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Clauses and Sentence Structures. (Not the Santa type…ha!). What is a clause?. A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. Your genes carry your family’s genetic history. Subject: genes Verb: carry. Independent Clauses. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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What is a clause?A clause is a group of words that contains a
subject and a verb.Your genes carry your family’s genetic
history.Subject: genesVerb: carry
Independent ClausesExpress a complete thought and can stand
alone as a sentence.Genes contain the code for your physical
appearance.
Dependent (Subordinate) ClausesContain a subject and a verb but do not
express a complete thought. They cannot stand alone.
Often begin with if, because, even though, how, what, why, that, while, when, and since.that determines your heightbecause inherited traits often skip a
generation
Subordinate Clauses need Independent Clauses!To express a complete thought, a
subordinate clause must be joined with, or be a part of, an independent clause.Because Britney Spears can’t sing, many
people refuse to buy her latest record.Kevin Federline has the paperwork that says
he gets the kids full time.
What’s the difference between a clause and a phrase?Don’t confuse a subordinate clause with a
phrase. Unlike a clause, a phrase has no subject and/or verb!!!Driving over the bridge, she sneezed.
(participial phrase modifying “she”)As she was driving over the bridge, she
sneezed. (dependent clause)
Adjective ClausesSubordinate clauses that function as
adjectives to modify nouns or pronouns.They usually follow the word(s) they
modify. Like adjectives, they answer the questions
Which oneWhat kindHow manyHow much
Adjective Clause ExamplesBritney Spears is more than a singer who
has a drug problem.It was she who began the teen pop tart
revolution.
Relative Pronouns/AdverbsIntroduce adjective clauses.Called relative because they RELATE
adjective clauses to the words they modify.Relative Pronouns: who, whom, whose, that,
whichRelative Adverbs: when, where, why
Essential Adjective ClausesProvide necessary information to identify
the preceding noun or pronoun.Someone who is your first cousin is the child
of your aunt or uncle.THAT is used to introduce an essential
clause
Nonessential Adjective ClausesAdd information to a noun or pronoun in a
sentence in which the meaning is already clear.
Set off by commas.Irene, who is your first cousin, was married
last fall.WHICH is used to introduce a nonessential
clause
Adverb ClausesSubordinate clauses that modify verbs,
adjectives, or adverbs. Like adverbs, the clauses tell
WhereWhyHowWhenTo what extent
Adverb Clause ExamplesMost children leave home when the time is
right.Many are marrying later in life than their
parents did.
Subordinating ConjunctionsAdverb clauses are often introduced by a
subordinating conjunctionThese are the most common subordinating
conjunctions:after before tillalthough even though unlessas if untilas if in order that whenas long as since wheneveras soon as so that whereas though than whereverbecause though while
When do I need a comma?An adverb clause that comes before the
independent clause is set off by commas.An adverb clause that comes after the
independent clause does NOT need commas.
Noun Clause ExamplesThat my brothers and sisters influence me
is obvious.They know exactly what drives me crazy.My parents tell whoever is loudest to quiet
down.My sister’s or brother’s praise is also what
inspires me.We encourage each other in whatever ways
we can.
Noun Clause Hint!If you can substitute the word someone or
something for a clause in a sentence, it is a noun clause.
Noun ClausesIntroduced by a subordinating conjunction
or by a pronoun.How much brothers and sisters argue
depends on their ages.You usually argue with whoever is closest to
your age.
Sentence StructureSimple Sentence: 1 Independent Clause
and NO Subordinating ClauseMrs. Cottrill is cool.
Compound Sentence: 2 or more Independent ClausesMrs.Cottrill is my English teacher, and Mr.
Belcher is my history teacher.
Sentence Structure, cont.Complex Sentence: 1 Independent Clause
and 1 or more Subordinate ClausesAlthough she is not as popular as my sister, I
still really like hanging out with my best friend.Compound-Complex Sentence: 2 or more
Independent Clauses and 1 or more Subordinate ClausesOn November 20, 1980, Mrs. Cottrill was born,
and the world finally got to see someone that would eventually make English fun and love Freshmen.