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Classical Civilizations Greek (1780 – 133 b.c.e .) & Roman (509 b.c.e . – 476 c.e .). These societies laid the foundation for all of Western Civilization and paved the way for Modern World History…. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Classical CivilizationsGreek
(1780 – 133 b.c.e.)
&Roman
(509 b.c.e. – 476 c.e.)
These societies laid the foundation for all of Western Civilization and paved the way for
Modern World History…
The Greeks and Romans created unique civilizations at different times;
but they did overlap, borrow, copy, influence, share and fight with one another to develop the “classical”
societies of the Mediterranean World.
Time periods –When did they live?
Greeks…1780 b.c. –
133 b.c.Classical Era –
HELLENISTIC AGE
Romans…509 b.c. –
476 a.d.Classical Era –
PAX ROMANA
Geography – Where did they live?
Greeks… Southeastern
Europe Eastern
Mediterranean and Aegean Seas
Peninsula, mountains, seas, coastal and islands
Romans… Southern Europe Central
Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas
Peninsula, mountains, valleys, rivers, seas, rolling hills and coastal
Myths – how did they begin?
Greek legends…Story of
“Europa” Story of King
Minos and the Minotaur
Roman legends…Story of Romulus
and RemusStory of
“Horatius”
EUROPA
MINOANS, KING MINOS AND….
…THE MINOTAUR!
ROMULUS AND REMUS
HORITIUS
Early peoples that influenced the Greeks…
Minoans – 1750 b.c. – 1500 b.c. Island of Crete “Bull”worship Sea traders,
assimilation Frescos Vanished, possible
volcanic eruption with tidal wave or invaders or both
Mycenaeans – 1400 b.c. – 1200 b.c. mainland of Greece Warriors, traders Fortress city-states Aryan influence First written records Influenced trojan war
After the Mycenaeans fell, another group called the “Dorians” ruled during a “dark ages” (1100 b.c. – 800 b.c.) in which little learning and cultural development took
place…
…as a result of the dorian invastion, Homer made an appearance…
• Blind poet• Sang of heroic deeds• Wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey• Iliad was about the Trojan War• Odyssey was about the trials
and tribulations of Odysseus• Both stories display honor,
courage and eloquence (rhetoric)
• Basis of Greek/Classical learning
Just as a man constructs a wall for some high house,using well-fitted stones to keep out forceful winds,that’s how close their helmets and bossed shields lined up,shield pressing against shield, helmet against helmetman against man. On the bright ridges of the helmets,horsehair plumes touched when warriors moved their heads.That's how close they were to one another.(Iliad 16.213–7, Ian Johnston, translator)
Iliad
Achilles and Odysseus
Odyssey
Odysseus
Early peoples that influenced the Romans…
Latins…Central Italy
Settled along Tiber River
farmers
Eventual “Roman” society
Location, language
Etruscans…Northern Italy
Settled along the Arno and Po Rivers
traders
alphabet, engineering, technology. Gladiator fights
Greeks culture
Etruscans
LATINS
Greeks
What was the focus of the classical societies?
Greek…
“Assimilation” of the Greek world
Tyranny to democracy
Loyalty to polis and culture
Jealousy and rivalryled to intense competition
“CULTURE”
Roman…
“Domination” of classical world
Republic to empire
Loyalty to Republic and empire
Jealousy and rivalry led to over-confidence and corruption
“SELF-INDULGENCE”
Social classes… Greek…
Citizens Men only Land = voting privilege
Aliens Commoners/foreigners Protected by law, no
rights Limited influence
Slaves Poor Majority of work Backbone of Greek
society
Roman… Patricians
Obscenely rich Ruthless to maintain power and
lifestyle Plebeians
Commoners Protected by law Wanted rights and freedom “easily swayed”
Slaves Anyone Slavery led to laziness,
contentment and scandalous plotting
Subsistence and survival…Farming #1
Dependent on trade routes, colonies,
conquest and assimilation
Clothing…Colorful
Accessories
Usefulness to luxurious
“tunic” - t-shirt
“chiton” - toga
“humitation” – cloak/robe
“classical duds”
Sports and Entertainment…
Celebration of the Greek Civilization
Athletics, music, debate, leisure, art, play, theater, worship, circuses, sporting events, shows, “spectacles”…
Olympics
Brought society together for the right reasons as acelebration of the entire culture
distraction for the Roman people
Games of the colosseum
Brought society together to encourage assimilation, but was manipulated for the wrong reasons to push “hidden agendas” through political avenues
Info about Coliseum…The Coliseum still ranks as one of the most famous buildings in the world - nearly 2,000 years after the first stone was laid.
Covering 7.5 acres, this architectural marvel was a declaration of Empirical power, engineering ingenuity, and human achievement.
Seating around 50,000, its purpose was entertainment, spectacle, and death…
It was built on the site of an artificial lake within the grounds of Nero's Golden House. This decadent palace had previously covered nearly a quarter of the entire city.
Vespasian's intention was to give a piece of the Empire back to the Roman people. Work began in AD75, and took just 5 years to complete.
Officially known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, the Coliseum was commissioned by the 9th Roman Emperor Vespasian.
It stands beneath the Oppian hill surrounded by three more of Rome's famous seven hills: Coelian, Esquiline and Palatine.
Once finished, a celebration began that lasted 100 days. During this frenzied carnival, over 5,000 animals were slaughtered and the entire floor of the Coliseum was flooded for a mock sea battle.
It set the tone for a century of similar epic events.
The Emperor Trajan held a festival that lasted for more than three months. 11,000 Jews, Christians, slaves, and gladiators lost their lives, and as many as 5,000 wild animals imported from Africa and Asia were slain.
In fact, experts believe that the Roman's quest for lions, elephants, and hippopotamuses actually caused their disappearance from some parts of Africa.
The Coliseum was a triumph of design and engineering.
At its heart stood the arena: a wooden stage covered in a 15cm layer of sand. This was to soak up the blood from the endless parade of murderous entertainment.
The Coliseum's perimeter wall was divided into 80 entrance arches, known as vomitoria. Four of these were designated solely for Emperors and dignitaries.
Above, two further tiers repeated the arches, creating a network of vaults like a honeycomb. The walls were covered in shiny white marble with painted stucco ceilings.
The forth level - devoid of arches - was designed to house an awning to shade the audience.
Just as regimented order was crucial to Rome's military success, architects planned new buildings with strict rules of scale and balance.
The width of the Coliseum walls exactly equaled the overall width of the arena, 48.5 m (158 ft). This measurement also equaled the height of the four-storey external facade.
Archaeologists believe there would have been floor plans drawn to scale, perspective drawings, and detailed 3-D models. Essentially, the structure would have been designed using the same methods as modern architects.
Only by using these planning methods could the Roman architects achieve the precise proportions that they envisioned.
Two-thirds of the Coliseum have been lost to the ravages of time. Historians have evidence of the coliseum’s construction that included the following:
A network of drains built beneath the Coliseum diverted the streams from nearby hills and valleys to Rome's main sewer to allow the coliseum to be flooded for mock naval battles.
Concrete (*) was used for the foundations of the oval perimeter walls, arches and for the inner circle of the arena. the amphitheatre had a prominent position as a result of being built on a man-made hill of rubble and dirt.
A system of winches and pulleys were incorporated into the coliseum and were used to release animals, gladiators, or scenic props onto the arena via trapdoors.
Gladiatorial performances symbolized the Roman Empire's military might.
The gladiatorial tradition was a fixture of Roman culture (adopted from the etruscans) and lasted for around 700 years.
These professional combatants usually fought to the death.
The first ever mention of gladiators dates back to 264 BCE. Theses were slaves who were made to fight to the death at the funeral of a distinguished aristocrat, Junius Brutus Pera.
For some who had been forced into slavery, becoming a gladiator was the first step on the road to freedom. They were paid each time they fought. If a gladiator survived three to five years of combat they were freed.
Generally, the Gladiator's social standing was little higher than a slave. However, some gladiators reached superstar status for their skills in combat.
In fact, there's evidence that Roman women from the ruling classes idolized these stage warriors. The mother of the Emperor Commodus, is believed to have had a crush on the gladiator Martianus.
Historians have also learned from graffiti found in Pompeii that the Thracian fighter, Celadus, appears to have been the superstar of his day!
“Suspirum et decus puellaru”, reads the inscription.
Literally, the sigh and glory of the girls - or Celadus makes the girls scream!
Gladiators trained together in a garrison-like environment, and often traveled around parts of the empire in troupes. One of the finest preserved examples is the Gladiator Barrack in Pompeii, where excavations have revealed armour, weapons, and helmets.
These academies were privately owned, but were adopted by the state to prevent them turning into private armies which could threaten the Empire.
Gladiators would have trained in much the same way that athletes do today, with rigorous exercise and carefully controlled high-energy diets. They would have learned deadly skills with an array of weapons, including daggers, swords, nets, and chains.
Gladiators fought each other in pairs.
In some of the mighty imperial celebrations there were sometimes as many as 5,000 battling duos. On an average day, however, there might have been as many as 100 clashing pairs.
There were various disciplines of gladiators who would have been armed and armoured differently. Generally, a heavily armoured man would have been pitched against a gladiator who fought practically naked.
Some of the more common combatants were:
Secutor - wearing leather armou on the left leg, elbows and wrists, he carried a large shield and a sword. He also wore a heavy helmet and
visor.
Thracians - carried a small square shield that barely covered the torso. He was armed with just a dagger.
Murmillo - protected by a long heavy rectangular shield, covering his body from shoulder to calf. He also had a large crested helmet and a short dagger.
Retiarius - the most vulnerable of all gladiators, he fought almost naked. His only protection was a leather
shoulder cover, a net, and a trident.
The premise was that lightly armored fighters compensated their defenselessness with speed, agility and the freedom to attack.
The defeated gladiator was usually slain by the victor. The loser would ceremoniously grip the thighs of his conqueror, who would ram his sword into the fallen gladiator's neck.
Of course, the audience could always grant mercy to those gladiators who put up a valiant fight…
Housing…Wealthy had lavish urban
apartments with extravagant country villas; fancy
Common people lived in crowded, dirty, fire-prone city
apartments, necessity
Cities were filthy
Outdoor importance
Clay, brick, concrete building materials
Simple furnishings and basic necessities
Family life…Marriage sacred, but many
scandalous affairs
Harsh child rearing
Arrangedmarriages
Male-dominated
Women “invisible” “inferior” in public
ran the household
Pedagogue (tutor) usage
Schooling…
Boys – formal studies of all core subjects…
Mornings – lectures
Afternoons - athletics
Pedagogues
Girls – taught at home of womanly skills…
Preparation for military, political, religious, business or artistic lifestyle
Arts and Architecture…
Development of the classical government…
Monarchy (King/Queen)
Tyranny/Oligarchy/Aristocracy…Good/Bad, Reforms, Dictators
Democracy (Government by the people)Direct vs. Representative
United States of America…
3 Branches of Government
Executive (President, VP/enforce the laws)
Legislative (Congress/make the laws)
Judicial (Courts/interpret the laws)
Check and Balances (equality to all)
Classical Government systems…
Greek
Ten Generals (elected military leader/chief executive)
Popular Assembly (all citizens with an elected official/law and decision maker)
Council of 500 (500 wealthiest men)
The power and might of Greek politics was based not on one’s political abilities, but based on their ambitions, needs, influence, power, position in society, wealth, military and social connections; amongst other things…
Roman
Assembly of Centuries (chief executive/military leader)
Assembly of Tribes (represented the people/elected for public interest)
Senate (300-900 men/wealthy, powerful, influential)
The power and might of Roman politics was based not on one’s political abilities, but based on their ambitions, needs, influence, power, position in society, wealth, military and social connections; amongst other things…
Religion…
Honored all gods and goddesses for a variety of reasons.
Temples and festivals were all celebrated by the entire Greek civilization.
Each polis had its own gods and goddesses.
The gods and goddesses were the same as the Greeks, but with different names.
State and private celebrations were celebrated by the Romans as they saw fit.
Each practice of their religion was in reference to their own selfish needs and desires.
Who’s who of classical religion…
http://www.crystalinks.com/olympians.html
Military…Greek
“hoplite”Self-fundedHarshStrictBrutalLoyalty to
Greece and polis
Roman“legion”Self-fundedHarshStrictBrutalLoyalty to Emperor
and money
Famous battles of antiquity…
Greek
Trojan War (1250 bce)Greek economic jealousyMycenaean domination
Persian Wars (479-470 bce)Greeks vs. PersiansGreek disunity; birth of democracyAthenian domination
Peloponnesian War (431-414 bce)Sparta vs. AthensCivil War/jealousy
Roman
Punic Wars (264-146 bce)Struggle for control of
Mediterranean regionRome vs. Carthage
1st Rome defeats Carthage2nd Carthage revenge3rd Rome destroys Carthage
Civil Wars“who will control Rome?”Greed, corruption and reformsTriumvirates (rule of 3)
Important Greek cities…Athens – philosophical endeavors, democratic
ideals and overwhelming pride.
Sparta – athletics and warfare, competitive domination… “Spartans.”
Olympia – home to the Greek gods/goddesses, “Olympics”.
Mygera – intellectual endeavors.
Corinth – cultural and economic center.
Rome – “all roads led to Rome”, the only city that mattered!
Center of all Roman cultural life…social, political, artistic, economic, intellectual, educational, philosophical, scientific, …anything else???
Important Roman cities…
Who’s who in classical society?
Greek “headliners”…
Homer – legendary songs and stories.
Socrates – “Socratic method”, question to find truth and knowledge.
Plato – distrusted democracy, used reason and ethical values.
Aristotle – “golden mean”, live life in moderation, encouraged strong, virtuous rulers.
Sophocles/Euripides – wrote
tragedies.
Aristophanes – wrote comedies.
Herodotus – father of history, encouraged research, “idealistichistory.
Thucydides – “truth” in history.
Pythagoras – mathematical theorem.
Euclid – geometry.
Archimedes – physics.
Hippocrates – father of medicine oath.
Roman “headliners”…
Virgil/Livy – wrote of historical, heroic acts.
Horace/Juvenal – anonymous attacks on society, “editorials”.
Tacitus – wrote harshly about Roman leadership, admired German barbarian simplicity.
Marcus Aurelius – “stoic” thinker, emphasized duty and fate.
Galen – medical experimentation.
Augustus (Octavian) – first Roman Emperor, created “Pax Romana”.
Tiberius/Caligula/Claudius/Nero/Vespasian/Titus/Domitian/Nerva/Trajan – interesting Roman Emperors.
Marc Antony – enemy of Rome, scandals and corruption.
Julius CaesarAlexander the Great
Downfall of antiquity…Greeks were
conquered and assimilated by the Romans.
Internal civil conflicts, competition and jealousy led to the Greeks demise from
the inside out.
Rome collapsed because of…
Civil conflicts and foreign wars.
Economic and social decay.
Barbarian invasions.Military failure of
organization, discipline and loyalty.
Political failure…lack of strong leadership
Presence of Christianity…
Classical CivilizationsGreek
(1780 – 133 b.c.e.)
&Roman
(509 b.c.e. – 476 c.e.)