CK-12 Chemistry - Intermediate Workbook - NCLOR Chemistry - Intermediate Workbook Donald Calbreath, ... Polymer chemistry continues to be an active and vibrant field of chemistry,

CK-12 Chemistry -Intermediate Workbook

Donald Calbreath, Ph.D.

Say Thanks to the AuthorsClick http://www.ck12.org/saythanks

(No sign in required)

http://www.ck12.org/saythanks

www.ck12.org

To access a customizable version of this book, as well as otherinteractive content, visit www.ck12.org

CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission toreduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both inthe U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-source, collaborative, andweb-based compilation model, CK-12 pioneers and promotes thecreation and distribution of high-quality, adaptive online textbooksthat can be mixed, modified and printed (i.e., the FlexBooktextbooks).

Copyright 2015 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org

The names CK-12 and CK12 and associated logos and theterms FlexBook and FlexBook Platform (collectivelyCK-12 Marks) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and internationallaws.

Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium,in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution linkhttp://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) inaddition to the following terms.

Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordancewith the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Com-mons from time to time (the CC License), which is incorporatedherein by this reference.

Complete terms can be found at http://www.ck12.org/about/terms-of-use.

Printed: June 22, 2015

AUTHORDonald Calbreath, Ph.D.

iii

http://www.ck12.orghttp://www.ck12.org/http://www.ck12.org/saythankshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/http://www.ck12.org/about/terms-of-usehttp://www.ck12.org/about/terms-of-use

Contents www.ck12.org

Contents

1 Introduction to Chemistry Worksheets 11.1 What is Chemistry? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 The Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Matter and Change Worksheets 82.1 Properties of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.2 Classification Of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.3 Changes in Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3 Introduction to Chemistry Worksheets - 1 193.1 The International System of Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.2 Unit Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.3 Uncertainty in Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4 Atomic Structure Worksheets 284.1 Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294.2 The Nuclear Model of the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324.3 Isotopes and Atomic Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

5 Electrons in Atoms Worksheets 385.1 Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395.2 The Quantum Mechanical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425.3 Electron Arrangements in Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

6 The Periodic Table Worksheets 486.1 History of the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496.2 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526.3 Periodic Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

7 Chemical Nomenclature Worksheets 587.1 Ionic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597.2 Molecular Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637.3 Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

8 Ionic and Metallic Bonding Worksheets 688.1 Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698.2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728.3 Metallic Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

9 Covalent Bonding Worksheets 789.1 Lewis Electron Dot Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799.2 Molecular Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829.3 Polarity and Intermolecular Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

iv

http://www.ck12.org

www.ck12.org Contents

9.4 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

10 The Mole Worksheets 9210.1 The Mole Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9310.2 Mass, Volume and the Mole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9510.3 Chemical Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

11 Chemical Reactions Worksheets 10011.1 Chemical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10111.2 Types of Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

12 Stoichiometry Worksheets 10712.1 Mole Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10812.2 Stoichiometric Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11012.3 Limiting Reactant and Percent Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

13 States of Matter Worksheets 11413.1 Kinetic - Molecular Theory and Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11513.2 Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11813.3 Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12113.4 Changes of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

14 The Behavior of Gases Worksheets 12714.1 Gas Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12814.2 Gas Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13114.3 Ideal Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13414.4 Gas Mixtures and Molecular Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

15 Water Worksheets 14015.1 Properties of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14115.2 Aqueous Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14315.3 Colloids and Suspensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

16 Solutions Worksheets 14916.1 Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15016.2 Solution Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15316.3 Colligative Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15616.4 Net Ionic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

17 Thermochemistry Worksheets 16217.1 Heat Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16317.2 Thermochemical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16617.3 Heat and Changes of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16917.4 Hesss Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

18 Kinetics Worksheets 17518.1 Rates of Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17618.2 Rate Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17918.3 Reaction Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

19 Equilibrium Worksheets 18519.1 The Nature of Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18619.2 Le Chteliers Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

v

http://www.ck12.org

Contents www.ck12.org

19.3 Solubility Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

20 Entropy and Free Energy Worksheets 19520.1 Entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19620.2 Spontaneous Reactions and Free Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19920.3 Free Energy and Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

21 Acids and Bases Worksheets 20521.1 Acid-Base Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .