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Class Mobility in Modern Class Mobility in Modern ChinaChina
Jing YANGJing YANG
University of OxfordUniversity of Oxford
RC28: Social Inequality and Mobility in the Process RC28: Social Inequality and Mobility in the Process of Social Transformationof Social Transformation
24-27 May 2007 24-27 May 2007
22
I. Research in China
II. Data source
III. Absolute rates of class mobility
IV. Trends in social fluidity
V. Multi-matrix model of social fluidity in China
VI. Conclusion & Further considerations
33
I. Research in Social Stratification in China during I. Research in Social Stratification in China during the Market Transition Periodthe Market Transition Period
1. Debate on Market Transition Theory 1. Debate on Market Transition Theory (Life History and Social Change in Contemporary China: 1996, (Life History and Social Change in Contemporary China: 1996,
A.G. Walder, and D. J. Treiman)A.G. Walder, and D. J. Treiman)
2. Chinese Researchers: 2. Chinese Researchers: 1) 1988 Survey (Research on Social Structure in Contemporary 1) 1988 Survey (Research on Social Structure in Contemporary
China: 6 cities)China: 6 cities)Cheng and Dai (1995): Trends of Absolute & Relative mobility Cheng and Dai (1995): Trends of Absolute & Relative mobility Cheung (1997): Application of the core model of social fluidity Cheung (1997): Application of the core model of social fluidity
2) 2001 Survey (The changing social structure in contemporary 2) 2001 Survey (The changing social structure in contemporary China: national probability sampling)China: national probability sampling)
1.1. 9-class Occupational Structure: CASS029-class Occupational Structure: CASS022.2. Rise of New Middle ClassRise of New Middle Class
44
My Research Goal:My Research Goal: What is the class structure and the What is the class structure and the patterns of intergenerational mobility in China patterns of intergenerational mobility in China during the market transitional period? during the market transitional period?
Multi-staged national probability sampleMulti-staged national probability sample
In-depth interview: 14 partsIn-depth interview: 14 parts
Urban: 3087; Rural: 3003 (Age: 20-69)Urban: 3087; Rural: 3003 (Age: 20-69)
Occupational coding: Occupational coding:
CSCO95CSCO95 9-class CASS02 9-class CASS02ISCO-68ISCO-685-class CASMIN5-class CASMIN
II. Life History and Social Change in Contemporary China: 1996Life History and Social Change in Contemporary China: 1996A.G. Walder, and D. J. TreimanA.G. Walder, and D. J. Treiman
55
II. Life
His
tory
& S
ocia
l Ch
an
ge in
Con
tem
pora
ry
Ch
ina: 1
99
6
66
II. Life History & Social Change in Contemporary China: 1996
Recoding Procedure: CSOC959-class CASS024-class CASS02
77
II. Life History & Social Change in Contemporary China: 1996
Recoding Procedure: ISCO-68 egp10 CASMIN7 (2 empty classes)CASMIN5
99
II. Life History & Social Change in Contemporary China: 1996
1313
III. Absolute Mobility Rates
1996 Survey
Cohorts: Age at the time of inquiry
1. 1927-48: 48-692. 1949-65: 31-473. 1966-77: 19-30
Figure 1: Total mobility rates by sex
4147
54
33
4347
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1927-48 1949-65 1966-77
Respondents' birth cohorts
Per
cen
tag
e
Male
Female
1414
Figure 2.1: Absolute mobility rates by cohorts (male)
4147
54
33 35 34
9 1220
5953
46
0
10
20
3040
50
60
70
1927-48 1949-65 1966-77
Respondents' cohorts
Pe
rce
nta
ge TMR
TU
TD
TIR
Figure 2.2: Absolute mobility rates by cohorts (female)
3343 47
2429 28
814
19
6757 53
01020304050607080
1927-48 1949-65 1966-77
Respondents' cohorts
Per
cen
tag
e TMR
TU
TD
TIR
III.
Ab
solu
te M
ob
ilit
y
Rate
s
TMR: Total Mobility Rate (TU+TD)TU: Total Upward Mobility RateTD: Total Downward Mobility RateTIR: Total Immobility Rate (1-TMR)
1515
Main Findings
1. Declining but still important agricultural sector
2. Slowly increasing total upward mobility rate
3. Increasing total downward mobility rate
4. Increasing mobility rates between agricultural & manual working class; manual & nonmanual class
5. Growing boundary/declining mobility rates between middle class/peasants
III. Absolute Mobility Rates
2020
IV-1. Relative Mobility Rates: application of CnSF, CmSF, and Unidiff model
2121
1. 1. CnSF (Male & Female) The association between class of origin and destination The association between class of origin and destination
remains remains the same cross three cohorts for men and women. the same cross three cohorts for men and women.
2. CmSFThe association between class of origin and destination has The association between class of origin and destination has
been found been found the same for men and women, net of gender discrepancies in the same for men and women, net of gender discrepancies in
the the allocation of class of origins and destinations.allocation of class of origins and destinations.
3. UnidiffThere is no strong evidence on the weakening ties There is no strong evidence on the weakening ties between class of origin and destination either cross three between class of origin and destination either cross three
cohorts or cohorts or between men and women, based on 1996 survey data between men and women, based on 1996 survey data
IV-1. Relative Mobility Rates: application of CnSF, CmSF, and Unidiff model
2222
1. Original Core Model of Social Fluidity based on 7-class CASMIN
1) 3 Divisions of occupational structure i) I+II; ii) III, IVa+b+c, V+VI; iii) VIIb+c;
2) 4 effects: Hierarchical (HI); Inheritance (IN); Sector (SE); Affinity (AF)
3) 8 Matrices: HI1, HI2; IN1, IN2, IN3; SE; AF1 AF2
IV-2 Multi-matrix Model of Social Fluidity in Modern China
2323
IV-2. Multi-matrix Model of Social Fluidity in Modern China
2. Modified Model of Social Fluidity in Modern China based on 5-class CASMIN
1) Dropped matrices: IN3, AF1
2) Combined matrices: IN1 & IN2 IN
3) 3 Divisions of occupational structure i) I+II; ii) III, V+VI, VIIa; iii) VIIb
4) 4 effects and 5 matrices
2424
IV-2
. Mod
el o
f Socia
l Flu
idity
in M
od
ern
C
hin
a
2727
IV-2. Model of Social Fluidity in Modern China
2828
Summary:
1. 1996 Survey: Male vs. Female1) Stronger hierarchical effects on male:
HI1+HI22) Stronger inheritance effect on male: IN3) Comparatively weaker sector effect on
male: SE4) Similar Affinity Effect on male and female:
AF2
2. 1996 Survey vs. 1988 Survey (for both male & female)
1) Weaker hierarchical effect in 1996: HI1 (HI2 predicted)
2) Weaker inheritance effect in 1996: IN3) Stronger sector effects in 1996: SE
IV-2 Model of Social Fluidity in Modern China
2929
V. Conclusion & Further Considerations
Conclusion1. Increasing total absolute mobility & growing class
boundaries at the extreme of the class structure
2. Constant social fluidity
3. Modernized patterns of social fluidity
Further Considerations1. Updated survey & Comparison
2. Regional differences
3. Validity & reliability of the Chinese class schema