location to provide effective response during an emergency situation. The alerts could not just be routed to the Police Control Room but also to certain selected numbers from the phone book.

ICT Intervention: Remote FIR center, SOS mobile application, Video analytics-enabled integrated

command and control Center

Key Component: Environmental

a) Green Growth

31) Urban Tree Canopy

Urban Tree Canopy (UTC) in a city refers to the cover of leaves, branches and stems of trees that cover the land area as viewed from above the ground. Modern cities around the world have areas designated for forest cover in the city and also referred to as the city’s lungs and a source of clean and fresh air. The areas serve as a sink for the rain water and increase the water table of the region which would otherwise cause drainage problems and erosion of soil. The tree canopy also aids in controlling the heating effect and provides a rich

habitat for flora and fauna within the city limits, providing aesthetic benefits to the city citizens. Technology use to measure tree canopy is geospatial mapping.

ICT Intervention: Automated Anti-deforestation detection (RFID). GIS mapping of the green areas.

32) Smart Gardens

Smart automatic irrigation system, with sensors and timers which can measure humidity level.

Turning the irrigation system on at the optimal moment and watering the plants.

Sensors gather information about humidity, salinity, temperature, wind and several other

Factors that automatically regulate the amount of water (through sprinklers) by means of a program that can be managed with computers, smartphones and tablets. The smart irrigation system will optimize water consumption because it will irrigate with the proper amount according to weather conditions and the plants’ needs

RFID tags are placed in the tree and using RFID readers it is continuously monitored. If the tree is cut by unauthorized person, sensors will trigger the transceiver to transmit tag ID and alert signal to the control

room. For this, ZigBee network and mobile network are used.

Inefficient HPSV and FTL lights are major concerned of energy consumption and GHG emission in the city. Thus these lights can be replaced with highly efficient LED lamps fitted with solar cells. Replacing HPSV lamps of the gardens with LED lamps is a feasible idea as the number of fixtures to be replaced is less. Also the fixture should be installed with motion detecting sensors and dimming capability. So that switching

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ON/OFF can be controlled through automation and also the fixtures can be dimmed according to the requirement.

ICT Intervention: Sensor Installation. Automatic irrigation system. RFID tags

b) Rainwater Harvesting

33) Smart Rainwater Harvesting

The gardens and parks can be used as a site for rain water harvesting as well. The excess water generated from rainfall can be stored in the water storage tank under the gardens or adjacent to the gardens and then this water can be used for watering trees and plants. Automatic irrigation systems in parks and gardens with sensors and timers that allow for measuring the level of ambient humidity and turning the irrigation system on at the optimal moment. Sensors gather information about humidity, salinity, temperature, wind and several other factors that automatically regulate the amount of water (through sprinklers) by means of a program that can be managed with computers, smartphones and tablets. The smart irrigation system will optimize water consumption because it will irrigate with the proper amount according to weather conditions and the plants’ needs.

ICT Intervention: Automatic irrigation systems

34) Smart Lakes:

Lakes are sometimes large enough to create its own micro climate; hence the condition across the lake can change suddenly. An alert system can be created which will notify the fisherman and other citizens about the danger and hence save their lives. The alert system uses color-coded weather warnings and includes a 4 km resolution forecast model to help capture more accurate information on local weather conditions. Tailored local weather forecasts are sent free of charge to registered fishermen every day by SMS in the local language, giving fishermen the opportunity to plan ahead and take appropriate action if conditions change. The lake shores or bed can be created and maintained so that it can be used as an aesthetic location for visitors and locals alike. Also the lake bed can be used as a bicycle track for encouraging usage of bicycle.

ICT Intervention: Real time water pollution checking system. Real time treatment of Industrial waste.

Interlinking Lakes to remove water imbalance

Urbanization

35) Smart Land Mapping:

Land Use planning through land mapping is the regulation of land use in an efficient and structured manner by encouraging development of areas with close access to residential, utility and public service centers in a defined area. This serves the needs of the community along with efficient conservation of land and safeguarding of scarce and precious natural resources. GIS based data and images helps to obtain an up to date view of the physical world thus enabling better use and management of land, resources and mitigation of risk. With rapid urbanization, optimization of land use is very important. In mixed land use system, where a stretch of land is used for Housing, hospital, business center and education center. This helps in reducing traffic and also helps in better utilization of land. Mobile data collection system to collect, share and visualize geographically tagged data in real time giving valuable insight to urban planners

ICT Intervention: GIS Land Mapping

36) Smart Buildings

Buildings in cities are the major guzzlers of power resources and are significant contributors directly and

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indirectly to city GHG emissions. By adopting modern and green building methodologies which result in creation of structures which use lesser water, energy, less waste generation and recycling systems, city authorities can considerably increase the efficient usage of city resources and also provide a better quality of life for its citizens. SCADA metering systems for measuring power and water consumption can be installed in the buildings to a central building command and control center to monitor the energy consumption and alert the users when they cross a specific threshold consumption limit. The room can be maintained at an optimum temperature level by installing temperature sensors and avoid overcooling/ heating of the rooms and thus result in energy savings. Maximum use of natural light can be promoted by the use of light detection sensors which turn the lights on/off depending on the level of sunlight that can illuminate the portion of a room.

ICT Intervention: Power control devices. Smart metering, smart sensor installations of automatic

power cut.

37) Paperless offices

A paperless office is a work environment in which the use of paper is eliminated or significantly reduced. This is done by converting documents and other papers into digital form.

Governance:

a) Citizen Services

38)Smart City Dashboards

Business process automation-Re-engineer, optimize and automate business processes using business process management solution to have a fully integrated and policy-driven set of automated business processes that increases efficiency and reduces service delivery costs . Performance Dashboards: Monitor the performance of city departments through the use of digital technologies and big data analytics to manage city governance. Monitor the performance of city subsystems through the use of digital technologies and big data analytics to manage city governance, efficient performance and proactive crisis Management.

ICT Intervention: Performance Dashboards for Key indicators.

39) Citizen Contact Center

Multi-channel citizen services: Multi-channel citizen interface (mobile /web/online /phone /face-to face/kiosk/social media) for citizen services such as bill payment, tax payment, issuance of online certificates, grievances registration, etc.

ICT Intervention: Centralize online Citizen Contact Center.

b) City Assets

40) Integrated asset management solutions

Integrated asset management of all governance infrastructure assets including the associated data, processes, information systems and governance for manageable operations and higher sustainability

ICT Intervention: Centralize Asset management Software installation and operation.

41) Integrated command and operations centre

Leverage integrated command and operations Center to monitor city services on real-time basis.

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Improve/synchronize maintenance activities to reduce downtime and improve maintenance effectiveness.

ICT Intervention: Centralize command Center for city asset management.

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9. Annexure - 2 List of ICT solutions selected based on ‘G2G Reduction Potential’

Out of listed available

solutions on levels of

carbon emissions team

narrowed down to 17 best

probable solution areas for

the cities. Layered ring

charter shows the green

colored areas as selected

solution areas. In this

section details of selected 17

solutions are listed which

were identified on the basis

of discussion with city

authorities and concern

stakeholder. For these

listed 17 solutions a brief

functional write up and

GHG hypothesis has been provided.

For GHG hypothesis, following assumptions have been taken into considerations.

Considering limited availability of primary data for the cities Panjim, Shimla, and Hubli we have followed Tier 1 method for tentative estimation of GHG emission reductions based IPCC default values, Central Electricity Authority (CEA) data, national and international experiences of implementation of smart solutions. This is in line with the principle of GHG Protocol for “Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories”. We have listed out the assumptions considered for each solution while estimating the GHG emission reductions.

For more accurate estimation of GHG reductions, primary survey data on Vehicle Kilo meter Travelled, percentage Mode Share, Population, Households, Street lighting, Solid Waste Generation etc. for these 3 cities will be required. We have indicated a set of questions for each solution, which may be used as checklists to collect GHG related information before and after implementation of smart solutions.

Once the solutions are finalized by respective city authorities, we will conduct next round of interviews to gather data points that will lead us to accurate GHG emission’s for the finalized solutions. These estimations would become a part of the subsequent project deliverable i.e.; aggregated city wise DPR’s.

a) Intelligent Transport System

1. Description

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is a conventional method to resolve, or at least minimize traffic problems. ITS encompass all modes of transportation - air, sea, road and rail, and intersects various components of each mode - vehicles, infrastructure, communication and operational systems. ITS is basically the application of computer and communications technologies coming in assistance of the transport problems. ITS technologies enable congregation of data or intelligence and then providing timely feedback to traffic managers and road-users. ITS describe technology applied to transport and infrastructure to transfer information between systems for improved safety, productivity and environmental performance. ITS along with integrated traffic management is very important to maintain the road infrastructure, stem

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down congestion, and eventually help in reducing CO2 emission. The transport sector consumes maximum fuel in comparison to other sector and thus generates maximum amount of CO2.

2. ICT Interventions

ICT enabled traffic management system

Red Light Violation Detection System, Speed detection & Pollution detection sensor enabled traffic system

Automatic Challan generation system and Automatic number plate reading system

GPRS and AVLS (Automatic vehicle location system)

Real time tracking of traffic situation

Multi-Modal transport system

Smart card system

Geospatial-enabled efficient transportation system

Integrated transit hubs

Public transport surveillance.

3. GHG Hypothesis

Formula for GHG emission reduction calculation

Annual Baseline GHG emissions (A) = ∑VKT without smart transportation * % of mode share * energy or fuel consumption by each mode without smart transportation * CO2 (e) emissions per unit of fuel/ energy

Annual Project GHG emissions (B) = ∑VKT with smart transportation* % of mode share * energy or fuel consumption by each mode with smart transportation * CO2 (e) emissions per unit of fuel/energy – GHG emission reductions (C) = A – B

Where,

VKT = ∑Count of number of vehicle of each type on road per year in the city * average distance in km travelled by each vehicle in the city per year

% mode share - % of cycle in the total vehicle count, % of auto in total vehicle count, % Light Duty Vehicle (LDV) in total vehicle count, % Heavy Duty Vehicle (HDV) in total vehicle count, % Single Occupancy Vehicle (SOV)

Constants1 :

o For LDV - CO2: 323 g/km, CH4: 82 mg/km, N2O: 20 mg/km

o For HDV - CO2: 723 g/km, CH4: 4 mg/km, N2O: 3 mg/km

Calculation- Tier 1 method i.e., based on secondary data sources

VKT In India = 110 billion (Reference: Intercity vehicle km travelled by cars/LCVs from CSIR publication for the year 2013)

VKT (In Panjim, Hubli, Shimla) = % population in the 3 cities * 110 billion ~0. 17% * 100 billion = 0.17 billion

Reduction in VKT from smart transportation- 8.5% (Reference: Best Practices in Transportation Demand Management- Seattle Urban Mobility Plan)

Reduction in fuel consumption from smart transportation- 5.6% (Reference: International Journal of Managing Public Sector Information and Communication Technologies Vol. 2, No. 1, September

1 GHG Protocol: Policy and Action Standard Road Transport Sector Guidance Draft, May 2015

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2011)

Annual Baseline GHG emissions (A) = 0.17 billon*323 g/km = 54254 tCO2

Annual Project GHG emissions (B) = 0.17 billion *(100-8.5)* (100-5.6)*323 g/km=46863 tCO2 – GHG emission reductions (C) = 54254-46863= 7392 tCO2 per year

4. Assumptions

Smart transportation is considered as a combination of smart traffic management, parking, and alternative transportation mode

Considering this combination it will have impact on both VKT and fuel consumption due to reduction of congestion, idling time

The calculation considers only LDVs/passenger or personal cars

The percentage reduction figure used in the calculation considers the effect of population growth and new vehicle registration.

According to new research environmental ITS programs typically show energy and emission

reductions on the order of 5–15 %2.

5. Questions

What is the total vehicle population in the cities of Panjim, Shimla and Hubli

What is % mode share of LCVs/cars, HDVs , SOVs, Autos, Cycles in the cities of Panjim, Shimla and Hubli

What is the average km travelled per day or per year by each type of vehicle within the spatial boundaries of the city in Panjim, Shimla and Hubli?

What is the average fuel consumption in liter/km by each type of vehicle travelling within the city?

What is the total population of Panjim, Shimla and Hubli?

Once smart transportation is implemented,

What is the total vehicle population in the cities of Panjim, Shimla and Hubli?



What is the projected population growth in Panjim, Shimla and Hubli?

b) Alternate Transport Modes

1. Description

CO2 is a major attribute of GHG emission across the world. It is very important for a government to enhance and encourage the use of public transport and other alternate mode of transportations. Alternate mode of transportation includes Bicycling, Ferry system, Use of Escalators and lifts and Gondola system in hilly regions. A bicycle sharing system, public bicycle system, or bike share scheme, is a service in which bicycles are made available for shared use to individuals on a very short-term basis. For many systems, smartphone mapping apps show nearby stations. They show how many bikes and how many open docks are available at each station, increasing convenience for users. Cities that have large coastal lines can use ferry system as a mode of transportation. This can be used to commute passengers and also to transit goods as well. Also in hilly regions there can be facilities such as escalators and lifts to transport people and goods alike. These facilities will help in traffic decongestion and hence reduced GHG.

2 According to new research environmental ITS programs typically show energy and emission reductions

on the order of 5–15 %2.

Draft



A bicycle sharing system (online app or website for sharing)

A carpooling/SOV (Single operating Vehicle) sharing system ((online app or website for sharing)

Installations of escalators in public areas

New waterways – online applications for seamless travel-mobile app

Route information for public transport /SOV sharing on mobile.

3. GHG Hypothesis


Annual Baseline GHG emissions (A) = ∑VKT without alternative mode * CO2 (e) emissions per VKT – Annual Project GHG emissions (B) = ∑VKT with alternative mode * CO2 (e) emissions per VKT

GHG emission reductions (C) = A – B

Where,

VKT without alternative mode = ∑total count of Single Occupant Vehicle (SOV) in the city before alternative mode * average distance in km travelled by each SOV within the city

VKT with alternative mode = ∑total count of SOV in the city after alternative mode * average distance in km travelled by each SOV within the city

Constants3

For LDV - CO2: 323 g/km, CH4: 82 mg/km, N2O: 20 mg/km

For HDV - CO2: 723 g/km, CH4: 4 mg/km, N2O: 3 mg/km




% mode share of SOV11- 60%

Reduction in SOV because of alternative mode- 50%

Annual Baseline GHG emissions (A) =60%* 0.17 billon*323 g/km = 32553 tCO2

Annual Project GHG emissions (B) =60%*(100-50%)* 0.17 billion *323 g/km=16276 tCO2 – GHG emission reductions (C) = 32553-16276= 16276 tCO2 per year

4. Assumptions

One SOV will be used by 2 persons once the solution is implemented or one out of every two users will use alternate mode of transport such as bicycle – so there will be 50% reduction (Reference: EPA calculation)

The percentage reduction figure used in the calculation considers the effect of population growth and new vehicle registration

It will have impact only % share of SOVs in the cities



Draft


5. Questions


What is % mode share of SOVs in the cities of Panjim, Shimla and Hubli?

What is the % mode share of bicycles in the cities of Panjim, Shimla and Hubli?

What is the total number of commuters taking waterways in the cities of Panjim, Shimla and Hubli?

What is the total count of SOVs travelling within the city?

What is the average km travelled per day or per year by SOVs within the spatial boundaries of the city in Panjim, Shimla and Hubli?

What is the average fuel consumption in liter/km by SOV travelling within the city?


Once smart solution is implemented,

o What is the total count of SOVs travelling within the city?

o What is % mode share of SOVs in the cities?

o What is % mode share of bicycles in the cities?

What is total number of commuters taking waterways in the cities?

c) Sideways and Walkways

1. Description

Most of the city does not include plans for walkways and related details in the city master planning. Either the existing walkways or sideways are poorly maintained or lack the capacity of cleaning and management. There is also deep concern about the safety of the pedestrians as well. Support infrastructure to encourage walking such as proper walkways, weather protections, rest places or appropriate street lighting is not designed and/or constructed. Thus there is a need for better management of the walkways and sideways in the cities. More people use walkways and sidewalks less cars are other mode of transportation is in use, so less congestion on the road and less GHG emission will be in the air.


Sideways and Walkways with installed CCTV cameras - Walking areas installed with Smart LED lights

Mixed Land Use Plan for promoting walking as a mode of transportation

GIS based mapping of all sideways and walkways

Providing additional facilities for promoting walkways

Mobile apps for keeping eye on hawkers or for any other intrusions on the sidewalks

Online maps for walkways information

3. GHG Hypothesis


Annual Baseline GHG emissions (A) = ∑VKT * % of mode share without sideways, walkways * energy or fuel consumption by each mode without sideways, walkways * CO2 (e) emissions per unit of fuel/ energy

Annual Project GHG emissions (B) = ∑VKT * % of mode share with sideways, walkways * energy or fuel consumption by each mode with sideways, walkways * CO2 (e) emissions per unit of fuel/energy – GHG emission reductions (C) = A – B

Draft


Where,


% mode share % of cycle in the total vehicle count, % of auto in total vehicle count, % Light Duty Vehicle (LDV) in total vehicle count, % Heavy Duty Vehicle (HDV) in total vehicle count, % Single Occupancy Vehicle (SOV)

Constants4






% reduction of mode share of personal cars with increased walkways– 1% per year

Reduction in fuel consumption from increased speed and idle time- 5.6%5


Annual Project GHG emissions (B) = 0.17 billion *(100-1)* (100-5.6)*323 g/km=50704 tCO2 – GHG emission reductions (C) = 54254-50704= 3550 tCO2 per year

4. Assumptions

There will be equivalent reduction in % mode share of personal cars due to increase in mode share of bicycle, walking

International experience shows that due to increased walkways % increase of bicycle mode are around 5% over 5-10 years i.e., by 0.5-1% per year6

Walkways will lead to reduction in congestion and idle time resulting in reduced fuel consumption by vehicle

Both VKT and mode share cannot be impacted at the same time, so impact on mode share has only been considered

5. Questions







5 Reference: International Journal of Managing Public Sector Information and Communication

Technologies Vol. 2, No. 1, September 2011

6 GIZ China | Transport Demand Management in Beijing

Draft


Once smart transportation is implemented,





d) Parking

1. Description

With urbanization and with increase in the number of people owning and using their own private vehicles, there is huge pressure that has been put on the city parking infrastructure. The city is unable to sustain and provide parking accommodation for consistent increase in the number of vehicle used within the city. Thus there is a huge need and opportunity to improve the parking infrastructure so that it can become sustainable and hence indirectly it can contribute in the preservation of the environment as well. Automated Parking Lot Management System is a fully functional and digitally controlled parking lot management system that is implemented with the use and integration of different digital circuitry and micro computing. This system monitors the occupancy level and thus notifies the availability of the parking space to the drivers. Mobile based payment of parking fee will help the government in collection of money from the parking lots and will help in revenue generation model.


Multilevel car Parking (MLCP)

Information system for parking / Mobile app for parking

Smart card for parking/mobile billing

Parking meters

Vehicle tracking and parking systems

3. GHG Hypothesis


Annual Baseline GHG emissions (A) = ∑Vehicle km travelled (VKT) without smart parking solution * % of mode share * energy or fuel consumption by each mode* CO2 (e) emissions per unit of fuel/ energy

Annual Project GHG emissions (B) = ∑VKT with smart parking solution * % of mode share * energy or fuel consumption by each mode* CO2 (e) emissions per unit of fuel/energy


Where,

VKT without parking solution = ∑Count of number of vehicle of each type on road per year in the city * average distance in km travelled by each vehicle in the city per year

VKT with parking solution = ∑ Count of number of vehicle of each type on road per year in the city *(100- % reduction of average distance travelled by each vehicle in the city with smart parking) * average distance travelled by each vehicle in the city per year

% mode share - % of cycle in the total vehicle count, % of auto in total vehicle count, % Light Duty Vehicle (LDV) in total vehicle count, % Heavy Duty Vehicle (HDV) in total vehicle count, % Single Occupancy Vehicle (SOV) (other modes such as walking, carpooling, ferrying will impact this mode share)

Draft


Constants7




VKT without parking solution (In India) = 110 billion (Reference: Intercity vehicle km travelled by cars/LCVs from CSIR publication for the year 2013)

VKT without parking solution (In Panjim, Hubli, Shimla) = % population in the 3 cities8 * 110 billion ~0. 17% * 100 billion = 0.17 billion

% reduction of VKT with parking solution = 8.5% (Reference: Best Practices in Transportation Demand Management- Seattle Urban Mobility Plan)


Annual Project GHG emissions (B) = 0.17*(1-0.085)* 323 g/km=49643 tCO2

GHG emission reductions (C) = 54254-49643= 4162 tCO2 per year

4. Assumptions

Calculated only for one type of mode – LCV/private cars as smart parking will primarily impact LCVs/ cars

Only CO2 emissions are considered significant, CH4 and N2O emissions considered negligible

As per Seattle City Mobility Plan there will be 8.5% trip reduction if only service related mobility

management such as ride-matching (using ICT solutions) are implemented – we have considered that

smart parking will have similar impact

Mode share remains the same before and after smart parking solution

The percentage reduction figure used in the calculation considers the effect of population growth and new vehicle registration.

In absence of any primary /secondary data on vehicle km travelled within the cities of Panjim, Hubli and Shimla, this is a reasonable estimate as number of vehicle in a city is directly correlated with its population

5. Questions


What is % mode share of LCVs/cars, HDVs, SOVs, Autos, cycles in the cities of Panjim, Shimla and Hubli?





Once the smart solution is implemented, what is observed reduction in additional km travelled by

7 GHG Protocol: Policy and Action Standard Road Transport Sector Guida nce Draft, May 2015

8 Source UN data Shimla- 142,555 (2001), Panjim- 114,405 (2011), Hubli- 1.847 million (2011), India- 1.252 billion

(2013) (World Bank)

Draft


each vehicle type to look for a parking place?

What is the observed reduction in number of vehicles stuck in congestion /queue near the parking place?

e) Street Light

1. Description

Modern day outdoor lighting systems are being asked to provide more than ever. Apart from fulfilling

their basic function of illuminating the roads and areas, parking zone, public spaces, outdoor lighting

system are being evaluated how well they conserve energy, help in reducing crime and increase safety

and security, reduce CO2 emission among many other parameters. Enhancing lighting systems into

smart street lighting system has become an important cog in the wheel for achieving sustainable and

energy efficient smart city. Using LED lights and atomization of it will reduce GHG emission. Smart

Chips are installed on the lights. These chips will consist of a micro-controller with several sensors

like CO2 sensor, fog sensor, light intensity sensor, noise sensor and Global System for Mobile

Communications (GSM) modules for wireless data transmission and reception between concentrator

and PC. Variation in the intensity of light in the field area, efficient programming can be done to

ensure minimum consumption of energy. The emissions in the atmospheres would be detected along

with the consumption of energy and any theft of electricity.


CFLs replacement by ICT enabled LED

Smart streel Poles with LED lights

Integration & automation of Street lights with respect to daylight

System Fault Detection/Alarm.

Date Management (energy consumption report).

24-hours online Monitoring.

3. GHG Hypothesis


Annual Baseline GHG emissions (A) = Number of CFLs to be replaced by ICT enabled LED* annual electricity consumption of CFL * grid electricity emission factor

Annual Project GHG emissions (B) = Number of CFLs to be replaced by ICT enabled LED* annual electricity consumption of ICT enable LED* grid electricity emission factor


Where, grid emission factor = 0.98 tCO2 /MWh (reference: CEA database Version 10)


Number of CFLs to be replaced by ICT enabled LED = the figure is not known for Panjim, Shimla & Hubli

CFL electricity consumption9= 767 kWh/year

9 http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/average-household-electricity-consumption

Draft


LED electricity consumption10= 329 kWh/year

Additional % energy saving from ICT solution – 20%11

Emission reduction per bulb replaced = (767-(1-0.2)*329) = (767- 0.8* 329) = kWh/year/bulb * 0.98/10^3 = 0.494 tCO2/year/ bulb

4. Assumptions

No assumptions

5. Questions

What is total number of CFL Street light in Panjim, Shimla & Hubli that may be replaced by LED?

What is the specification of CFL light in terms of Watt?

What is the average per day run hour of CFL?

What is the average kWh/year electricity consumption of CFLs as per electricity meter or electricity bills of municipal corporations?

What is the actual number of CFLs replaced?

What is the actual number of LEDs that are operating?

What is the specification of LED light in terms of Watt?

What is the average per day run hour of LED?

What is kWh/year electricity consumption of LEDs as per electricity meter or electricity bills of municipal corporations?

10 http://www.designrecycleinc.com/led%20comp%20chart.html

11 ICT for Energy Efficiency- DG-Information Society and Media, Ad-Hoc Advisory Group Report, Brussels, 24.10.2008

Draft


f) Power Network

1. Description

Power generated in power stations pass through large and complex networks such as transformers,

overhead lines, cables and other equipment and reaches the end users. It is fact that the unit of electric

energy generated by Power Station does not match with the units distributed to the consumers. Some

percentage of the units is lost in the distribution network. This difference in the generated and

distributed units is known as Transmission and Distribution (T&D) loss. Transmission and

Distribution loss are the amounts that are not paid for by users. This loss in transmission and

distribution also attribute in energy consumption and GHG emission. With proper ICT enablement

T&D losses can be reduced.


T & D losses through efficient

Automation in the power plants (energy generation)

High Conducting Lines installation.

Power Quality Device Installations

Power theft detectors

Efficient energy auditing

GIS mapping which is done through satellite network and it helps in consumer indexing, pole scheduling, substation mapping, identification of ghost consumers and also enables to know the capacity of conductor where replacement upgradation is required.

3. GHG Hypothesis

As described above, smart power network is a combination of many things- it can be automation in

the power plants (energy generation) or in the transmission & distribution system or in the metering

system (energy generation & use). Depending on the types of smart technologies /automation applied,

the percentage of energy saving will vary (e.g. If it is for supply-demand matching or for fault

detection or for load shedding or for power quality monitoring etc). All figures available in the public

domain are very technology /intervention specific. In absence of those intervention details and the

results of a pilot study/feasibility study for Panjim, Hubli and Shimla, it is not feasible to segregate

the impacts of various solutions in terms of quantum (%) of energy saved (hence GHG reduction).

Consequently, for this diagnostic report, smart network and metering both are clubbed and shown as

an impact on reduction in end use energy consumption - considering the fact that all these upstream

smart solutions will have a cumulative impact on end use energy saving. Please refer to the next

solution (7) for the GHG calculations.

g) Power Meters

1. Description

Smart meters within smart grids can not only record electricity consumption but also send the

information back to a central server for monitoring, analysis, and management. The typical smart

meter performs several functions, such as measuring electrical parameters, recording data, and

facilitating communication. Smart meters are considered to be the most cost-effective smart grid

components that can enhance end-user engagement in energy saving.

Draft



Installation of Smart meters at each consumer

3. GHG Hypothesis


Annual Baseline GHG emissions (A) = Number of households in the city *average electricity consumption per household without smart network* grid electricity emission factor

Annual Project GHG emissions (B) = Number of households in the city *average electricity consumption per household with smart network* grid electricity emission factor


Where, grid emission factor = 0.98 tCO2/MWh (reference: CEA database Version 10)


Number of households in the city = approx. 0.7 million in Panjim, Shimla & Hubli (total population is about 2.1 million as per UN data)

Average household electricity consumption12= 900 kWh/year

Reduction in electricity consumption due to smart network – 15%13

Annual emission reduction = 0.7 million* 15%*900 kWh/year*0.98/10^3 = 92742 t CO2/year

4. Assumptions

Each household has 3 members

All city households connected by the smart grid will have electricity connection

Actual number of households connected through smart grid will be counted for the three cities pre and post project implementation

h) Solar Energy

1. Description

Urbanization and economic development are leading to a rapid rise in energy demand in urban areas.

The growth in use of energy is a symbol of growing economy, but at the same time, the excessive use

is environmentally damaging for the community. With the usage of perishable source as energy today,

need for a renewable energy is at the peak. Solar power and solar cell provides an opportunity and

alternative for the energy requirement of the city. Installation of 1 MW capacity solar power plant will

help in generation of 1577 MWH of power. Thus this will help in quenching the need of energy demand

of the urbanization. Installation of solar photovoltaic systems (SPV) on rooftops and terraces of

private homes, commercial and institutional buildings and government buildings. These SPV systems

installed on rooftops and terraces will convert sunlight directly into electricity and feed into the

electrical grid. The solar enabled LED lighting helps in optimizing the energy conservation even more.


Installing rooftop solar panels and putting excess renewable energy on grid. Location mapping with

12 http://shrinkthatfootprint.com/average-household-electricity-consumption

13 http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/smart-metering-will-reduce-electricity-bill-by-15-pc-

study/article7661768.ece

Draft


help of GIS and central monitoring stations.

Energy simulation software also called building energy modelling uses past weather data to provide precise projections of renewable energy generation which helps producing more renewable energy.

3. GHG Hypothesis


Annual GHG emission reductions (for street light) (A) = MW of installed solar street light * number of running hours per year * grid electricity emission factor

Annual GHG emissions for Rooftop Solar PV (B) = MW of installed solar PV * number of running hours per year * grid electricity emission factor

Where,

Grid emission factor = 0.98 tCO2/MWh (reference: CEA database Version 10)


MW of installed solar light, MW installed for rooftop solar PV – the figures are not known for Panjim, Hubli, Shimla

These two figures cannot be assumed and hence the emission reduction cannot be calculated

4. Assumptions

No assumptions

5. Questions

What is the total MW of solar street light installed in Panjim, Hubli and Shimla?

What is the specific of each solar light in terms of Watt/MW?

What is the average run hour of solar street light per day/per year?

What is the total number of solar driven cars in Panjim, Hubli and Shimla?

What is the battery specification of each car in terms of kWh capacity?

i) Waste Recycle

1. Description

Indian cities generate more than 100 million tons of solid waste per year. It is also estimated that

about 40% of solid waste is not even collected in the city. Thus it is very important for proper

management of the solid waste. Recycling is processing used materials (waste) into new, useful

products. This is done to reduce the use of raw materials that would have been used. It takes more

energy to produce items with raw materials than from recycling used materials. Thus more

automation means more reduction in energy and fuel. Different steps involved in solid waste

management life cycle are waste generation, waste handling, transportation, waste segregation and

waste disposal or recycling. Solid waste which are recycled or converted into fuel helps in reducing

millions of CO2 emission.


Smart Waste Management with sensor technology - Automatic waste collection system

Automatic vacuum collection system

GIS Based Tagging of tankers carrying waste - Specific time for entering city area

Draft


Use of data analytics for waste projection

Sensor based sorting

Citizen engagement app for recycle programs

3. GHG Hypothesis

Formula for GHG emission reduction calculation:

Annual Baseline GHG emissions (A) = ∑VKT of trucks transporting waste before smart solution*energy or fuel consumption the trucks*CO2 (e) emissions per unit of fuel/energy

Annual Project GHG emissions (B) = ∑VKT of trucks transporting waste after smart solution*energy or fuel consumption the trucks*CO2 (e) emissions per unit of fuel/energy


Where,

Emission factor for HDV/trucks - CO2: 723 g/km, CH4: 4 mg/km, N2O: 3 mg/km


Total capacity of solid waste generated in tons (For Hubli only)- 630 tons per day14

Average Tonnage of truck – 8 tons (average tonnage of Indian truck)

Number of trucks ~ 80 per day (calculated)

Average round trip distance travelled by a truck per day – 40 km (assumed based on average travel distance from landfill sites in other cities of Karnataka)

Total VKT of waste carrying trucks per year – 80*40*365 = 1168000 VKT

Annual GHG emissions (A) =1168000km * 723 g/km = 844 tCO2/year

If due to smart recycling this transportation is fully eliminated then the emission reductions will be 844 tCO2/year. However, the exact reduction cannot be accurately estimated at this point in time.

4. Assumptions

The most significant/material impact of smart waste recycle in terms of GHG emission reduction will be in the form of reduced transportation of waste to landfill/incinerator (i.e. more quantum of waste will be recycled ‘on site’ or to nearby industries where it can be reused using automatic waste collection, vacuum collection and hence less quantity of waste will be transported to TSDF facilities at a distance).

The other impact would be that the recycled waste will replace fossil fuels and hence will lead to GHG emission reductions. In absence of specific information from the three cities Hubli, Panjim and Shimla on percentage of waste having calorific value, the average calorific value of the w astes, demand for those wastes and fuel mix used in the nearby industries it is not possible to estimate the GHG emission reductions. Hence not considered for this report.

5. Questions

What is the total tonnage of waste generated per day/per year in the cities of Hubli, Panjim and Shimla?

What is distance of the landfill site from the cities of Hubli, Panjim and Shimla?

What is total number of trucks used in these cities for transportation of waste?

What is the average tonnage of trucks used in these cities for transportation of waste?

What is the average fuel efficiency of trucks used for transportation of waste in km/liter?

14 http://swmindia.blogspot.in/2011/08/blog-post.html

Draft


What is the total number of trucks used in these cities for transportation of waste after smart recycling?

What is the percentage of waste out of the total waste generated that have a calorific value?

What is the average calorific value of such waste in kcal/kg as per laboratory results?

What is the demand for such waste in the nearby industries i.e., what is the percentage of recyclable waste (i.e. waste with calorific value) that can be recycled/reused in nearby industries as a replacement of fossil fuel?

j) Waste to Energy

1. Description

The combustion of municipal solid waste to generate heat or electricity could reduce net GHG

emission compared with combusting methane from landfills. Most common disposal method used for

waste management is landfilling. But landfilling has its own problems such as limitation of lands,

generation of methane from landfills etc. Thus it is important that waste to energy should be promoted

as a method of disposal.


Automatic waste collection system, Underground automatic waste conveying system

Automated vacuum (pneumatic) waste collection systems (AVAC)

Energy simulation (waste to energy)

3. GHG Hypothesis


Annual GHG emission reductions (in tCO2e)= Avoided CH4 emissions from landfill (tCO2/year)*21 = MSW generated* methane generation potential* (1-fraction of methane recovered at the landfill flared or recovered) * (1-Oxidation factor) *21

Where,

MSW generated = 630 TPD (in Hubli)

Methane generation potential = Methane correction factor based on type of landfill*0.6 (constant)*0.5 (constant)* DOCF*16/12

= 0.4*0.6*0.5*0.26*16/12 = 0.0416 (Assumption - Methane correction factor =0.4 for unmanaged site)

DOCF = 0.15 × A) + (0.2 × B) + (0.4 × C) + (0.43 × D) + (0.24 × E) + (0.15 × F) Where,

A = Fraction of solid waste that is food, B = Fraction of solid waste that is garden waste and other plant debris, C = Fraction of solid waste that is paper, D = Fraction of solid waste that is wood, E = Fraction of solid waste that is textiles, F = Fraction of solid waste that is industrial waste

DOCF = 0.26 assuming fraction of each of food waste, garden waste, textile waste, paper waste, industrial waste as equal fraction of methane recovered at the landfill =0.5 1 5 (conservative assumption based on other Indian landfill site)

oxidation factor = 0 (assuming unmanaged landfill site)

15 Improving Municipal Solid Waste Management in India: A Sourcebook for Policy makers and Practitioners, By P U Asnani, Chris

Zurbrugg

Draft



Annual avoided GHG emissions (tCO2e) = 630 TPD*365*0.0416*(1-0.5)*(1-0) *21 = 100442 tCO2

4. Assumptions

Project and leakage emissions are not considered

5. Questions

What is the total quantity of MSW sent for landfill in Hubli, Shimla and Panjim?

What is the fraction of paper, textile, wood, and garden and food waste in MSW?

What is the depth of landfill (> or < 5m)?

What is the collection efficiency of methane from landfill gas?

What is the percentage of methane recovery?

k) Storm Water Management

1. Description

The gardens and parks can be used as a site for rain water harvesting as well. The excess water

generated from rainfall can be stored in the water storage tank under the gardens or adjacent to the

gardens and then this water can be used for watering trees and plants.

Automatic irrigation systems in parks and gardens with sensors and timers that allow for measuring

the level of ambient humidity and turning the irrigation system on at the optimal moment. Sensors

gather information about humidity, salinity, temperature, wind and several other factors that

automatically regulate the amount of water (through sprinklers) by means of a program that can be

managed with computers, smartphones, and tablets. The smart irrigation system will optimize water

consumption because it will irrigate with the proper amount according to weather conditions and the

plants’ needs.


Automatic irrigation systems

GIS Mapping of all storm water drains

Automatic storm water drain clog detection system

Control and monitor software installations

3. GHG Hypothesis

Please note that though storm water management leads to various benefits such as reduction of water

clogging, vector load, etc., it does not lead to direct reduction of electricity consumption or GHG

emission reduction. However, there is an indirect impact in terms of reduction of running hours of

pumps due to optimized water use from smart solutions which will have an impact on kWh

consumption by pumps over a year.


Annual GHG emission reductions (tCO2) = [total kWh/m3 of pump electricity consumption per year before application of ICT solution – total kWh/m3 of pump electricity consumption due to reduced

Draft


run hours after application of ICT solution] * total m3 of water required for irrigation* grid emission factor


Total volume of water required for irrigation in the 3 cities of Panjim, Shimla, and Hubli in a year for , not known

Reduction in electricity consumption with smart solution = 15% (Assumed)

GHG emission reduction= 15%*(10+0.14) kWh/m3*0.98 tCO2/MWh = 1.49kgCO2/m3 of water pumped

4. Assumptions

Storm water is treated similar to waste water (ref: US Department of Energy, 2006) so specific energy consumption of pumps remains in the same range (0.9-10 kWh/m3 of water pumped). There might be additional electricity consumption for transportation of storm water to the tune of 0.14 kWh/m3

The reduction in kWh/m3 per year consumption by pumps (used for irrigation, rainwater harvesting etc.) will be for reduced running hours which will be to the tune of 15%.

The assumption of 15% is made on the basis of the IISC study referred in this report for application of smart network. Though this is not directly applicable to storm water management, it is not unreasonable to assume that smart storm water management will have similar impact on electricity consumption. At least when there are no other estimates available for reduction in energy consumption due to smart storm water management; this is the closest estimate we can arrive at.

5. Questions

What is the total volume of storm water (in m3) pumped and treated in Panjim, Shimla, and Hubli?

What is the total volume of water used (in m3) for irrigation before application of smart storm water management in these 3 cities?

What is the total volume of water used (in m3) for irrigation after application of smart storm water management in these 3 cities?

What is the running hour of irrigation pumps before application of smart storm water management?

What is the running hour of irrigation pumps before application of smart storm water management?

What is performance of storm water treatment facilities in these 3 cities in terms of specific electricity consumption (kWh/m3)?

What is performance of storm water management facilities in these 3 cities in terms of specific electricity consumption (kWh/m3) after implementation of smart solution?

Draft


l) Sewer Management

1. Description

Increase in population and change in lifestyle along with increasing rate of urbanization has not only

put city infrastructure under constraint but the drains and nallahs as well. The drains in the city have

clogged with waste disposal and are unable to drains the rain water during the monsoon causing flood

like situation. Therefore, for having a clean city it is important to resurrect drains and nallahs along

with other infrastructures.


Drains with sensors at inlet and outlet

GIS mapping of all drains and nallahs

GIS mapping of all flood prone areas

Data Analytics for forecasting storm water situation

Control center for real time analysing of Drains and Nallahs

Rain or Storm Water harvesting

3. GHG Hypothesis

Sewer management/smart drainage will have a combination of impacts on GHG emissions in terms

of methane emission avoidance, reduction in pump energy consumption etc., which are already

considered under other solutions such as smart storm water management, potable water

management. Hence no separate equation/calculation of GHG emission is provided. To have a more

accurate estimation a pilot study needs to be carried out to generate primary data on % reduction in

methane emission (or reduction in depth of drainage filled with rain water) , % reduction in pump

running hours etc. arising only out of "smart" sewer management - i.e., without considering noise

impacts such as underground drainage etc.).

m) Potable Water Management

1. Description

Water management is a basic and an essential service provided by the city government to its citizens

and businesses. Most of the cities have vast water distributions network running for thousands of

kilometres whereas many cities depend on a few key sources such as rivers and ponds, for water

supply. Groundwater management does not exist in most of the cities. Water resources in India are

depleting due to increasing consumption because of rising population and increased water

consumption in urban areas


Data analytics for forecasting water requirement

GIS based water infrastructure management

Ghost pipe detection system and sensors for leakage detection - Real-time hydraulic modelling water distributions tool

Water and wastewater SCADA - Online hydrology maps

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3. GHG Hypothesis

Here there will be indirect impact on GHG emissions in terms of reduction of running hours of pumps

due to optimized potable water distribution and use from smart solutions which will have an impact

on kWh consumption by pumps over a year.


Annual GHG emission reductions (tCO2) = [total kWh/m3 of pump electricity consumption per year

before application of ICT solution – total kWh/m3 of pump electricity consumption due to reduced

run hours after application of ICT solution] * total m3 of potable water required * grid emission factor

where, specific electricity consumption of conventional water pumps varies in the range of 0.9 to 10

kWh/m316


Total volume (m3) of potable water required in the 3 cities of Panjim, Shimla and Hubli in a year – Not known

Reduction in pump electricity consumption with smart solution = 15% (Assumed)

GHG emission reduction= 15%*10 kWh/m3*0.98 tCO2/MWh = 1.47 kgCO2/m3 of potable water

4. Assumptions

As described above

As per the IISC study referred in the report, 15% is a tentative estimate of reduction of electricity consumption due to application of smart network. Though this is not directly applicable to potable water management, it is not unreasonable to assume that smart potable water management will have similar impact on electricity consumption. At least when there are no other estimates available for reduction in energy consumption due to smart potable water management, this is the closest estimate we can arrive at.

5. Questions

What is the total volume of potable water required in Panjim, Shimla, and Hubli?

What is the running hour of pumps before application of smart potable water management?

What is the running hour of irrigation pumps before application of smart potable water management?

What is performance of potable water pumps in these 3 cities in terms of specific electricity consumption (kWh/m3)?

What is performance of potable water pumps s in these 3 cities in terms of specific electricity consumption (kWh/m3) after implementation of smart solution?

16 GIZ Sustainable sanitation

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n) Urban Tree Canopy

1. Description

Loss of forests contributes as much as 30 percent of global greenhouse-gas emissions each year--

rivalling emissions from the global transportation sector. Tree canopy in a city refers to the cover of

leaves, branches and stems of trees that cover the land area as viewed from above the ground. Modern

cities around the world have areas designated for forest cover in the city and also referred to as the

city’s lungs and a source of clean and fresh air. The areas serve as a sink for the rain water and increase

the water table of the region that would otherwise cause drainage problems and erosion of soil. The

tree canopy also aids in controlling the heating effect and provides a rich habitat for flora and fauna

within the city limits, providing aesthetic benefits to the city citizens. The aim of the urban tree canopy

(UTC) assessment is to help decision makers understand their urban forest resources, particularly the

amount of tree canopy that currently exists and the amount that could exist. Trees capture carbon

dioxide by taking it into their cells through photosynthesis. They then store the carbon in their bodies;

a tree is comprised of about 50 percent carbon. Some carbon gets released back into the atmosphere

through respiration, but the net effect is tremendous carbon storage. So less is the tree canopy less is

the carbon sucking from trees and more carbon in the atmosphere.

An accurate accounting of tree canopy required support from range of management, programmatic,

and scientific objectives. Simplest method of mapping urban trees is using GPS technology and a GIS.

Using LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology tree cover can be calculated. Also lowering

summertime temperatures by planting trees in cities is one way to reduce energy use and thereby

reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

2. ICT interventions

Automated Anti-deforestation detection (RFID)

GIS mapping of the green areas through LiDAR

Automated Watering to the trees to grow

3. GHG Hypothesis

In cities, the climate effects of incremental darkening from increased tree canopy cover are even less

relevant. Asphalt, concrete, and roof surfaces account for 50 to 70 percent of urban areas, with the

remaining area covered by trees, grass, and bare soil. The difference in the albedos of the different

urban surfaces is small. Vegetation canopies have albedos of 0.15 to 0.30, the albedo of asphalt is 0.10,

that of concrete and buildings is 0.10 to 0.35, and the overall albedo in low-density residential areas

is 0.20 17 urban trees reduce summertime air temperatures through evapotranspiration and direct

shading (Akbari and Taha 1992, Rosenfeld et al. 1998,). This reduces energy consumption and the

emissions related to energy generation.18

There is no authentic information available on percentage reduction of deforestation from ICT

solutions. But from the tree count or tree cover can give some estimated about carbon reduction in

17 Taha, H., H. Akbari, A. Rosenfeld, and J. Huang. 1988. Residential cooling loads and the urban heat island—the

effects of albedo. Building and Environment 23(4):271–283.

18 Akbari, H., and H. Taha. 1992. The impacts of trees and white surfaces on residential heating and cooling energy

use in four Canadian cities. Energy 17(2):141–149. McPherson and Simpson 2003

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environment. Also, there are no estimates on area under forest cover in the cities of Panjim, Hubli

and Shimla. Without this information it is not possible to estimate GHG emissions from this

intervention.

o) Land Use Mapping

1. Description

Land use planning through land mapping is the regulation of land use in an efficient and structured

manner by encouraging development of areas with close access to residential, utility and public service

centers in a defined area. This serves the needs of the community along with efficient conservation of

land and safeguarding of scarce and precious natural resources. GIS based data and images helps to

obtain an up-to-date view of the physical world thus enabling better use and management of land,

resources, and mitigation of risk. With rapid urbanization, optimization of land use is very important.

This helps in reducing traffic and also helps in better utilization of Mobile data collection system to

collect, share, and visualize geographically tagged data in real time giving valuable insight to urban

planners.


GIS Mapping & mobile data collection system

Land use change detection system

3. GHG Hypothesis

Please note that at this stage without real-time data it is very difficult to: Ascertain/segregate the

quantity of GHG reductions to be attributed solely to smart transportation and to land mapping. After

implementation of the smart city solutions overlaps can be segregated only after obtaining survey data

(over a period of time) for these 3 cities.


Annual Baseline GHG emissions (A) = ∑VKT without land mapping * % of mode share without land mapping * energy or fuel consumption by each mode without land mapping * CO2 (e) emissions per unit of fuel/energy

Annual Project GHG emissions (B) = ∑VKT with land mapping * % of mode share with land mapping * energy or fuel consumption by each mode with land mapping * CO2 (e) emissions per unit of fuel/ energy GHG emission reductions (C) = A – B. Where, VKT = ∑Count of number of vehicle of each type on road per year in the city * average distance in km travelled by each vehicle in the city per year

% mode share - % of cycle in the total vehicle count, % of auto in total vehicle count, % Light Duty Vehicle (LDV) in total vehicle count, % Heavy Duty Vehicle (HDV) in total vehicle count, % Single Occupancy Vehicle (SOV)

Constants19




VKT In India = 110 billion (Reference: Intercity vehicle km travelled by cars/LCVs from CSIR

19 GHG Protocol: Policy and Action Standard Road Transport Sector Gu idance Draft, May 2015

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publication for the year 2013)


Reduction in VKT with 8.5% (Reference: Best Practices in Transportation Demand Management- Seattle Urban Mobility Plan)

Reduction in fuel consumption from smart transportation- 5.6% (Reference: International Journal of Managing Public Sector Information and Communication Technologies Vol. 2, No. 1, September 2011)

% reduction of mode share of personal cars with increased walkways– 1% per year


Annual Project GHG emissions (B) = 0.17 billion *(100-8.5)* (100-5.6)*(100-1)*323 g/km=46394 tCO2


4. Assumptions

Land mapping is considered as a combination of smart traffic management, parking, alternative transportation mode

It does not consider the effect of emission removal from more green /open area as it is difficult to

distinguish this effect from that of prevented deforestation discussed as a part of another solution

Considering this combination it will have impact on all three indicators, VKT , % mode share and fuel

consumption due to reduction of congestion, idling time, increased walkways

The percentage reduction figure used in the calculation considers the effect of population growth and new vehicle registration


5. Questions










What is % mode share of LCVs/cars, HDVs, SOVs, Autos, Cycles in the cities of Panjim, Shimla and Hubli?

p) Smart Buildings

Draft


1. Description

Buildings in cities are the major guzzlers of power resources and are significant contributors directly

and indirectly to city GHG emissions. By adopting modern and green building methodologies, which

result in creation of structures that use lesser water, energy, less waste generation and recycling

systems, city authorities can considerably increase the efficient usage of city resources and also

provide a better quality of life for its citizens. Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)

metering systems for measuring power and water consumption can be installed in the buildings to a

central building command and control center to monitor the energy consumption and alert the users

when they cross a specific threshold consumption limit. The room can be maintained at an optimum

temperature level by installing temperature sensors and avoid overcooling/ heating of the rooms and

resulting in energy savings. Maximum use of natural light can be promoted by the use of light

detection sensors that turn the lights on/off depending on the level of sunlight that can illuminate the

portion of a room.


Energy monitoring system

Building automation and Control

3. GHG Hypothesis


Annual GHG emission reduction = total area (in square meter) of green buildings * (specific electricity consumption per square meter of conventional building- specific electricity consumption per square meter of green building) * grid electricity emission factor. Where, grid emission factor = 0.98 tCO2/MWh (reference: CEA database Version 10)

specific electricity consumption per square meter of conventional building = 180 kWh/m2/year (reference: ECBC)

specific electricity consumption per square meter of green building = 110 kWh/m2/year (reference: ECBC)


Total area (in square meter) of green buildings in the 3 cities of Hubli, Panjim, Shimla- the number is not known

Annual Emission reductions = (180-110) kWh/m2/year * 0.98 tCO2/MWh = 0.0686 tCO2/m2/year

4. Assumptions

No assumptions

5. Questions

What is the total built up and carpet area (in square meter) of green buildings in Hubli, Panjim and Shimla?

What is the annual electricity consumption in each of these buildings as per the electricity bills?

Draft


q) Automatic Pollution Control

1. Description

CO2 is being the prime component of GHG and fossil fuel being an important source for the

generation of the CO2 gas, transport sector and the pollution created by it becomes an important

factor Due to urbanization and ever increasing the number of vehicles in the road, there is enormous

increase in the GHG emission. Vehicle uses fossil fuel, thus generating CO2 that pollutes the air.


GIS mapping of all pollution checking centers

Pollution sensors to check the amount of pollution generated from vehicles

3. GHG Hypothesis


Annual Baseline GHG emissions (A) = ∑VKT * % of mode share * energy or fuel consumption by each mode * CO2 (e) emissions per unit of fuel/energy without APCS

Annual Project GHG emissions (B) = ∑VKT* % of mode share * energy or fuel consumption by each mode * CO2 (e) emissions per unit of fuel/energy with APCS


Where,


% mode share - % of cycle in the total vehicle count, % of auto in total vehicle count, % Light Duty Vehicle (LDV) in total vehicle count, % Heavy Duty Vehicle (HDV) in total vehicle count

Constants20:

o For LDV - CO2: 323 g/km, CH4: 82 mg/km, N2O: 20 mg/km

o For HDV - CO2: 723 g/km, CH4: 4 mg/km, N2O: 3 mg/km




Reduction in CO2 emissions – 2 gm/km


Annual Project GHG emissions (B) = 0.17 billion * (323-2) g/km=53919 tCO2


4. Assumptions

As observed internationally, APCS will impact only CO2 emission per unit of fuel consumed and will not have any significant impact on VKT and mode share

Reduction in CO2 emission only from APCS- 2 gm/km/year (for LDV/passenger /personal cars) –


Draft


this is a conservative estimate based on international experience considering APCS will lead to better maintenance of vehicles.


5. Questions


What is % mode share of LCVs/cars, HDVs in the cities of Panjim, Shimla and Hubli


What is the average CO2 emission per unit of fuel consumed for each vehicle type – as per records of test centers?

Once APCS is implemented, what is observed reduction in CO2 emission per unit of fuel consumed as per records of test centers?

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10. Annexure 3 – Stakeholder Engagement

Details

10.1.1. Academia Inputs – Centre for Policy Research

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National Institute of Urban Affairs

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DMS – IIT Delhi

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10.1.2. Inputs from City Authorities, World Bank Sector Experts: MOM’s

Minutes of Meeting – 8th to 10th June 2015

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Minutes of Meeting - 25th June 2015

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Minutes of Meeting – 3r d July 2015

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Minutes of Meeting -24th July 2015

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Minutes of Meeting 20th July 2015

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Minutes of Meeting – 17th August 2015

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Minutes of Meeting – 24th August 2015

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Minutes of Meeting – 2nd September 2015

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