BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WARBy: Grace Ordonez

FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN NORTHERN NAME

FIRST BATTLE OF MANASSAS- SOUTHERN NAME

Southern Commanders: Joseph E. Johnston P.G.T. BeauregardNorthern Commander: Irvin McDowellCause: In May 1861, Union troops crossed the

Potomac River, captured Alexandria, Va., and moved into northwestern Virginia. The major Confederate army was located at Manassas Junction, Va., a key railroad center. Looking to deliver a fatal blow to the Southern army before reinforcements could reach it, Irvin McDowell led the Union Army toward Manassas.

Victory: ConfederatesAftermath: Union: 460 killed, 1,124 wounded, and

1,312 missing or captured. Confederate: 387 killed, 1,582 wounded, and 13 missing.

Affect to Conclusion of War: “The Northern public was shocked at the unexpected loss of their army in a battle for which an easy victory was widely anticipated. Both sides quickly came to realize that the war would be longer and more brutal than they had thought.”

SHARPSBURG – SOUTHERN NAME

BATTLE OF ANTIETAM – NORTHERN NAME

Northern Commander: Robert E. LeeSouthern Commander: George B. McClellanCause: In 1862, General Lee wanted to carry

the war into the Northern states and threaten to turn the flank of the defenses around Washington DC. (Lee again moved into the North during the Gettysburg campaign in 1863.) This forced Union General McClellan to go into Maryland and try to stop him.

Result: Union victoryAftermath: The Union had 12,401 casualties

with 2,108 dead. Confederate casualties were 10,318 with 1,546 dead.

Affect to Conclusion of War: Antietam is considered a turning point of the war and a victory for the Union because it ended Lee's strategic campaign and it allowed President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation

GETTYSBURG

Southern Commander: Robert E. LeeNorthern Commander: George G. MeadeCause: Meade received news that Lee's men had

been spotted in towns surrounding Gettysburg and concluded Gettysburg was the center of operations. Meanwhile, on June 30, after days of no communication from the unit he'd assigned to monitor Hooker's movements, Lee learned of Hooker's replacement and the Union advancement into Maryland. He ordered his troops from York back to Gettysburg, and on July 1, 1863, the two armies met.

Result: Union VictoryAftermath: Union casualties were 23,055 (3,155

killed, 14,531 wounded, 5,369 captured or missing). Confederate casualties were 23,231 (4,708 killed, 12,693 wounded, 5,830 captured or missing).

Affect to Conclusion of War: This battle has been named as the "turning point“ alongside with the fall of Vicksburg the following day

APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE, VIRGINIASouthern Commander: Robert E. LeeNorthern Commander: Ulysses S. GrantCause: Appomattox Campaign, the final

campaign for Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederate States of America, began when the Federal Army of the Potomac crossed the James River. The armies under the command of Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant laid siege to Petersburg and Richmond, intending to cut Petersburg's and Richmond's supply lines and force the Confederates to evacuate.

Result: Union Victory of the whole Civil War.Aftermath: Confederates: 500 killed and

wounded,27,805 surrendered and paroled. Union: 164 killed.

Affect to Conclusion of War: The defeat of Lee’s army of this battle by the Union caused him to surrender and accept defeat over the Civil War.