Upload
urbanknowledge
View
224
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
1/33
City-wide community upgrading
in Thailand and Asia
Presentation at the
World Bank06/12/11
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
2/33
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
3/33
Problems with supply driven approach does not
match with demand side the targetted
urban poor
Rethinking How to make the demand side
Become main actors and drivers at the
realistic scale of the problems with supportfrom more friendly, efficient and accessiblefinance
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
4/33
Differences of supply-driven and
demand-driven approachesSupply-Driven
Government or developersplan and implement
and select or sale to buyers Govt. or developers control
finance and implementationprocess
Beneficiaries or buyers buyand own housing unitsindividually
Maintenance by hiredcompanies
Demand-Driven
Urban poor communities orneeded people plan and
implement together Community implement
process and manage theirfinance
Community own and manage
the units and the projectstogether or collectivelytogether with social andeconomic self development
Maintenance by community
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
5/33
In 2003 Thai Government announcednew policy of one million houses forurban poor all over Thai cities in 5
years with 2 approaches :
1. Constructing of new
low- income housing by NHA
2. Slum upgrading by CODI
ThailandThailand CityCity--WideWideSlumSlum UpgradingUpgrading
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
6/33
CODI receives budget from centralgovernment then pass the budgetdirectly to communities according tothe consent of city developmentpartners especially Local Authority andcommunity network in each city.
CODI target 5 years slum upgradingachieving city without slums programin 200 Thai cities covering 2,000 slumcommunities.
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
7/33
Community Organizations Development Institute
- A Public organization under Ministry of Social Development
and Human Security (It was semi-independent unit underNHA from 1992-2000)
- Managing Community Development Fund for urban and ruralcommunities
- started with 40 millionU
S$ as revolving fund in 1992 asUCDO
- merging with rural fund to be CODI in 2000 having totalabout 90 US$ million
- Government grant 100 US$ million more as revolving fundloan for housing development in 2010
- recieveing government budget and subsidies each year forupgrading and other community projects such as welfare,environment, community strengthening, disasters, etc.,.
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
8/33
CDF.
Community
Development Fund
1. Conventional govt, Fiscal budget,top-down system.
dep.
Indi.
2. NGOs Service delivery.
Donors
NGOs
proj.
proj.
Com.
3. Private sectorbanking system.
BankCompany.
Individual.
Conditions of
first world.
Market.
Community Organization DevelopmentCommunity Organization Development InstituteInstitute
min.
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
9/33
The new paradigm shiftThe new paradigm shift
ForFor housinghousing development by peopledevelopment by people
in actionin action11. Community organizations are the. Community organizations are the ownersowners of projectsof projects
22.. Change from supply driven toChange from supply driven to Demand Driven by communitiesDemand Driven by communities
3.3. ChangeChange the approach from construction management tothe approach from construction management to flexible financialflexible financial
managementmanagementallowing community and local partners to workallowing community and local partners to work togethertogether
4.4. Urban land reformUrban land reform for urban poor housing by land survey and communityfor urban poor housing by land survey and community
negotiationnegotiation
55.. holistic upgrading processholistic upgrading processto buildto buildstrong and secured communitystrong and secured community
organization and managerial capacity as aorganization and managerial capacity as a collectivecollective group for integratedgroup for integrated
physical, economic and social improvementphysical, economic and social improvement
66.. CityCity--widewide development process covering all communities in the citydevelopment process covering all communities in the city
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
10/33
Community Surveyall communitiesin districts and city
Community survey of all households
In the community and city carried out bycommunity people
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
11/33
Community Saving ActivitiesCommunity Saving ActivitiesSaving people, saving money, saving group managerial capacitySaving people, saving money, saving group managerial capacity
And building community financial systemAnd building community financial system
for long term sustainable community and housing developmentfor long term sustainable community and housing development
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
12/33
CityCity--wide Survey in Samutprakarn Provincewide Survey in Samutprakarn Province
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
13/33
Bang Proang : Household SurveyBang Proang : Household Survey
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
14/33
14
Community planning process
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
15/33
...........
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
16/33
Working Together,build togetherThe actual price will be reduced
half the normal construction cost
and gaining social capital
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
17/33
City-wideupgradinginvolvingmanypossible city development actors andfind varioussecured housingsolutions forall communitiesinthe city
City-widesurvey /jointplanning,
search forsolutionstogether
Find varioussolutionssuitable
forall communitiesin city
Community
Municipality
Community
Otherdev.agencies
On-site
Upgrading
Land-sharing&reconstruction
Reblocking&readjustment
Resettlements
Row-house
Flat
Detachhouse
Row-housing
Flat
Mixed approach
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
18/33
Project Mechanism
CODI
Ministry ofSocial Development
AndHuman Security
Com.
Com.
Com.
Com.
Com.
Local
Authorities GovernmentAcademics
NGOs
Others
Community
DevelopmentCommittee
CommunityNetwork
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
19/33
Project opening ceremonyProject opening ceremony
Charoenchai Nimitmai Reblocking Upgrading CommunityCharoenchai Nimitmai Reblocking Upgrading Community
Location :Location : BangkokBangkok
Land Owner :Land Owner : CooperativeCooperative
Situation :Situation : EvictionEviction
Area size :Area size : 00..77 ha.ha.No. of Units :No. of Units : 8181
improvement :improvement : ReblockingReblocking
Size :Size : 4040--100100 mm
Repayment :Repayment : 11,,100100--22,,000000 baht (baht (2727--
5050 U$) per monthU$) per month
Before UpgradingBefore Upgrading After UpgradingAfter Upgrading
22
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
20/33
BeforeBefore AfterAfter
Ruam Samakki : Community Plan
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
21/33
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
22/33
Everyhousehasitsownwatertreatmentand children/youthparticipation
inwatercleanup
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
23/33
Community Welfare ActivitiesCommunity Welfare Activities
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
24/33
CityEvent forMOU SigningonCityWide SlumUpgrading AgreementCityEvent forMOU SigningonCityWide SlumUpgrading AgreementParticipating by all Development ActorsinUdonthaniCityParticipating by all Development ActorsinUdonthaniCity
And TheUpgradingMarch Acrossthe cityparticipated by communitiesinAnd TheUpgradingMarch Acrossthe cityparticipated by communitiesin 1010 citiescities
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
25/33
subgroup subgroup subgroupsubgroup
BonkaiCommunityCreditUnionBonkaiCommunityCreditUnion
subgroupssubgroupsGroupGroupguaranteeguaranteeHelpeachotherHelpeachotherCollectrepaymentCollectrepayment
SubgroupmanagementSubgroupmanagementSubgroupsaving fundSubgroupsaving fundDailysavings collectionDailysavings collectionMonthlymeetingMonthlymeetingHelpmemberswho canHelpmemberswho cantpaytpay
Interest 4%
CODI
Community Cooperatives
on lend to membersat 5-6 % interest using
margin for community
development,
management and welfare
Wholesale loan fromCODIto communityWholesale loan fromCODIto communitycooperatives andcooperatives and
DevelopmentofsubDevelopmentofsub--groupsinnew com.groupsinnew com.
managementmanagement
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
26/33
ProvidingFlexibleFinancial SupportProvidingFlexibleFinancial Support
forCityforCity--wideUpgrading byCommunitieswideUpgrading byCommunities
Grant2,600$
perfamily
1 UpgradingofInfrastructure and SocialFacilities about 1,000 $/ fa. x No. ofFamilies
2 5% of 1) forCommunity and Local Management
4 Support forCommunityExchange,CapacityBuilding, Seminars,Coordination
Loans4-5000$/unit
FromCODI
RevolvingFund 80 Mil.$
(grant fromGovernment)
CommunityOrganization(cooperatives)
3. Directhousingsubsidy 570 $ perunit
Banks
4 % Members
Members
Members
1
26-7%
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
27/33
Building new secured community
Collective landownership, or lease Community savings and fund(acting as
community bank)
W
elfare activities:
scholarship, children, youth,elderly, sick and advantaged, dead
Active linking with community network and cityorganizations and regular meeting
Collective management Active citizen, closer or regular link with local
authority
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
28/33
Some Achievement and Impact :
Community upgrading and housing development
850 projects in 270 cities total 92,000 families Community organizations and networks in more
than 300 cities with information and partnershipwith cities
City Development Fund as alternative communityfinance organize in 205 cities with welfare funds,income generation, insurance and housingdevelopment
Change in the regulation, lower standard,attitudes from policy, land owners, cities and thepublic
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
29/33
CommunitysCityDevelopmentFundCommunitysCityDevelopmentFund
Total fund
29,000,000
Community4% 18,021 baht/month Benefits
1% 4,505 baht/month
Support fund
2% 9,011baht/month
Condition At present, the saving by 15 communities is 21,000,000 bath but there is nonetworking system. So, the mutual fund is established to support each other.
-There is system of assurance at all level; from the sub groups to local community and
from the community to the city network.
-There is social welfare for members (birth / death), by collecting one bath per day from the
members. There is also this welfare saving collected from community to the Bangkhen
district network.-Collective community maintenance budget: 0.50 baht/ square wah ,0.50 baht for district
Network/Cooperative
8,007,000
ACCAFund1,000,000
networking450,000
Local contributions
(Dam/Local library/Nursery center)
Housing fund
Welfare/Livelihood
Environment
Management
1% 4,505 baht/month
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
30/33
Upgrading &Reconstruction Nearby Relocation
Relocation Shelter House for Homeless
Type of upgrading
Nearby Relocation
4,418 families(10.76%)
Relocation
8,436 families(20.55%)
Upgrading/Reconstruction27,798 families
(67.73%)
Shelter House for Homeless
393 families(0.96%)
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
31/33
Permissionto use land Short termsecurity
Statusof Land Tenure SecurityImprovement
Permission to use land4,302 families
(10.48%)
Long term tenure security 18,598 families (45.31%)
Short term security2,762 families
(6.73%)
Cooperative ownership15,383 families(37.48%)
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
32/33
Urban poor housing development is an
investment, not only social expensesInput : Government subsidy 2,000 $
Loan for land/housing average 4,500 $ ( to be repaid)
Community contribution 500 $
O
ther contribution 500sTotal investment 7,500 $ (govt. less than 30%)
Output : For urban poor family1. Economic Assets for the urban poor family more than 15,000 USD
2. Legitimacy,and security
3. Healthy environment
4. Community asset : Community organization ,welfare , better socialcohesion
5. Political assetof active community network and participation
8/3/2019 City-Wide Community Upgrading
33/33
Government paid 2,000 $ per family
will get more return by
Vat 7% of 7,500 = 525 $
Land lease, property tax = 500 $
Tax, fees,income tax, etc. = 500 $
Other contribution, indirect
gain from other relevant economic activities
Reduce expenses on health, otherpoverty programs
Healthy and more active citizen and community