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CLASSIFICATION
2 million species identified and named
Estimated total number ---100 million
TAXANOMY: The branch of biology that deals with the classification of organisms.
EARLY EFFORTS IN CLASSIFICATION
Aristotle (Fourth century B.C. );
grouped animals according to their physical features = empirical or artificial classification
not scientific
John Ray (1600’s)
was the first scientist to use the term species
Species is a natural group of similar organsims that interbreed (mating within the same species) in nature.
Carl von Linnaeus (1700s)
Swedish botanist
is the founder of modern taxonomy
grouped organisms according to their structural similarities
gave a two-word Latin name to each organism
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Linnaeus named each species with a genus name followed by a single descriptive name.
Ex: Felis domesticus
genus name
specific name that defines properties of the organism
species name
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Gammarus anatoliensis
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Rhinoderma darwinii
Vipera barani
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Acanthodactylus harranensis
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Pinus nigra Pinus sylvestris
TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES
Number of individuals decrease
Number of shared characteristics decrease
TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES
TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES
CLASSIFICATION OF SOME ORGANISMS
WHAT TO LOOK AT WHEN CLASSIFYING
Classification is based on:
Homologous organs
Similarities in embryonic development
Similarities in protein and enzyme structure
Similarities in DNA
Fossil information
Cellular structure
Behavioral characters
WHAT TO LOOK AT WHEN CLASSIFYING
Homologous organs:
Organs which have similar internal structures, but different functions
They develop from the same embryonic origin
Analogous organs:
Organs which have the same function but have different internal structures
They have different embryonic origins
Analogous structures are not used in classification
SIX KINGDOMS
VIRUSES
A virus is a noncellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells.
A typical virus is composed of a core nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat called capsid.
Depending on the virus, the nucleic acid is either DNA or RNA, but never both.
PROPERTIES OF A VIRUSThey do not have a cytoplasm and metabolism.
They may have several shape and size.
They are composed of a protein coat (capsid) and a nucleic acşd which can either be DNA or RNA.
PROPERTIES OF A VIRUSEach virus can invade specific cells.
They are not affected from antibiotics, but they are affected from physical and chemical treatments.
They are obligate inner parasites. They have to be in a host cell in order to be living.
PROPERTIES OF A VIRUSViruses can be classified according to their host cells or nucleic material.
Animal VirusesDNA viruses Disease caused by the virus
Hepatic virus Liver malfunctioning
Herpes simplex Herpes
Poxvirus Smallpox
RNA viruses Disease caused by the virus
Rhabdovirus Rabies
Orthomixovirus Influenza
VIRUSES
T4 BACTERIOPHAGE
LIFE CYCLES OF VIRUSES
LYTIC CYCLE
The viruses that invade living cells and then cause the cells lyse, or burst.
LYSOGENIC CYCLE
The virus does not reproduce and lyse its host cell right away. The DNA of of the virus enters the cell and is inserted into the DNA of the host cell.
VIRUSES
VIRUSES
STAGES OF LYTIC CYCLE
1. The virus attaches to the surface of host cell by its tail fibers.
2. The virus then injects its DNA into the cell.
3. The DNA of the virus is integrated into the DNA of the host cell.
4. As the virus takes over, it uses the materials of the host cell to make thousands of copies of its own protein coat and DNA.
5. The DNA molecules are covered with protein coat and other parts of the new virus are assembled.
6. The infected cell bursts and relases viruses that will infect other cells.
LYTIC CYCLE
STAGES OF LYSOGENIC CYCLE• In lysogenic infection, the virus does not
reproduce and lyse the host cell right away. Instead, the DNA of the virus enters the cell and is inserted into the DNA of the host cell.
• Once inserted into the host cell’s DNA, the viral DNA is known as prophage.
• The prophage may remain part of the DNA of the host cell for many generations.
• Eventually, the DNA of the prophage will become active, remove itself from the host cell’s DNA and redirect the synthesis of new virus particles. So, the lytic cycles begins.
LYSOGENIC CYCLE
PROKARYOTES
ARCHAEBACTERIAThey lack peptidoglycan cell wall.
Their membrane lipids are different.
Their DNA sequence is like those in eukaryotic organisms.
They live in extreme conditions.
EUBACTERIAThey can be found everywhere.
Cell wall is made of peptidoglycan.
ARCHAEBACTERIAHalophiles (Salt lovers)
Thermophiles
Methanogens
EUBACTERIACyanobacteria (Blue-green bacteria)
Streptococci
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF PROKARYOTES
All have cytoplasm
They don’t have nucleus
All have cell walls
All have ribosomes
Some have flagella for active movement
Some have mesosomes for aerobic respiration
Pathogens have capsule
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA
Bacteria can be classified according to their
shapes
oxygen needs
Gram staining
way of nutrition
BACTERIA ACCORDING TO SHAPE Bacilli (rod-shaped) Cocci (sphere-
shaped)
Spirilla (spiral-shaped) Vibrios (comma-shaped)
BACTERIA ACCORDING TO GRAM STAINING
Gram (+) bacteria:
Take purple color.
Gram (-) bacteria:
Take pink color.
BACTERIA ACCORDING TO OXYGEN NEEDS
Obligate Aerobes:
They require oxygen in order to survive.
Facultative Anaerobes:
They don’t need oxygen, but they can survive in the presence of oxygen.
Obligate Anaerobes:
They must live in places with almost no oxygen. Oxygen may poison them.
BACTERIA ACCORDING TO NUTRITION
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
Parasites
Mutualists
Saprophytes
Chemoautotrophs
Photoautotrophs
BACTERIA ACCORDING TO NUTRITION
Heterotrophs
Parasites
Mutualists
Saprophytes
(They do not produce their own food)
they do not have digestive enzymes, so they have to live in places where digested food is present.
Ex: human digestive tract, blood, cells
Some are pathogens
They live on the leftovers of the dead bodies of animals and plants.
They convert organic molecules into inorganic molecules
They are important for egological balance
They live within organisms but provide them favorable conditions and dont harm them
Ex: bacteria in digestive tract of herbivores help them digest cellulose
BACTERIA ACCORDING TO NUTRITION
Autotrophs(They can produce their own food)
they are photosynthetic
They have chlorophyll and other pigments to absorb light energy
Ex: cyanobacteria
they get energy needed to synthesize food molecules by oxidizing inorganic substances like sulphure, iron, hydrogen, nitrogen.
Ex: Sulfur bacteria
Photoautotrophs
Chemoautotrophs
PROTISTA
Represented by 20.000 species
“Any eukaryotic organism that is not a fungus, animal or plant”
Mostly unicellular, but there are multicellular examples
Can live in colonies, but there are no differentiated cells or tissues
They live in a watery environment, in salty oceans, and fresh water or in moist soil.
Can be autotroph, heterotroph or switch to both ways if necessary
Some of them live as parasites
PROTISTA
They do not have cell walls
As they are eukaryotic organisms, they have a membrane-bounded nucleus containing the hereditary material
They reproduce mostly by binary fission.
PROTISTA
Protozoa
(Animallike Protists)
Algae
(Plantlike Protists)
Funguslike Protists
Sarcodines
Flagellata
Sporozoans
Cilliates
Unicelllar algae
Multicellular algae
FLAGELLATA
EX: Euglena
PROTISTA
SARCODİNA
Ex: Ameba
CILIATA
Ex: Paramecium
PROTISTA
SPOROZOA
ÖR: PLAZMODIUM
PROTISTA
AMOEBA
Under the microscope, the ameba appears as a transparent mass that constantly changes shape.
It has ever-changing extensions called pseudopods (falsefeet).
Ameba moves by falsefeet and also it uses them to obtain food.
They take in food by phagocytosis into a food vacuole. As the food is digested, the temporary food vacuole disappears.
There is also a contractile vacuole which pumps out excess water.
PARAMECIUM Lives mainly in quite or stagnate pools.
It has a protectice covering called pellicle.
It has short, hairlike projections called cillia for movement.
Food particles enter through oral groove.
Wastes are removed from anal pore.
It has two nuclei; one is micronucleus that is responsible for reproduction, the other one is macronucleus that is responsible for other metabolic activities.
It has contractile vacuole.
Contractile vacuole
EUGLENA
They
are plant-like protists
live in ponds and streams
have flagella for movement
include chloroplasts
have eyespot to sense light
FUNGIThey
have filamentous structure
have multicellular and unicellular forms.
have chitin in their cell walls.
absorb their food from the environment or they are saprobes.
reproduce by spores
store glycogen
don’t have real roots
can live as parasites
FUNGI
Sporangium Fungi
(Küf mantarları)
Imperfect fungi
(Ağaç mantarları)
Club Fungi (Şapkalı
mantarlar)
Sac fungi
(Maya mantarları)
LICHENS: (imperfect fungi)
FungusLichen + Algae
food and O2
CO2 , H2O, protection, moisture, attachment site
FUNGI
PLANTAE
Non-vascular plants
(Damarsız bitkiler)
Vascular plants
(Damarlı bitkiler)
Seedles plants
(Tohumsuz bitkiler)
Seeded plants
(Tohumlu bitkiler)
Angiosperms
(Kapalı tohumlular)
Gymnosperms
(Açık tohumlular)
Monocot
Dicot
MOSSES
Non-vascular plants(Damarsız bitkiler)
LIVERWORTS
PLANTAE
VASCULAR SEEDLESS PLANTS
FERNSHORSE TAILS
PLANTAE
SEEDED PLANTS
GYMNOSPERMS (KOZALAKLILAR=AÇIK TOHUMLULAR)
ÇAM AĞACI
PLANTAE
ANGIOSPERMS (KAPALI TOHUMLULAR)
DICOT PLANTS
PLANTAE
MONOCOT PLANTS
PLANTAE
General Properties of Animals:
They are multicellular and eukaryotic
They do aerobic respiration to gain energy
They can move and most have muscles to move.
They respond to changes in the environment.
Most of the reproduce sexulally but there are some species that reproduce asexually.
Except sponges, they all have a body symmetry.
They are classified as cold – blooded (fish, amphibians, rept,les) and warm –blooded (birds, mammals) according to their body temperature.
ANIMALIA
On the basis of having a backbone or not, animals are classified as follows:
ANIMALIA
Invertebrates Chordates
Porifera (Sponges)
Coelenterates
Worms
Mollusks
Arthropods
Echinoderms
Non- vertebrates
Vertebrates
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
SPONGES
COELENTERATES
INVERTEBRATES
FLAT WORMS
ROUND WORMS
INVERTEBRATES
EARTHWORMS
MOLLUSCS
INVERTEBRATES
ARTHROPODS
INVERTEBRATES
ECHINODERMS
INVERTEBRATES
CHORDATES
NON - VERTEBRATES
AMPHIOXUS TUNICATES
VERTEBRATES
Major Taxonomic Groups
KINGDOM
Archaebacteria Eubacteria
Cell type prokaryotic prokaryotic
Body form unicellular unicellular
Cell wall have cell walls lack peptidoglycan
have cell walls made up of peptidoglycan
Major Taxonomic Groups
KINGDOM
Archaebacteria Eubacteria
Nutrition autotrophic
heterotrophic
autotrophic
heterotrophic
Nervous system
absent absent
Locomotion present in some Present in some
KINGDOM
Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
cell type eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic
body form most unicellular, some simple multicellular
most multicellular
multicellular multicellular
Organs, sytems
cell wall present in some
usually chitin cellulose No cell wall
Major Taxonomic Groups
Major Taxonomic Groups
KINGDOM
Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
nutrition photosynthesis, ingestion, or absorbtion
absorbtion photosynthesis ingestion
Nervous system
absent absent absent present
locomotion present in some absent absent present
