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Class:
Business Leadership and Organizational Behavior
Class:
Business Leadership and Organizational Behavior
Lecture:
Stress
Craig W. Fontaine, Ph.D.
Spring, 2015
What is Stress?What is Stress?
Stress refers to a psychological or physiological state that results when certain features in of an individual’s environment, called stressors, create discomfort, anxiety, or feelings of being overwhelmed.
BehavioralBehavioral
PsychologicalPsychological
Work performance, accidents, absenteeism, aggression, poor decisions
Dissatisfaction, moodiness, depression, emotional fatigue
PhysiologicalPhysiologicalCardiovascular disease, hypertension, headaches
Consequences of StressConsequences of Stress
• Effects of stress have been estimated to cost more than $300 billion dollars a year for organizations:
Detailed Consequences of StressDetailed Consequences of Stress
StressStress
Psychological
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Low self-esteem
• Sleeplessness
• Frustration
• Family problems
• Burnout Behavioral
• Excessive smoking
• Substance abuse
• Accident proneness
• Appetite disorders
• Violence
Physiological
• High blood pressure
• Muscle tension
• Headaches
• Ulcers, skin diseases
• Impaired immune systems
• Musculoskeletal disorders
• Heart disease
• Cancer
Interesting FactsInteresting Facts
• Work absences attributed to stress have tripled over the past 10 years
• More than 62% of the time when workers called in “sick,” they were not really “sick” (Mental Health Day)
• Most heart attacks occur on Monday’s and least occurred on Friday’s
• Measuring Stress:• Paper and pencil test(s)
• Holmes and Rahe life events scale• Physiological measurements
• Catecholmine excretiono Epinephrineo Norepinephrine
Measuring StressMeasuring Stress
Stage 1Alarm Reaction
Stage 2Resistance
Stage 3Exhaustion
NormalLevel of
Resistance
General Adaptation SyndromeGeneral Adaptation Syndrome
Interpersonal StressorsInterpersonal Stressors
• Considered the most common group of workplace stressors
• Include:– Team dynamics– Organizational politics– Bad bosses– Workplace violence– Psychological and sexual harassment
Role-Related StressorsRole-Related Stressors
• Role conflict• Incongruity or incompatibility of expectations
associated with the person’s role• Occurs when two roles conflict with each other• Occurs when personal values conflict with work
roles
• Role ambiguity• Uncertain task and social expectations
Task Control StressorsTask Control Stressors
• Stress increases when employees lack control over:• How and when tasks are performed• Pace of work activity
• Low task control is a higher stressor when job also has high responsibility!
Organizational & Physical StressorsOrganizational & Physical Stressors
• Organizational• Most prevalent is downsizing, which affects
layoff survivors• reduced job security• chaos of change• additional workloads• guilt of having a job as others lose theirs
• Task Overload (speed stress and load stress)• Physical Environment
– Due to excessive noise, poor lighting and hazards
Technology Induced StressTechnology Induced Stress
Nick Salaysay (shown in photo) admits that his work routinely gets mixed in with his personal time. “I have a BlackBerry, so I check my e-mail a lot when I'm supposed to be on vacation," says the corporate lawyer. Research indicates that when electronic devices spill work into home life, they increase the risk of strain-based stress.
Calgary Herald/Mikael Kjellstrom
Time-based StressorsTime-based Stressors
• Time-based conflict• Due to business travel, inflexible
and/or rotating work schedules• For women -- still do most
household chores
WorkaholismWorkaholism
• Work addicts (classic workaholics)• Highly involved in work• High drive to succeed• Low enjoyment of work• Have “Type A” behavior pattern -- impatient,
competitive, temper, interrupts others
• Enthusiastic workaholics• Highly involved in work, high drive to succeed,
and high enjoyment of work
• Work enthusiasts– High work involvement and work enjoyment, but
LOW drive to succeed
Gender and Occupational StressGender and Occupational Stress
• Stressors that particularly affect women include:– Career blocks– Sexual harassment– Male-dominated climate– Performance pressure– Gender stereotyping– Isolation– Lack of role models
BurnoutBurnout
• Adverse stress reaction to work with psychological, psychophysiological, and behavioral components
• Symptoms include:– Diminished sense of humor– Skipping rest and meals– Increased overtime/no vacation– Increased physical complaints– Social withdrawal– Changed job performance– Self-medication– Internal changes
Five Stages of BurnoutFive Stages of Burnout
• Stage 1: The honeymoon- satisfied with job• Stage 2: Fuel shortage- fatigue sets in • Stage 3: Chronic symptoms- exhaustion/disease/anger• Stage 4: Crisis- illness, absenteeism, relationship issues• Stage 5: Hitting the wall- physical/psychological, can be
life threatening.
© Photodisc. With permission.
Individual Differences in StressIndividual Differences in Stress
1. Different threshold levels of resistance to stressor
2. Use different stress coping strategies
3. Perceive the situation differently– Knowledge and skill– Natural optimism and
confidence (resilience)
Key Definitions (Selye)Key Definitions (Selye)
Eustress – positive stress that results from meeting challenges and difficulties with the expectation of achievement
Dystress – negative stress; often referred to simply as stress. Often results in overload.
.
Hans Selye
Individual Differences: ResilienceIndividual Differences: Resilience
Capability of individuals to cope successfully in the face of significant change, adversity, or risk•Personality traits
• Extroversion, low neuroticism, internal locus of control, high tolerance of change, and high self-esteem
•Adaptability to stressors• High emotional intelligence• Good problem-solving skills• Productive coping strategies
•Inner strength/sense of purpose• Workplace spirituality
Remove the StressorRemove the Stressor
• Stress audits -- investigate sources of stress• Change corporate culture and reward system• Provide environment that supports empowerment• Person-job matching• Work-life balance initiatives
Work-Life BalanceWork-Life Balance
• Flexible work time
• Job sharing
• Teleworking
• Personal leave
• Childcare support
Withdraw from the StressorWithdraw from the Stressor
• Permanent withdrawal• Remove employees from
jobs not aligned with their competencies
• Temporary withdrawal– Coffee/lunch breaks
– Karaoke breaks (photo)
– SabbaticalsCourtesy of Liggett Stashower, Inc.
Other Stress Mgt StrategiesOther Stress Mgt Strategies
• Change stress perceptions• Self-confidence, self-leadership
• Control stress consequences• Relaxation and meditation• Fitness and wellness programs
• Social support– Emotional and informational
Experimental DesignExperimental Design
3x2 Repeated Measures Design (Stress level/Gender)– Each subject was exposed to three distinct levels of
psychological stress:• Control condition (No Stress)• Normal Stress• Extreme Stress
Physiological Stress Measured Performance Measured
Normal Stress Situation
• Environmental Meters look fine
• No system alert/failure indicators
• Bunnies are alert