Cleaner Energy Cooler Climate: Developing sustainable energy solutions for Africa

8/14/2019 Cleaner Energy Cooler Climate: Developing sustainable energy solutions for Africa

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Vcdh` 0'5 V\@[ dy ep`h mtop| ig vj` dc{` kc{` 330Vcdh` 0'= @g`tmy f`ncgf *\B) dy jop{`johf vy|` cgf `gf p{`( {`h`kv`f y`ct{ 343Vcdh` 0': [pnncty oe |ohiky kc{`{ ig t`{if`gvich f`ncgf cgf `h`kvtikivy {p||hy

{`kvot{ 344Vcdh` 0'9 Igkon` ig ptdcg cgf gog.ptdcg ct`c{ ig 4<<< ncta`v uchp`{ 346Vcdh` 0'3< Gpnd`t{ cgf % oe tptch cgf ptdcg jop{`johf{( `h`kvtiei`f cgf gov 346Vcdh` 0'33 Jop{`johf vy|`{( }ivj vovch gpnd`t{ ig 4<<<( {jct`{ cgf c{{pn|viog{ 340Vcdh` 0'34 @g`tmy f`ncgf *MB) dy jop{`johf vy|` eot `ckj `gf p{` 34=Vcdh` 0'3; A`y kjctckv`ti{vik{ oe `g`tmy v`kjgohomi`{ ig vj` t`{if`gvich {`kvot 34:Vcdh` 0'36 Kjctckv`ti{vik{ oe `h`kvtikivy {p||hy v`kjgohomi`{ ig |ohiky kc{`{ 3;;

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Vcdh` 5'; @g`tmy {cu`f cgf ko{v{ eot kh`cg`t }cv`t j`cvigm 303Vcdh` 5'6 Ep`h kog{pn|viog *\B) ig vj` t`{if`gvich {`kvot ckto{{ |ohiky kc{`{(

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Vcdh` ='3 Igfikcvot{ oe {p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv eot `g`tmy |ohiki`{ 3=3Vcdh` ='4 Vovch `g`tmy {y{v`n ko{v{ ckto{{ t`{if`gvich |ohiki`{ 3=;Vcdh` ='; Vovch ko{v oe `g`tmy {y{v`n eot `h`kvtikivy {p||hy o|viog{ 3=0

Vcdh` ='6 M]j `h`kvtikivy m`g`tcv`f dy v`kjgohomy ig iv{ |ohiky kc{` 3=5Vcdh` ='0 Ko{v{ oe `h`kvtikivy {p||hy v`kjgohomi`{ |`t kc|ckivy cgf pgiv oe

m`g`tcviog 3=5Vcdh` ='5 [jcfo} |tik` ig k/a]j oe `h`kvtikivy eot |ohiky kc{`{( 4<40 3=:Vcdh` ='= Fiu`t{ivy oe ep`h niz eton fon`{vik {optk`{ eot `h`kvtikivy {p||hy

o|viog{ dy 4<40 *%) 3=9Vcdh` =': Hokch cit |ohhpvcgv{ ig t`{if`gvich |ohiky kc{`{( 4<40 3:<Vcdh` ='9 MJM `ni{{iog{ ig t`{if`gvich |ohiky kc{`{ 3:<Vcdh` ='3< Hokch cit |ohhpvcgv{ ig `h`kvtikivy |ohiky kc{`{( 4<40 3:3Vcdh` ='33 MJM `ni{{iog{ eot `h`kvtikivy {p||hy o|viog{ 3:6

Vcdh` ='34 @{vincv` oe cdcv`n`gv ko{v ig |ohiky kc{`{ 3:5Vcdh` ='3; T`{if`gvich ep`h kog{pn|viog *\B) dy |ohiky kc{` 3:=Vcdh` ='36 [jcfo} |tik`{ oe `h`kvtikivy cgf ovj`t ep`h{ ckto{{ |ohiky kc{`{ 3:9Vcdh` ='30 Igivich igu`{vn`gv ig v`kjgohomy ig iv{ |ohiky kc{` 39<Vcdh` ='35 @h`kvtikivy kog{pn|viog dy jop{`johf vy|` 393Vcdh` ='3= Nogvjhy `z|`gfivpt` og `h`kvtikivy( dy jop{`johf vy|` cgf |ohiky kc{` 394Vcdh` ='3: Cu`tcm` cggpch `z|`gfivpt` eot uctiop{ jop{`johf vy|`{ 39;Vcdh` ='39 F`tiu`f cu`tcm` cggpch cgf nogvjhy `z|`gfivpt`( dy jop{`johf vy|` 39;Vcdh` ='4< [jct` oe nogvjhy jop{`johf `z|`gfivpt` {|`gv og `h`kvtikivy *%) 396Vcdh` ='43 @uchpcviog oe chh |ohiki`{ ckto{{ vjt`` fin`g{iog{ oe {p{vcigcdh`

fù`ho|n`gv 390

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koch( 3994‛4<<3 64Eimpt` ;'0 [jct` oe eigch `g`tmy kog{pn|viog( 4<<< 6;Eimpt` ;'5 \`tk`gvcm` kjcgm`{ ig @{aon h`kvtikivy {ch`{ cgf kjcgm`{ ig t`ch MF\

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39:<‛4<<< 0=Eimpt` ;'30 [opvj Cetikc’{ MJM igu`gvoty dy {`kvot( 3996 53Eimpt` ;'35 Kjcgm`{ ig `g`tmy igv`g{ivy( 399;‛4<<< 56

Eimpt` 6'3 ]`hect` `kogonik dc{i{ eot |ou`tvy vctiee =3

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Eimpt` 0'; H`ctgigm kptu`{ eot g`} cgf ncvpt` `g`tmy v`kjgohomi`{ 33<Eimpt` 0'6 @h`kvtikivy m`g`tcviog *M]j) ig vj` dc{` kc{`( mtop|`f dy ep`h 335Eimpt` 0'0 @h`kvtikivy kc|ckivy *M]) ig vj` dc{` kc{` 33=Eimpt` 0'5 \tob`kv`f `g`tmy f`ncgf dy {`kvot ig vj` dc{` kc{` 33:Eimpt` 0'= Vt`gf{ ig `h`kvtieikcviog oe jop{`johf{ ig [opvj Cetikc( 3990‛4<<4 339Eimpt 0': \tob`kv`f kjcgm`{ oe jop{`johf gpnd`t{ ig vj` dc{` kc{`(

4<<3‛4<40 34<Eimpt` 0'9 Vt`gf{ ig ep`h {jct`{ ig vj` t`{if`gvich {`kvot ig vj` dc{` kc{` 345Eimpt` 0'3< [kj`ncvik f`{kti|viog oe c{{pn`f \DNT ko{v{ ig tè`t`gk` cgf |ohiky

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Eimpt` 5'; Igu`{vn`gv ko{v{ eot []J{ cgf MD{( dy jop{`johf vy|` 303Eimpt` 5'6 @spiuch`gv oe eo{{ih ep`h p{` eot {ohct }cv`t j`cvigm( dy jop{`johf vy|`

*\B) 304Eimpt` 5'0 @g`tmy p{`f eot }cv`t j`cvigm dy ptdcg ho}.igkon` `h`kvtiei`f

jop{`johf{ 30;Eimpt` 5'5 Ep`h {}ivkj vo H\M eot vjt`` jop{`johf vy|`{ 306Eimpt` 5'= T`g`}cdh` `g`tmy eot `h`kvtikivy m`g`tcviog( dy |ohiky kc{` 30:Eimpt` 5': Kogvtidpviog oe T@V{ vo n``vigm vj` vctm`v dy 4<3;( cgf d`yogf 309Eimpt` 5'9 Gpkh`ct g`tmy *\DNT) eot `h`kvtikivy m`g`tcviog( dy |ohiky kc{` 353Eimpt` 5'3< Pgp{`f kc|ckivy oe vj` \DNT ig vj` |ohiky kc{` 354

Eimpt` 5'33 Nctmigch igu`{vn`gv t`spit`f eot not` \DNT kc|ckivy 354Eimpt` 5'34 In|otv{ oe jyfto`h`kvtikivy cgf in|otv ko{v{ ig vj` |ohiky cgf dc{`

kc{`{ 35;Eimpt` 5'3; Cggpchi{`f igu`{vn`gv ig kondig`f kykh` mc{ ig vj` |ohiky cgf dc{`

kc{`{ 356Eimpt` 5'36 @h`kvtikivy m`g`tcviog }ivjopv EDK 350

Eimpt` ='3 Pgfi{kopgv`f vovch igu`{vn`gv ig v`kjgohomi`{( {p||hy cgf f`ncgf 3=4Eimpt` ='4 Igu`{vn`gv t`spit`f eot t`{if`gvich |ohiki`{ ig vj` |ohiky kc{`{ 3=6Eimpt` ='; Cggpchi{`f igu`{vn`gv{ ig `h`kvtikivy {p||hy v`kjgohomi`{( dy |ohiky

kc{` 3==Eimpt` ='6 [ph|jpt fiozif` `ni{{iog{ ig `h`kvtikivy |ohiky kc{`{ ou`t vin` 3:4Eimpt` ='0 Kctdog fiozif` `ni{{iog{ eot chh kc{`{ ou`t vin` 3:0Eimpt` ='5 T`g`}cdh` `g`tmy p{` ig t`{if`gvich |ohiky kc{`{ 3::Eimpt` ='= [jcfo} |tik`{ oe `g`tmy kctti`t{ ou`t vin` 39<Eimpt` =': @h`kvtikivy {p||hy o|viog{ tcga`f dy kogonik( {okich cgf guitogn`gvch

igfikcvot{ 4<3Eimpt` ='9 @h`kvtikivy {p||hy o|viog{ tcga`f cmcig{v not` igfikcvot{ 4<4Eimpt` ='3< T`{if`gvich |ohiki`{ tcga`f dy `kogonik( {okich cgf `guitogn`gvch

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33

Cddtùicviog{( cktogyn{ cgf pgiv{

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a] Aiho}cvv{ *|o}`t n`c{pt`n`gv)a]j Aiho}cvv.jopt



34

HNTK Hogm.tpg nctmigch ko{vHGM Hispèi`f gcvptch mc{H\M Hispèi`f |`vtoh`pn mc{

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4

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Jop{`johf vy|`{ c{ fèig`f ig vji{ dooa2TJ@ Tptch jimj`t.igkon` `h`kvtiei`fTH@ Tptch ho}`t.igkon` `h`kvtiei`fTHG Tptch ho}`t.igkon` gog.`h`kvtiei`f

PJ@ Ptdcg jimj`t.igkon` `h`kvtiei`fPH@ Ptdcg ho}`t.igkon` `h`kvtiei`fPHG Ptdcg ho}`t.igkon` gog.`h`kvtiei`f



Eot Bcg`v( Ati{vy cgf Ch`zcgftc



30

Igvtofpkviog

@g`tmy( {p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv cgf khincv` kjcgm` ig [opvj Cetikc

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Nivimcviog oe khincv` kjcgm` tè`t{ vo t`fpkigm `ni{{iog{ oe mt``gjop{` mc{`{

*MJM{)' Ig [opvj Cetikc( vji{ i{ |tinctihy cg g`tmy |todh`n( fp` vo vj` f`|`gf`gkòe opt `kogony og eo{{ih ep`h{' Koch ckkopgv{ eot vjt``.spctv`t{ oe |tincty `g`tmy {p||hy *FN@ 4<<;c)( cgf eot ou`t 9< |`t k`gv oe `h`kvtikivy m`g`tcviog *G@T 4<<4c)'Igfp{vtich |tok`{{`{ cgf cmtikphvpt` ch{o kogvtidpv` vo MJM `ni{{iog{( dpv `g`tmy.t`hcv`f `ni{{iog{ kog{vivpv`f =: |`t k`gv oe [opvj Cetikc’{ igu`gvoty oe MJM{ ig3996 *Ucg f`t N`t}` [kjoh`{ 399:)'

Vj` {p||hy cgf p{` oe `g`tmy ch{o in|ckv{ og vj` hokch `guitogn`gv' Cv vj` |oigvoe p{`( `h`kvtikivy i{ c kh`cg `g`tmy kctti`t( dpv p|{vt`cn vj`t` ct` {imgieikcgv hokch`guitogn`gvch in|ckv{ fp` vo koch nigigm cgf kondp{viog' Opvfoot cit |ohhpviog i{

c{{okicv`f }ivj vj` dptgigm oe koch *oev`g oe c |oot spchivy) eot h`kvtikivy |tofpkviog'Ovj`t `g`tmy kctti`t{ ct` ncbot kogvtidpvot{ vo igfoot cit |ohhpviog ig [opvjCetikc' Vji{ in|ckv{ og j`chvj( }ivj igfoot p{` oe koch cgf }oof kogvtidpvigm vot`{|itcvoty fi{`c{` *Sc{` `v ch' 4<<<1 [|chfigm.E`kj`t( Cetcg`.Oa`{` `v ch' 4<<<1 UcgJot`g 3995c)' Vtcg{|otv ep`h{ kogvtidpv` vo vj` ‚dto}g jcr`’ oe hokch cit |ohhpviog1|ctceeig p{` t`{phv{ ig dptg{( f`cvj{ cgf |oi{ogigm{ *Dimm{ Mt`yhigm 4<<31 Hhoyf4<<41 N`jh}cgc 3999c) *{`` Kjc|v`t ;( @guitogn`gvch in|ckv{)' Ncaigm `g`tmy fù`ho|n`gv not` {p{vcigcdh`( vj`tèot`( i{ moof `g`tmy |ohiky cv vj` gcviogch hù`hcgf kcg ch{o kogvtidpv` vo mhodch {p{vcigcdihivy dy nivimcvigm khincv` kjcgm`'

Vj` kogg`kviog d`v}``g {p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv cgf khincv` kjcgm` }ota{ ig v}ofit`kviog{' Og vj` og` jcgf( pgnivimcv`f mto}vj ig `ni{{iog{ jc{ vj` |ov`gvich vopgf`tnig` {p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv' Vj` |tob`kv`f in|ckv{ oe khincv` kjcgm` cee`kv}cv`t( eoof {`kptivy( koc{vch {y{v`n{( j`chvj cgf `ko{y{v`n{( vo gcn` {on` ncbot{`kvot{ if`gviei`f ig vj` no{v t`k`gv c{{`{{n`gv dy vj` Igv`tmou`tgn`gvch \cg`hog Khincv` Kjcgm` *I\KK 4<<=c)' Og vj` ovj`t jcgf( ncaigm fù`ho|n`gv |cvj{not` {p{vcigcdh` kcg kogvtidpv` vo khincv` kjcgm` nivimcviog *Npgc{igmj` [}ctv4<<0)'

Pgf`t vj` Pgiv`f Gcviog{ Etcn`}ota Kogu`gviog og Khincv` Kjcgm` *j`t`cev`tPGEKKK ot ‚vj` Kogu`gviog’) *PGEKKK 3994) cgf iv{ Ayovo \tovokoh *PGEKKK

399=)( igfp{vtichi{`f kopgvti`{ cfo|v`f vctm`v{ eot khincv` kjcgm` nivimcviog etcn`fig v`tn{ oe t`fpkigm MJM `ni{{iog{' Cv vjcv vin`( fù`ho|igm kopgvti`{ jcf oghy

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35

spchivcviu` konnivn`gv{ vo in|h`n`gv nivimcviog |tomtcnn`{( og vj` dc{i{ vjcvvjìt fù`ho|n`gv {jophf gov d` hiniv`f *Cmct}ch Gctcig 39931 N}cgfo{yc4<<<)' Vji{ i{ {vt`gmvj`g`f dy vj` goviog oe ji{votikch t`{|og{idihivy( ig vjcv MJM{

ji{votikchhy jcu` d``g `nivv`f no{vhy dy igfp{vtichi{`f kopgvti`{' Cv vj` no{v t`k`gvg`movicviog{ ig Dchi ig 4<<=( jo}ù`t( fù`ho|igm kopgvti`{ t`chi{`f vjcv vj`y jcu`c t`{|og{idihivy eot vj` epvpt` *govcdhy vjìt |tob`kv`f mto}vj ig `ni{{iog{) c{ }`hh(cgf cmt``f vo g`movicv` ‚n`c{ptcdh`( t`|otvcdh` cgf u`tieicdh`’ *ig ovj`t }otf{(spcgvieicdh`) nivimcviog ckviog{ *PGEKKK 4<<=)'

Vj` {vctvigm |oigv eot fù`ho|igm kopgvti`{ i{ fù`ho|n`gv( cgf }cy{ kcg d`{opmjv vo nca` `g`tmy fù`ho|n`gv ig |ctvikphct not` {p{vcigcdh`' Vj` DchiCkviog \hcg `n|jc{i{`{ vjcv spcgvieicdh` nivimcviog ig fù`ho|igm kopgvti`{ np{vd` ‚gcviogchhy c||to|ticv`’ cgf okkpt ig vj` ‚kogv`zv oe {p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv’(c{ }`hh c{ dìgm kogvigm`gv og vtcg{e`t{ oe v`kjgohomy cgf eigcgk` eton fù`ho|`fkopgvti`{ *PGEKKK 4<<=)' [p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv |ohiki`{ ct` hia`hy vo d` not`cvvtckviu` c{ cg c||tockj vo nivimcviog eot fù`ho|igm kopgvti`{( dìgm kho{`t vo vjìtno{v in|otvcgv |ohiky odb`kviu`{ vjcg khincv` kjcgm` *]igah`t( [|chfigm.E`kj`t(N}cac{ogfc Fcuif{og 4<<4)' C{ vj` I\KK’{ Eoptvj C{{`{{n`gv T`|otv |pv iv(‚Qn^caigm fù`ho|n`gv not` {p{vcigcdh` dy kjcgmigm fù`ho|n`gv |cvj{ kcg nca`c ncbot kogvtidpviog vo khincv` kjcgm` nivimcviog’ *[cvjcy` `v ch' 4<<=2 59;)' Vj`c||tockj vca`g ig vji{ dooa( vj`tèot`( {`à{ |cvj{ vjcv n``v fù`ho|n`gv odb`kviu`{ig c not` {p{vcigcdh` ncgg`t( tcvj`t vjcg `ni{{iog t`fpkviog odb`kviu`{'

Cg c||tockj i{ g``f`f vjcv |pv{ fù`ho|n`gv eit{v' Vji{ dooa igu`{vimcv`{ }j`vj`t

{pkj cg c||tockj ‛ {vctvigm eton ncaigm `g`tmy fù`ho|n`gv not` {p{vcigcdhìg hokch v`tn{ ‛ i{ uicdh` eot [opvj Cetikc cgf kophf eotn vj` dc{i{ eot dovjepvpt` `g`tmy cgf khincv` kjcgm` |ohiki`{' Vji{ c||tockj fo`{ gov {pmm`{v vjcvfù`ho|igm kopgvti`{ kcg {iv dcka( ot vjcv vj`y kcg kogvigp` vo cuoif t`{|og{idihivy dy f`ncgfigm ckviog dy igfp{vtichi{`f kopgvti`{ }ivjopv cgy nivimcviog og vjìt|ctv' Vjcv c||tockj }c{ uchif }jih` Ayovo }c{ dìgm g`movicv`f cgf |`tjc|{ pgvih iv`gv`t`f igvo eotk` ig 4<<0' Dpv ig vj` eit{v f`kcf` oe vj` v}`gvy.eit{v k`gvpty( ptm`gvckviog i{ t`spit`f eton tc|ifhy fù`ho|igm kopgvti`{ c{ }`hh' C ecit fi{vtidpviog oe t`{|og{idihivi`{ i{ {vihh ‚konnog dpv fiee`t`gvicv`f’ *PGEKKK 39942 Ctvikh` ;'3)( dpvvji{ go hogm`t n`cg{ fù`ho|`f kopgvti`{ vcaigm spcgviei`f nivimcviog konnivn`gv{

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3:

Opvhig` oe vj` dooa

Vj` t`ncigf`t oe vj` dooa i{ otmcgi{`f igvo gig` kjc|v`t{' Eohho}igm vji{ dtiè igvtofpkviog( Kjc|v`t 4 tùi`}{ vj` dofy oe hiv`tcvpt` c{{`{{igm vj` igv`t{`kviogoe `g`tmy( khincv` kjcgm` cgf {p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv' Kjc|v`t ; in|h`n`gv{ vj`c||tockj oe {vctvigm eton fù`ho|n`gv dy opvhigigm fù`ho|n`gv odb`kviu`{ ‛ eit{veot [opvj Cetikc c{ c }joh`( vj`g ig vj` `g`tmy {`kvot cgf jonigm ig og `h`kvtikivy ig |ctvikphct' Kjc|v`t 6 if`gviei`{ |ohiky o|viog{ ig vj` t`{if`gvich f`ncgf cgf`h`kvtikivy {p||hy {`kvot{( p{igm vj` eiu` ncbot moch{ oe `g`tmy |ohiky c{ c etcn`}ota *FN@ 399:c)' Vj` in|hikcviog{ oe epvpt` g`tmy |ohiki`{ ct` zcnig`f ig c nof`hhigmetcn`}ota( igvtofpk`f ig Kjc|v`t 0' Vj` kjc|v`t vj`g vptg{ vo vj` a`y ftiu`t{ oe `g`tmy fù`ho|n`gv cgf vj` dc{` kc{`' Iv `z|hcig{ jo} vj` in|hikcviog{ oe |ohiki`{ct` cgchy{`f p{igm vj` Nctach *Ncta`v chhokcviog) `g`tmy nof`hhigm etcn`}ota'

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39

[p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv( `g`tmy cgf

khincv` kjcgm`

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p{`f vo ùchpcv` fiee`t`gv `g`tmy |ohiki`{ ig vj` t`ncigf`t oe vji{ dooa'

]otaigm fèigiviog oe {p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv

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43

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44

@g`tmy eot {p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv

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Nctacgfyc Jch{gc`{ 4<<41 N`vr `v ch' 4<<41 Npgc{igmj` 4<<31 [ckj{ 4<<<)' No{v{in|hy( nivimcvigm khincv` kjcgm` i{ |ctv oe vj` dtocf`t {p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gvcm`gfc' Pgkj`ka`f mto}vj oe MJM `ni{{iog{ fp` vo fù`ho|n`gv i{ gov {p{vcigcdh`(c{ iv zk``f{ vj` kc|ckivy oe vj` cvno{|j`t` vo cd{otd |ohhpvcgv{' Vj` higacm` d`v}``gkhincv` kjcgm` cgf {p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv i{ {``g c{ }otaigm ig dovj fit`kviog{ ‛{p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv i{ c a`y kon|og`gv oe nivimcvigm khincv` kjcgm`( }jih`vj` in|ckv{ oe pgnivimcv`f khincv` kjcgm` vjt`cv`g vo pgf`tnig` cgy |o{{idihivy oe {p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv *I\KK 4<<3c1 Npgc{igmj` [}ctv 4<<0)'

Ig vj` hiv`tcvpt` og `g`tmy cgf khincv` kjcgm`( `guitogn`gvch( `kogonik cgf

{okich fin`g{iog{ }`t` igivichhy cgchy{`f {`|ctcv`hy cgf {p{vcigcdihivy vt`cv`f c{vjìt {pn' Not` t`k`gvhy( cgf |ctvikphcthy ig t`hcviog vo khincv` kjcgm`( vj` eokp{jc{ {jiev`f vo cgchy{igm vj` |ov`gvich ct`c{ eot {yg`tmi`{ ‛ c{ }`hh c{ vtcf`.oee{ ‛ig t`chi{igm {p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv *Dcgpti ]`ycgv 4<<31 Dytg` `v ch' 399:1Fcuif{og 39961 N`vr `v ch' 4<<41 Npgc{igmj` 4<<31 [ckj{ 4<<<)' Vj` I\KK’{ VjitfC{{`{{n`gv T`|otv if`gviei`f vjt`` dtocf c||tockj`{ vo khincv` kjcgm`2 èeiki`gky cgf ko{v.èe`kviu`g`{{1 spivy cgf {p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv1 cgf mhodch {p{vcigcdihivy cgf {oki`vch h`ctgigm' Iv gov`f vjcv kog{`g{p{ c||`ct`f hiniv`f vo ckk`|vcgk` vjcvvjt`` dtocf fin`g{iog{ np{v d` igv`mtcv`f vo ckjiù` {p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv ‛`kogonik |to{|`tivy *fù`ho|n`gv)( `kohomikch igv`mtivy *{p{vcigcdihivy) cgf {okich

bp{vik` *`spivy) *Dcgpti ]`ycgv 4<<3)' Vji{ dtocf`t fi{kp{{iog *kon|ct`f vo ceokp{ og |ou`tvy t`fpkviog( c{ ig vj` NFM{) i{ p{`f ig vji{ dooa vo cgchy{` vj`vjt`` fin`g{iog{ oe {p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv2 fù`ho|n`gv *|tinctihy `kogonik)({p{vcigcdihivy *`guitogn`gvch) cgf `spivy *{okich)' Vji{ i{ cg cgchyvikch fi{vigkviog(t`komgi{igm vjcv chh vjt`` fin`g{iog{ ct` igv`tt`hcv f'

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Fù`ho|n`gv i{ oev`g c{{okicv`f }ivj `kogonik |to{|`tivy' Ig vj` eit{v ig{vcgk`(`kogonik |to{|`tivy ncy d` n`c{pt`f ig vovch opv|pv' Jo}ù`t( vj` kogk`|v oe

`kogonik fù`ho|n`gv in|hi`{ gov oghy igkt`c{` ig vovch opv|pv ou`t vin` *`kogonikmto}vj)( dpv ch{o |tomt`{{ vo}ctf{ {on` {`v oe {okich moch{' Ig [opvj Cetikc’{




46

nckto`kogonik |ohiky M`ct *Mto}vj( @n|hoyn`gv cgf T`fi{vtidpviog {vtcv`my)(mto}vj i{ chhi`f vo moch{ oe bod kt`cviog cgf t`fi{vtidpviog oe igkon` *FVI 3995)' Not`f`vcih`f fù`ho|n`gv odb`kviu`{( jo}ù`t( ct` {|`hh`f opv ig vj` TF\ *CGK 3996)'

Ie `kogonik fù`ho|n`gv i{ vo d` {p{vcigcdh`( iv{ in|ckv og vj` `guitogn`gv ‛jpncg cgf gcvptch( {okich cgf `kohomikch ‛ np{v d` hiniv`f' Ig vj` {okich kogv`zv(vj` fi{vtidpviog oe igkon` i{ c{ in|otvcgv c{ `kogonik opv|pv *{`` vj` fi{kp{{iogog `spivy d`ho})1 ovj`t}i{` {okich kti{`{ vjcv nimjv cti{` eton ig`spchivy ncy pgf`tnig` `kogonik fù`ho|n`gv' [oki`vi`{ }ivj jimj hù`h{ oe ig`spchivy ‛c||tozincv`f dy vj` Migi koèeiki`gv( eot `zcn|h` ‛ ncy {vtpmmh` vo ncigvcig vj`{okich {vcdihivy g``f`f eot `kogonik fù`ho|n`gv' @guitogn`gvch kogk`tg{ t`spit`vjcv `kogonik fù`ho|n`gv {jophf gov pgf`tnig` iv{ o}g dc{i{ ‛ `ko{y{v`n{ cgfvjìt gcvptch t`{optk`{ cgf {`tuik`{' [p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv dtocf`g{ vj` kogk`|voe fù`ho|n`gv eton iv{ gctto} eokp{ og `kogonik mto}vj vo igkhpf` jpncgfù`ho|n`gv( |ou`tvy `tcfikcviog cgf {okich `spivy *Dcgpti ]`ycgv 4<<3)' Vj`{okich fin`g{iog oe fù`ho|n`gv {jophf igkhpf` n`c{pt`{ vjcv t`fpk` uphg`tcdihivy(in|tou` `spivy cgf n``v dc{ik jpncg g``f{ *Npgc{igmj` 4<<<)' ]jih` dc{ikjpncg g``f{ ct` {|`kieik vo fiee`t`gv kogv`zv{( vj` NFM{ jcu` miu`g {on` dtocf`tfèigiviog{ ‛ spcgvieyigm moch{ vo `tcfikcv` `zvt`n` |ou`tvy cgf jpgm`t1 ckjiù`pgiu`t{ch |tincty `fpkcviog1 |tonov` m`gf`t `spchivy cgf `n|o}`t }on`g1t`fpk` kjihf notvchivy1 in|tou` ncv`tgch j`chvj1 kondcv JIU/CIF[( nchctic cgfovj`t fi{`c{`{1 cgf `g{pt` `guitogn`gvch {p{vcigcdihivy *PG MC 4<<<)' ]ivjigvj`{` igv`tgcviogch moch{( [opvj Cetikc jc{ fèig`f iv{ o}g |tiotivi`{ ig v`tn{ oe

igv`t|t`vigm vj` NFM{ *T[C 4<<=)( dpv ch{o ig vj` ùohpviog oe iv{ o}g vjigaigmctopgf fù`ho|n`gv *{`` Kjc|v`t ;)'

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[p{vcigcdihivy ig {in|h` v`tn{ n`cg{ vjcv {on`vjigm hc{v{ ou`t vin`' [p{vcigcdihivy i{ higa`f vo fptcdihivy' Dpv fptcdihivy fo`{ gov n`cg vjcv go kjcgm` vca`{ |hckòu`t vin`' Ig `kogonik cgf `kohomikch {y{v`n{( {p{vcigcdihivy t`hcv`{ vo vj` {y{v`n’{t`{ihi`gk`( vj` cdihivy vo cfc|v vo kjcgm`( c{ }`hh c{ iv{ uimopt cgf hù`h oe otmcgi{cviog*Npgc{igmj` 4<<<)' Iv i{ oev`g c{{pn`f vjcv mt`cv`t fiu`t{ivy ig `kohomikch cgf`kogonik {y{v`n{ nca`{ vj`n not` t`{ihi`gv vo {joka{ cgf {vt`{{`{ *\`ctk` `v ch'39:9)' Eot fù`ho|n`gv vo d` {p{vcigcdh`( iv np{v in|tou` vj` j`chvj oe `kohomikchcgf {okio.`kogonik {y{v`n{ cgf vjìt cdihivy vo cfc|v vo kjcgm`' ‚\ohiki`{ np{vcfft`{{ {inphvcgòp{hy vj` moch{ oe {okich `spivy cgf `kohomikch t`{ihi`gk`’ *V`hhp{Ig{vivpv` 4<<32 6<)' [inihcthy ig vj` `kogonik fin`g{iog( mt`cv`t t`{ihi`gk` vo`zv`tgch {joka{ cgf {pt|ti{`{ i{ in|otvcgv eot {p{vcigcdihivy'

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40

[ckj{ `v ch' 399:)' Vji{ i{ kog{i{v`gv }ivj c kogk`|v oe fù`ho|n`gv vjcv fo`{ govpgf`tnig` iv{`he dy kcp{igm fi{tp|viog vjtopmj {okich ig`spchivy'

Fù`ho|igm kopgvti`{ jcu` et`sp`gvhy `z|t`{{`f vj` kogk`tg vjcv vjìt fù`ho|n`gv

{jophf gov d` kog{vtcig`f dy kog{if`tcviog{ oe khincv` kjcgm` *Cmct}ch 4<<<1N}cgfo{yc 4<<<1 [cti 399:1 Rjop 4<<3)' Vji{ i{ kog{if`t`f pgecit( miu`g vjcvigfp{vtichi{`f kopgvti`{ d`ct no{v oe vj` t`{|og{idihivy eot kpnphcviu` ji{votikchMJM `ni{{iog{' Eot fù`ho|igm kopgvti`{( nivimcviog èeotv{ nimjv eokp{ ogf`.higaigm `kogonik mto}vj eton ti{igm MJM `ni{{iog{ *Dcgpti ]`ycgv 4<<31Dcpn`tv `v ch' 3999)'

@spivy ig vj` kogv`zv oe khincv` kjcgm` t`spit`{ ‚vjcv gìvj`t vj` in|ckv oe khincv`kjcgm` got vjcv oe nivimcviog |ohiki`{ zck`tdcv`{ zi{vigm ig`spivi`{ dovj }ivjig cgfckto{{ gcviog{’ *Dcgpti ]`ycgv 4<<32 :=)' Miu`g vj` vin` etcn`{ oe khincv` kjcgm`(

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@spivy i{ etcn`f ig vj` Kogu`gviog |tok`{{ dovj ig v`tn{ oe vj` mt`cv`t ji{votikch

t`{|og{idihivy oe igfp{vtichi{`f kopgvti`{ cgf ig v`tn{ oe vj` hiniv`f kc|cdihivy oe fù`ho|igm kopgvti`{ vo fiu`tv t`{optk`{ vo khincv` kjcgm` nivimcviog' Vj`{`fiee`t`gk`{ jcu` d`kon` ago}g c{ vj` ‚konnog dpv fiee`t`gvicv`f t`{|og{idihivi`{’oe fù`ho|`f cgf fù`ho|igm kopgvti`{ ig vj` khincv` kjcgm` t`min`' Vo chho} vj`nvo kogvigp` fù`ho|igm( Gog.Cgg`z I kopgvti`{ *fù`ho|igm kopgvti`{) fo govkptt`gvhy jcu` digfigm konnivn`gv{ vo t`fpk` MJM `ni{{iog{' Vjìt uohpgvcty nivimcviog |tomtcnn`{ pgf`t vj` Kogu`gviog ct` vo d` `gcdh`f dy epgfigm cgfv`kjgohomy vtcg{e`t eton Cgg`z I6 kopgvti`{ *PGEKKK 3994)' Pgf`t vj` Ayovo\tovokoh( vj`y ncy |ctviki|cv` ig vj` Kh`cg Fù`ho|n`gv N`kjcgi{n *KFN)( }jikjjc{ {p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv c{ og` oe iv{ v}o ncbot moch{ *PGEKKK 399=)'

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45

d` not` `spivcdh` eot fù`ho|igm kopgvti`{( {igk` fù`ho|`f kopgvti`{ igfp{vtichi{`fig vj` cd{`gk` oe khincv` kog{vtcigv{ *N}cgfo{yc 4<<<)' J`gk` cg c||tockj vjcv{vctv{ eton `g`tmy fù`ho|n`gv odb`kviu`{ i{ not` c||to|ticv` cgf `spivcdh` eot

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03

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04

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06

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05

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[opvj Cetikc’{ `ni{{iog |toeih` n`cg{ vjcv iv{ t`{|og{idihivy vo nivimcv` i{ jimj`t' Ivch{o in|hi`{ vjcv ncbot kjcgm`{ ig `g`tmy {y{v`n{ }ihh d` g``f`f ou`t vin`( miu`gvj` jimj |to|otviog oe `g`tmy.t`hcv`f MJM `ni{{iog{' Ckkotfigm vo [opvj Cetikc’{ftcev Igivich Gcviogch Konnpgikcviog( vovch `ni{{iog{ oe kctdog fiozif`( n`vjcg`cgf givtop{ ozif` }`t` ;=9 :64 Mm43 KO

4.`spiuch`gv{ ig 3996 *T[C 4<<62 43)' Vji{

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4.`spiuch`gv)( cmtikphvpt` 9 |`t k`gv( igfp{vtich

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kogvtidpv`f

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54

C{ Eimpt` ;'30 {jo}{( vj` `g`tmy {`kvot i{ c a`y {optk` oe `ni{{iog{ cgf igkhpf`{ cgpnd`t oe ktivikch `g`tmy.t`hcv`f ckviuivi`{2 `g`tmy igfp{vti`{ *60 |`t k`gv oe vovchmto{{ `ni{{iog{)( `g`tmy p{`f ig igfp{vty *36 |`t k`gv)( `g`tmy p{`f ig vtcg{|otv

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Vj` epvpt` oe `g`tmy fù`ho|n`gv ig [opvj Cetikc i{ igv`mtchhy t`hcv`f vo khincv`kjcgm` nivimcviog' Jcuigm |hck`f [opvj Cetikc ig vj` igv`tgcviogch kogv`zv igvji{ t`{|`kv( vj` kjc|v`t kogkhpf`{ dy kon|ctigm vj` kopgvty vo ovj`t{ ig t`hcviogvo `g`tmy'

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56

Eimpt` ;'35 Kjcgm`{ ig `g`tmy igv`g{ivy( 399;‛4<<<

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55

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6




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343

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Vj`t` ct` in|otvcgv {okich fin`g{iog{ ig |ctvikphct }jikj ct` not` fieeikphv von`c{pt` }ivj c {igmh` gpnd`t eton vj` nof`h t`{phv{ oe Kjc|v`t 5' [pkj i{{p`{igkhpf` vj` dptf`g vjcv `h`kvtikivy |hck`{ og jop{`johf igkon`( }jikj i{ cgchy{`feptvj`t ig Kjc|v`t :' Vj` in|ckv{ oe `kogonik n`c{pt`{ og bod kt`cviog }ophft`spit` ìvj`t c f`vcih`f dovvon.p| {vpfy cgf/ot vj` m`g`tcviog oe `n|hoyn`gvnphvi|hi`t{ vjtopmj c {okich ckkopgvigm ncvtiz'

Vj` |ctvich }cy{ ig }jikj j`chvj cgf fpkcviog ct` cfft`{{`f }`t` f`{ktid`f cthi`t'Ovj`t fin`g{iog{( {pkj c{ vj` in|ckv{ og `n|o}`tn`gv cgf |ctviki|cviog oe kiuih

{oki`vy( ct` gov p{èphhy spcgviei`f'




3=4

Vj` kjc|v`t |tok``f{ dy ùchpcvigm vj` `kogonik( `guitogn`gvch cgf {okichfin`g{iog ig vptg( p{igm vj` igfikcvot{ opvhig`f ig Vcdh` ='3' Vj` |ohiky kc{`{f`{ktid`f ig Kjc|v`t{ 0 cgf 5 ct` ùchpcv`f( `zkhpfigm vj` EDK kc{` eot `h`kvtikivy

{p||hy( {igk` vji{ }c{ eopgf vo d` d`vv`t t`|t`{`gv`f ig vj` dc{` kc{` *{`` Kjc|v`t 5)'Vj` ou`tchh kon|cti{og ckto{{ chh vjt`` fin`g{iog{ cgf {p||hy. cgf f`ncgf.{if`|ohiki`{ i{ {pnncti{`f ig Vcdh` ='43 cv vj` `gf oe vji{ kjc|v`t'

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o

Vj` hù`h{ oe igu`{vn`gv ig {p||hy cgf f`ncgf v`kjgohomi`{ ig gonigch v`tn{ti{` {jct|hy eton vj` dc{` y`ct( cgf vj`g igkt`c{` mtcfpchhy ou`t vj` |`tiof *{``

Eimpt` ='3)' Vj` fiee`t`gk` d`v}``g vj` uctiop{ |ohiky kc{`{ i{ t`hcviu`hy {nchh ig vj`kogv`zv oe hctm` cd{ohpv` cnopgv{ oe igu`{vn`gv' ]j`vj`t [opvj Cetikc kjoo{`{ ch`c{v.ko{v |cvj( c{ t`|t`{`gv`f ig vj` dc{` kc{`( ot |ctvikphct |ohiky igv`tu`gviog{(c hctm` cnopgv oe vovch igu`{vn`gv ig vj` `g`tmy {y{v`n }ihh d` g``f`f' Vjìgkt`n`gvch ko{v{ oe igu`{vn`gv ct` gov vjcv hctm` ig t`hcviu` v`tn{ cgf vj` ko{v{t`|otv`f ig Eimpt` ='3 ct` pgfi{kopgv`f' Npkj oe vj` eptvj`t cgchy{i{ }ihh kog{if`tvj` ko{v{ vo vj` `gvit` `g`tmy {y{v`n( }jikj ct` fi{kopgv`f' C{ kogv`zv( iv i{ p{èph vojcu` cg in|t`{{iog oe vj` {kch` oe kc|ivch t`spit`n`gv{'

Eimpt` ='3 Pgfi{kopgv`f vovch igu`{vn`gv ig v`kjgohomi`{( {p||hy cgf f`ncgf

T nihhiog

4 < 4 0

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4 < 4 ;

4 < 4 4

4 < 4 3

4 < 4 <

4 < 3 9

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4 < 3 5

4 < 3 0

4 < 3 6

4 < 3 ;

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3=;

t

T`{if`gvich |ohiki`{ jcu` t`hcviu`hy hivvh` in|ckv og ou`tchh `g`tmy {y{v`n ko{v{' Vj`t`{if`gvich {`kvot i{ c ecithy {nchh |ctv oe vovch f`ncgf' Ig vj` dc{` kc{`( t`{if`gvichf`ncgf ckkopgv`f eot 9 |`t k`gv oe vovch ep`h kog{pn|viog *{`` dc{` kc{` igKjc|v`t 5)' Iv i{ gov {pt|ti{igm( vj`tèot`( vo {`` ig Vcdh` ='4 vjcv vj` ko{v in|hikcviog{oe |ohiky kc{`{ ct` ig vj` v`gvj{ ot jpgft`fvj{ oe c |`tk`gv' Ko{v{ ct` fonigcv`f dy {p||hy cgf hctm`t f`ncgf {`kvot{'

Vcdh` ='4 Vovch `g`tmy {y{v`n ko{v{ ckto{{ t`{if`gvich |ohiki`{

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[cuigm{ ig vj` ovj`t |ohiky kc{`{ tcgm` eton T9<< nihhiog vo T0 dihhiog' Vj` hctm`{vt`fpkviog ig ko{v{ eot vj` `g`tmy {y{v`n eot c {igmh` |ohiky kon`{ eton }cv`tj`cvigm( }ivj vj` igvtofpkviog oe []J{ cgf MD{' Vj` jimj`t t`fpkviog tèh`kv{ vj`jimj |to|otviog oe `g`tmy p{`f eot }cv`t j`cvigm( vj` hctm` {cuigm{ eton []J{ cgfvj` ho} ko{v oe MD{' Vj` kondig`f kc{` fo`{ gov {in|hy cff p| vj`{` {cuigm{ *cgfvj` jimj`t ko{v oe vj` H\M kc{`)( dpv kog{if`t{ vj` kondig`f èe`kv{ }ivjopv fopdh`

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Vj` igu`{vn`gv ko{v{ oe vj` eopt |ohiky kc{`{ kcg d` {``g ig Eimpt` ='4 eot `ckj y`ct'Gov` vjcv vj` otf`t oe ncmgivpf` i{ tcgf nihhiog{( {igk` oghy vj` fit`kv nog`vcty t`spit`n`gv{ ct` t`|otv`f j`t`( gov vj` fi{kopgv`f vovch {y{v`n ko{v{ c{ cdou`' Vj`|cvv`tg oe igu`{vn`gv{ ch{o fiee`t{ ncta`fhy' Igu`{vn`gv oe èeiki`gv jop{igm okkpt{`cthy og cgf vj`g f`khig`{' KEH{ ch{o {jo} {|ia`{( dpv igu`{vn`gv i{ t`|`cv`f c{ vj`hie`vin` oe vj` dphd{ i{ {jotv`t vjcg 40 y`ct{ *pghia` jop{`{)' Igu`{vn`gv ig }cv`t

j`cvigm cgf kooaigm c||hicgk`{ cgf ep`h{ i{ not` ù`ghy {|t`cf ou`t vin`'




3=6

Eimpt` ='4 Igu`{vn`gv t`spit`f eot t`{if`gvich |ohiki`{ ig vj` |ohiky kc{`{

e Vj` t`{if`gvich èeiki`gky n`c{pt`{ ct` `kogonikchhy cvvtckviu`( }ivj []J{/MD{ {vcgfigm opv ig |ctvikphct' []J{ cgf KEH{ jcu` d``g if`gviei`f c{ |ohiky |tiotivi`{ cht`cfy *{`` Kjc|v`t 6)( }ivj èeiki`gv jop{igm t`kìuigm h`{{ cvv`gviog'Vj` igu`{vn`gv{ t`spit`f jcu` vo kon` eton jop{`johf{( ìvj`t vjo{` vjcv kcgceeotf vj`n ot }ivj mou`tgn`gv {p||otv' Vj` a`y |ohiky sp`{viog i{ jo} vo c{{i{vjop{`johf{ vo igu`{v ig vj` p|etogv ko{v{'

Vcaigm []J{ }ivj vj` dimm`{v t`fpkviog c{ cg zcn|h`( vj` sp`{viog i{ }jcv |ohiki`{}ophf |tonov` mt`cv`t p|vca` oe vj` v`kjgohomy' Ig |ctv( vj` f`{img oe vj` |ohiky

vooa vj`{` kogk`tg{ igvo ckkopgv dy kondigigm []J{ }ivj c ho}.ko{v o|viog( MD{'Vj` cgchy{i{ ig Kjc|v`t 5 {jo}`f vjcv []J{ }`t` vca`g p| |tinctihy ig jimj`t.igkon` ptdcg jop{`johf{( }jikj kcg ceeotf vj` p|etogv ko{v{' Kjc|v`t : `zcnig`{o|viog{ eot eigcgkigm igu`{vn`gv{ ig t`{if`gvich |ohiki`{( p{igm zcn|h`{ oe {pd{ifi`{eot èeiki`gv jop{igm cgf eigcgkigm eot []J{'

i .

Vj` ko{v in|hikcviog{ oe fiee`t`gv `h`kvtikivy {p||hy o|viog{ ct` cg in|otvcgvigfikcvot oe `kogonik {p{vcigcdihivy' Miu`g vjcv |tùiop{hy dpihv.p| `zk`{{ kc|ckivy

jc{ kon` vo cg `gf *{`` Vcdh` ;'4 cgf Eimpt` ;'=)( igu`{vn`gv }ihh d` t`spit`f igg`} kc|ckivy' [on` 4< M] oe g`} kc|ckivy }ihh d` g``f`f ou`t vj` g`zv 4< y`ct{'

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T nihhiog

KEH{@eeiki`gv jop{`{

Kh`cg`t }cv`t j`cv H\M eot kooaigm




3=0

@{aon jc{ cggopgk`f igu`{vn`gv |hcg{ oe ou`t T3<< dihhiog eot igivich cffiviog{( dpvgo} vjcv iv i{ go hogm`t c |ctc{vcvch( igu`{vn`gv f`ki{iog{ }ihh d` ù`g not` kho{`hy {ktpvigi{`f *{`` Kjc|v`t ;)'

Vcdh` ='; {jo}{ vj` vovch ko{v oe vj` `g`tmy {y{v`n ig chh kc{`{ ig cd{ohpv` v`tn{c{ }`hh c{ vj` fiee`t`gk` d`v}``g dc{` cgf |ohiky kc{`{' Vj` kjcgm`{ `z|t`{{`f ig|`tk`gvcm`{ ct` {nchh( t`hcviu` vo vj` hctm` cd{ohpv` {pn{'

Vovch `g`tmy {y{v`n ko{v{ igkt`c{` eot \DNT cgf t`g`}cdh` `g`tmy' Dy kogvtc{v(in|otvigm mc{ ot jyfto t`fpk`{ {y{v`n ko{v{' Fon`{vik igu`{vn`gv i{ t`fpk`fcgf vj` t`fpk`f `z|`gfivpt` i{ gov ncf` p| dy igkt`c{`f in|otv{' Jo}ù`t( vjìgkt`c{`f `z|`gfivpt` og in|otv{ ncy jcu` eotìmg `zkjcgm` in|hikcviog{' Vji{i{{p` ch{o cti{`{ }ivj vj` \DNT( eot }jikj |tok`{{`f ep`h i{ `z|`kv`f vo d` in|otv`ff`{|iv` vj` hokch ptcgipn t`{optk`' C{ gov`f ig Kjc|v`t 5 ig vj` mc{ cgf jyfto kc{`{(

vj` t`{phv{ ct` {`g{iviu` vo vj` c{{pn`f ko{v{ oe vj` in|otv`f ep`h{' Vj` kondig`fkc{` i{ vj` {`kogf no{v `z|`g{iu`( c{ {p||hy.{if` o|viog{ kon|`v` vo |touif` {p||hy *pghia` t`{if`gvich èeiki`gky( }j`t` {cuigm{ ct` jimj`{v ig kondigcviog)'

Vcdh` ='; Vovch ko{v oe `g`tmy {y{v`n eot `h`kvtikivy {p||hy o|viog{

Pgiv Dc{`

kc{`

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mc{

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jyfto

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Vovch `g`tmy {y{v`n ko{v{(

kpnphcviu` ou`t 40 y`ct{

T

dihhiog{

5 34< 5 339 5 33= 5 3;4 5 344 5 3;3

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Gov`2 "Kondig`f `h`kvtikivy igkhpf`{ vj` in|otv`f mc{( jyfto( gpkh`ct cgf t`g`}cdh`{ kc{`{'

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not` ko{vhy vjcg kondigigm chh kc{`{ ‛ vjo{` }ivj igkt`c{`f c{ }`hh c{ vjo{` }ivj ho}`tko{v{ vjcg vj` dc{` kc{`' Jo}ù`t( vj` kjcgm`{ ig vovch ko{v{ {jophf d` pgf`t{voof igvj` kogv`zv oe fiee`t`gv moch{ dìgm {`v ig `ckj kc{`' Vj` `h`kvtikivy |ohiky kc{`{ }`t`f`{img`f c{ cndiviop{ vctm`v{ eot vj` |ctvikphct v`kjgohomy( }ivjig t`c{ogcdh` dopgf{'

Igu`{vn`gv hù`h{ ig vj` |ohiky kc{`{ ucty {imgieikcgvhy' [nchh`t igu`{vn`gv{ ct`t`spit`f vo n``v ho}`t vctm`v{ cgf ct` c{{okicv`f }ivj h`{{ ig{vchh`f kc|ckivy'T`g`}cdh` g`tmy( eot zcn|h`( ig vj` |ohiky kc{` t`ckj`{ vj` vctm`v oe 3< <<< M]j ig4<3; cgf igkt`c{`{ vo ;= <<< M]j ig 4<40' Vj` cffiviogch ko{v vo vj` `g`tmy {y{v`ni{ T3'9 dihhiog ou`t 40 y`ct{' Vj` \DNT kc{` ig{vch{ 6 6:< N]( cffigm T33'= dihhiog

vo vovch {y{v`n ko{v{( dpv ch{o m`g`tcv`{ 4: ;<; M]j ig 4<40 *{`` Vcdh` ='6)' F`{|iv`vj` fiee`t`gv odb`kviu`{( vj` \DNT i{ vj`tèot` not` `z|`g{iu` ig vji{ kon|cti{og(




3=5

c{ vj` tcvio oe cffiviogch ko{v{ i{ npkj mt`cv`t vjcg vj` `h`kvtikivy m`g`tcv`f' Cgin|otvcgv t`c{og i{ vj` pgpvihi{`f \DNT kc|ckivy gov`f ig Kjc|v`t 5'

Vcdh` ='6 M]j `h`kvtikivy m`g`tcv`f dy v`kjgohomy ig iv{ |ohiky kc{`

M]j T`g`}cdh`{ \DNT In|otv`f jyfto In|otv`f mc{

Ig 4<40 ;= <0: 4: ;<; 3: 6<< 3 ;5=

Ou`t 40 y`ct{ 49< =39 355 5:3 ;=< <5= 33 05=

V}o ovj`t n`cg{ oe fit`kv kon|cti{og ct` cucihcdh`' Vj` c{{pn`f ko{v{ |`t a] c{ig|pv |ctcn`v`t{ *tcvj`t vjcg t`{phv{) ct` {jo}g ig Vcdh` ='0( vom`vj`t }ivj vj` eiz`fcgf ucticdh` ON ko{v{' Vj` ig|pv |ctcn`v`t( jo}ù`t( fo`{ gov vca` igvo ckkopgv

vj` o||otvpgivy ko{v ‛ vj` `h`kvtikivy m`g`tcv`f eton t`g`}cdh` ot gpkh`ct `g`tmy fi{|hck`{ ovj`t( |t`fonigcgvhy koch.eit`f( `h`kvtikivy' Vj` nctmigch igu`{vn`gvi{ c d`vv`t tèh`kviog oe vj` o||otvpgivy ko{v( dpv vji{ n`c{pt` i{ {|`kieik vo `ckj`h`kvtikivy.m`g`tcviog v`kjgohomy'

Vcdh` ='0 Ko{v{ oe `h`kvtikivy {p||hy v`kjgohomi`{ |`t kc|ckivy cgf pgiv oe m`g`tcviog

Igu`{vn`gv ko{v Eiz`f ON ko{v Ucticdh` ON ko{v

T/a] T/a] k/a]j

In|otv`f mc{

Kondig`f kykh` mc{ vptdig` 6 0:; 364 <'=O|`g kykh` mc{ vptdig` *fi`{`h) ; 4<5 364 0'6

In|otv`f jyfto

In|otv`f jyfto 4'3

T`g`}cdh` `g`tmy

\ctcdohik vtopmj 3: 643 343 <

\o}`t vo}`t 39 :;: ;05 <

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[nchh jyfto 3< 9;: 4<4 <

Hcgfeihh mc{ *n`fipn) 6 4:= 305 46'4

Dionc{{ ko.m`g' *dcmc{{`) 5 <56 306 9'0

Gpkh`ct

\DNT igivich nofph`{ 3= 3;5 ;3= <'=

\DNT nphvi.nofph`{ 3< =53 ;3= <'=

Koch

G`} |phu`ti{`f ep`h |hcgv 9 9:< 3<3 <'=

EDK *}ivj EMF) 9 ;43 3:5 4'9

[votcm`

\pn|`f {votcm` 5 <56 306 9'0

Gov`2 Vj` ko{v{ ct` ig|pv |ctcn`v`t{( tcvj`t vjcg t`{phv{( cgf ct` igkhpf`f j`t` vo {jo} fiee`t`gk`{ ig ko{v |`t pgiv oe kc|ckivy *T/a]) cgf `h`kvtikivy m`g`tcviog *k/a]j)'[optk`{2 Nctach fcvcdc{` eot vji{ nof`h *]igah`t( Jo}`hh{ Che{vcf 4<<0)1 GIT\ fcvcdc{` *G@T 4<<6c)1 FN@ *4<<;f)




3==

Vj` |cvv`tg oe igu`{vn`gv{ ou`t vin` i{ {jo}g ig Eimpt` =';( }j`t` igu`{vn`gv{ igg`} kc|ckivy jcu` d``g cggpchi{`f ou`t vj` hie`vin` oe vj` v`kjgohomy' Chh `h`kvtikivy v`kjgohomi`{ jcu` c h`cf vin`( {o igu`{vn`gv |ika{ p| eton 4<<0 og}ctf{' Vj`

kondig`f kc{` jc{ vj` jimj`{v ko{v{ eot no{v oe vj` |`tiof( }ivj vj` \DNT g`zv'Vj` {cn` kcu`cv{ c||hy ‛ gcn`hy( vjcv vj` igu`{vn`gv ko{v{ ct` ckjiùigm fiee`t`gvodb`kviu`{ eot `ckj |ohiky'

Eimpt` ='; Cggpchi{`f igu`{vn`gv{ ig `h`kvtikivy {p||hy v`kjgohomi`{( dy |ohiky kc{`

Vj`t` ct` go kh`ct }igg`t{ cnogm vj` o|viog{ cgf vj` vtcf`.oee{ t`spit`f ct` eptvj`tkog{if`t`f ig vj` |ohiky cgchy{i{ ig Kjc|v`t :'

|

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Vj` `guitogn`gvch in|ckv{ oe hctm` fcn{ ‛ igkhpfigm ehoofigm {`g{iviu` ct`c{(fi{|hck`n`gv oe |ò|h`( |o{{idh` {ì{nik èe`kv{ ‛ jcu` d``g opvhig`f dy vj` ]othfKonni{{iog og Fcn{ *]KF 4<<<)' Vj` hctm`{v oe [opvj Cetikc’{ jyfto`h`kvtikeckihivi`{ ct` Mcti`| *;5< N])( Ucgf`tahooe *46< N]) ‛ dovj og vj` Otcgm` Tiu`t ‛cgf Kohhy}oddh`{ *64 N]) og vj` Ndc{j` Tiu`t' Gog` oe vj`{` ct` u`ty hctm` dy igv`tgcviogch kon|cti{og cgf ovj`t{ ct` 33 N] ot {nchh`t' E`} {iv`{ `zi{v eot vj`fù`ho|n`gv oe hctm` jyfto eckihivi`{ fon`{vikchhy1 vj` |ov`gvich hi`{ ig vj` {opvj`tgCetikcg t`miog' Gog`vj`h`{{( vj` kopgvty jc{ c pgisp` diofiu`t{ivy `gfo}n`gv cgf`kohomikch {`g{iviuivy vjcv g`k`{{ivcv`{ {vtigm`gv `guitogn`gvch n`c{pt`{ ù`g ig vj`

kc{` oe {nchh jyfto |tob`kv{ *@TK 4<<6c)' Vj` `kohomikch t`{`tu` |t`{ktid`f dy vj`g`} ]cv`t Ckv *Go' 45 oe 399:) t`spit`{ vjcv {peeiki`gv }cv`t d` hèv vo ncigvcig tiu`t`ko{y{v`n{'

Vj` jimj`t èeiki`gky oe kondig`f kykh` mc{ vptdig`{ kcg t`fpk` MJM `ni{{iog{ cgfhokch |ohhpvcgv{ {pkj c{ givtom`g ozif`{' Jo}ù`t( vj` |tofpkviog( |tok`{{igm cgfvtcg{|otvcviog oe mc{ dy |i|`hig` kcg ch{o d` c ncbot kogvtidpvot vo MJM{ ig v`tn{ oe epmiviu` `ni{{iog{' ]ivj c jimj mhodch }ctnigm |ov`gvich( ù`ty vog oe n`vjcg` h`ca`fjc{ vj` `spiuch`gv èe`kv oe 4; vog{ oe kctdog fiozif`' Vj` {okich in|ckv{ oe mc{ |i|`hig`{og konnpgivi`{ ou`t }jo{` hcgf vj`y |c{{ {jophf ch{o d` vca`g igvo ckkopgv'

Vj` {okich cgf `guitogn`gvch in|ckv{ oe gpkh`ct `g`tmy v`kjgohomi`{ ‛ }c{v`fi{|o{ch( {`kptivy( cgf |pdhik ckk`|vcgk` ‛ ct` fi{kp{{`f ig Kjc|v`t :'

Koch.eit`f |o}`t {vcviog{( }jikj fonigcv` vj` dc{` kc{`( jcu` in|otvcgv hokchin|hikcviog{ eot }cv`t' Vjt`` ncig kogk`tg{ ct` vj` èe`kv oe koch nigigm og }cv`tspchivy( vjcv @{aon |cy{ c |tik` eot }cv`t vjcv i{ |todcdhy d`ho} vj` o||otvpgivy ko{v( cgf vj` spcgvivy oe }cv`t p{`f dy |o}`t {vcviog{ *[|chfigm.E`kj`t( Cetcg`.Oa`{` `v ch' 4<<<)' No{v oe vj` koch {vcviog{ fpn| vjìt j`cv eton vj` kogf`g{`t{ igkogu`gviogch koohigm vo}`t{( }jikj p{` d`v}``g 3': cgf 4'< hivt`{ oe }cv`t eot ù`ty a]j oe `h`kvtikivy m`g`tcv`f' Jo}ù`t( et`{j }cv`t i{ [opvj Cetikc’{ no{v ktivikcht`{optk` cgf {o v}o {vcviog{( A`gfch cgf Ncvindc( jcu` fty koohigm cgf p{` oghy

<'3 hivt`{ oe }cv`t eot ù`ty a]j *@TK 4<<6c)'






3:0

T`g`}cdh`{ {jo} cg igkt`c{` ig n`vjcg`( {igk` dionc{{.dc{`f T@V{ kogvtidpv`{pd{vcgvichhy vo n``vigm vj` vctm`v' Kopgvigm vj` vjt`` ncbot MJM{( jo}ù`t( vj`{nchh igkt`c{` ig n`vjcg` i{ not` vjcg opv}ìmj`f dy vj` t`fpkviog ig kctdog

fiozif`'

`

Vj` p|}ctf vt`gf{ ig kctdog fiozif` `ni{{iog{ kcg d` {``g ig chh |ohiky kc{`{*Eimpt` ='0)' Vj` t`hcviu` t`fpkviog{ oe |ohiky kc{`{ kcg d` {``g( c{ vj` hù`h oe vj`dct{ ig hcv`t y`ct{ i{ t`fpk`f eot t`g`}cdh`{( \DNT cgf kondig`f `h`kvtikivy kc{`{'Vj` ko{v oe t`fpkigm `ni{{iog{ eton vj` dc{` kc{` i{ cg in|otvcgv eckvot'

Eimpt` ='0 Kctdog fiozif` `ni{{iog{ eot chh kc{`{ ou`t vin`

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3:5

Vcdh` ='34 @{vincv` oe cdcv`n`gv ko{v ig |ohiky kc{`{

@h`kvtikivy {p||hy o|viog{ In|otv`f

mc{

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@ni{{iog t`fpkviog{

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Nv KO4.`spiu' ‛36 ‛44 ‛;; ‛;4 ‛6<

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oe igu`{vn`gv ig

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fi{kopgv`f

T nihhiog{ ‛=5 ‛:9 ‛90 ‛:< ‛394

T`{if`gvich |ohiki { KEH{ @eeiki`gvjop{`{

H\M eotkooaigm

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[]J/MD

T`{if`gvich|ohiki`{

kondig`f

@ni{{iog t`fpkviog{/

igkt`n`gvch ko{v

T/vog KO4.

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35=';= <'34 ='=4 ;'0< ;'<=

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@ni{{iog t`fpkviog{

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Igkt`n`gvch ko{v{

oe igu`{vn`gv ig

v`kjgohomi`{( 4<40(

fi{kopgv`f

T nihhiog{ ‛54 ‛3 ‛33 ‛43 ‛40


Vj` tcgm` oe ko{v{ i{ ho}( t`hcviu` vo c ncta`v |tik` oe kctdog cht`cfy t`ckjigm ₨3<|`t v KO

4*T:< |`t v KO

4)( cgf {pkj |tik`{ ct` `z|`kv`f vo d` jimj`t dy 4<40' Oghy

vj` KEH kc{` i{ cdou` vji{ tcgm`( miu`g vj` {nchh `ni{{iog t`fpkviog{'

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cdcv`n`gv ko{v `{vincv`{ d`ho} T; |`t v KO4' []J{ cgf MD{ ko{v cdopv c tcgfnot` |`t vog' In|otv`f mc{ cgf H\M d`kon` {himjvhy not` `z|`g{iu`' Vj` ou`tchhin|hikcviog( jo}ù`t( i{ vjcv vj` t`{if`gvich cgf `h`kvtikivy |ohiki`{ `zcnig`f jcuìgkt`n`gvch cdcv`n`gv ko{v{ vjcv ct` }ivjig vj` tcgm` oe kctdog |tik`{'

[okich

Vj` {okich fin`g{iog oe {p{vcigcdh` `g`tmy fù`ho|n`gv kcg d` c{{`{{`f no{vfit`kvhy ig vj` t`{if`gvich {`kvot' @cthi`t kjc|v`t{ noviucv`f vjcv cgchy{i{ g``f{ vo d`kogfpkv`f cv vj` hù`h oe vj` jop{`johf( }j`t` ncgy oe vj` {okich igv`tckviog{ t hcvigm

vo `g`tmy okkpt' Eohho}igm vj` igfikcvot{ opvhig`f cdou`( vj` ep`h kog{pn|viog




3:=

|cvv`tg{ eot jop{`johf{ ct` zcnig`f cgf kjcgm`{ ig ep`h |tik`{ cgf vj` in|hikcviog{eot ceeotfcdihivy ct` ùchpcv`f'

Vj` c||tockj vca`g ig vji{ dooa i{ vo {vctv eton fù`ho|n`gv odb`kviu`{' Igkt`c{`f

ckk`{{ vo `h`kvtikivy i{ c a`y fù`ho|n`gv odb`kviu` eot vj` t`{if`gvich {`kvot ig [opvjCetikc' Ckk`{{ i{ |tinctihy |touif`f vjtopmj vj` mtif dpv vj`t` ct` {imgieikcgv oee.mtif |tomtcnn`{ ig [opvj Cetikc( }jikj ct` gov kc|vpt`f dy vji{ c||tockj' @u`gie ;0< <<< [J[{ }`t` ig{vchh`f( jo}ù`t( vj`y }ophf |touif` {on` <'4 |`t k`gv oe `h`kvtikivy {p||hi`f dy vj` mtif vo fon`{vik kp{von`t{ *G@T 4<<4c)' Ceeotfcdihivy oe p{igm `h`kvtikivy i{ in|otvcgv c{ }`hh1 j`gk` |jy{ikch kogg`kviog vo mtif `h`kvtikivy i{c g`k`{{cty dpv gov {peeiki`gv kogfiviog eot fù`ho|n`gv'

Vj` in|hikcviog{ oe `h`kvtikivy {p||hy eot {okich {p{vcigcdihivy ct` h`{{ fit`kv vjcg igvj` t`{if`gvich {`kvot' @h`kvtikivy {p||hy( jo}ù`t( jc{ in|otvcgv in|hikcviog{ eot vj`

|tik` oe `h`kvtikivy ig vj` t`{if`gvich {`kvot' F`ki{iog{ cdopv `g`tmy {p||hy ct` ncfìn|hikivhy dy mou`tgn`gv{( pvihivi`{ cgf igu`{vot{( }ivj h`{{ fi{kp{{iog oe vjìt {okichkog{`sp`gk`{ vjcg vj` igfit`kv èe`kv{ nimjv n`tiv' @h`kvtikivy |tik`{( `z|`gfivpt`cgf vj` dptf`g iv |hck`{ og jop{`johf{ ct` fi{kp{{`f hcv`t' Eit{v( jo}ù`t( vj` not`fit`kv {okich in|ckv{ oe vj` kog{pn|viog oe jop{`johf ep`h{ cgf vjìt |tik`{ ct``zcnig`f ig vj` eohho}igm v}o {`kviog{'

e

Kjc|v`t 5 {jo}`f jo} nogvjhy ep`h kog{pn|viog ucti`{ {pd{vcgvichhy ckto{{

jop{`johf vy|`{ *Vcdh` 5'0)' \oot`t( tptch cgf gog.`h`kvtiei`f *THG( PHG)jop{`johf{ }`t` eopgf vo kog{pn` oghy c etckviog oe vj` `g`tmy vjcv tikj`t ptdcgcgf tptch `h`kvtiei`f *PJ@( TJ@) jop{`johf{ p{` `ckj nogvj' Eot vj` ùchpcviogig vji{ kjc|v`t( vj` ucticviog ckto{{ |ohiky kc{`{ i{ `zcnig`f *{`` Vcdh` ='3;)' ]j`gkog{if`tigm `g`tmy |tik`{ cgf ceeotfcdihivy( vj` cgchy{i{ t`vptg{ vo c kog{if`tcviogoe jop{`johf vy|`{'

Vcdh` ='3; T`{if`gvich ep`h kog{pn|viog *\B) dy |ohiky kc{`


jop{`{

H\M ]cv`t j`cv Kondig`f

t`{'@h`kvtikivy

4<36 99 9: 95 95 99 9;

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Hispif ep`h{

4<36 04 04 63 04 6; 6;

4<40 09 09 ;5 09 ;9 ;9

T`g`}cdh`

`g`tmy

4<36 3'= 3'= 9'0 3'= ='9 ='9

4<40 ;'0 ;'0 4<'3 ;'0 35'= 35'=

[ohif ep`h{

4<36 69 69 69 04 6: 03

4<40 ;6 ;6 ;6 64 ;6 63

Vovch ep`h p{`

4<36 4<3 4<3 390 4<3 39: 390

4<40 43; 434 4<4 436 4<= 4<4




3::

Vcdh` ='3; {jo}{ vj` ep`h kog{pn|viog eot h`kvtikivy( hispif ep`h{ *{pkj c{ |ctceeig cgfH\M)( {ohif ep`h{ *koch( kcgfh` }cz)( t`g`}cdh` `g`tmy cgf vovch ep`h kog{pn|viog'@h`kvtikivy i{ vj` hctm`{v |otviog oe vovch ep`h {p||hy ckto{{ vin` cgf chh |ohiky kc{`{(

kog{i{v`gv }ivj vj` c{{pn|viog{ cdopv igkt`c{igm `h`kvtieikcviog'T`hcviu` vo vj` dc{` kc{`( t`fpkviog{ ig `h`kvtikivy kog{pn|viog kcg d` {``g ig vj`|ohiky kc{`{' Vj` hctm`{v t`fpkviog ig vovch ep`h p{` dy 4<40 i{ ckjiù`f vjtopmjèeiki`gv jop{`{( kog{pnigm 33 \B ot 0 |`t k`gv h`{{ vjcg ig vj` dc{` kc{`'

T`g`}cdh` `g`tmy igkt`c{`{ ig vj` kc{` oe []J{ cgf èeiki`gv jop{igm( c{ }`hh c{vj` kondig`f kc{`' Tcvj`t vjcg cuoifigm `h`kvtikivy p{`( []J{ cgf MD{ fi{|hck`vj` kog{pn|viog oe hispif ep`h{ eot }cv`t j`cvigm( {igk` vj` nof`h cuoif{ vj` no{vko{vhy chv`tgcviu '

Eimpt` ='5 T`g`}cdh` `g`tmy p{` ig t`{if`gvich |ohiky kc{`{

Ig Eimpt` ='5( vj` v}o kc{`{ kcg d` kh`cthy {``g cdou` vj` ovj`t{ ‛ H\M cgf KEH{{jo} vj` {cn` p{` oe t`g`}cdh`{ c{ vj` dc{` kc{`' @eeiki`gv jop{`{ fo gov ckviu`hy p{` cgy t`g`}cdh` `g`tmy {optk`( dpv ct` kog{if`t`f c T@V ig vj` {`g{` oe ‚|c{{iu`{ohct f`{img’' K`tvcighy( d`vv`t f`{img cgf vj` ig{vchhcviog oe kìhigm{ t`fpk` ovj`tep`h p{`'

Vj` vy|` oe ep`h p{`f jc{ {okich in|hikcviog{ ig iv{ o}g timjv' @h`kvtikivy( }jih`m`g`tcvigm ni{{iog{ p|{vt`cn( i{ kh`cg cv vj` |oigv oe p{`' T`g`}cdh` g`tmy i{ kh`cg

4 < 4 0

4 < 4 6

4 < 4 ;

4 < 4 4

4 < 4 3

4 < 4 <

4 < 3 9

4 < 3 :

4 < 3 =

4 < 3 5

4 < 3 0

4 < 3 6

4 < 3 ;

4 < 3 4

4 < 3 3

4 < 3 <

4 < < 9

4 < < :

4 < < =

4 < < 5

4 < < 0

4 < < 6

4 < < ;

4 < < 4

4 < < 3

\B

<

0

3<

30

4<

40

[]J/MD

H\M

@eeiki`gv jop{`{

Dc{` kc{`

KEH{




3:9

dovj ig iv{ m`g`tcviog cgf iv{ p{`( }ivj `guitogn`gvch i{{p`{ kogeig`f vo dchcgk`.oe.{y{v`n i{{p`{' Jop{`johf p{`{ oe |ctceeig cgf koch jcu` {imgieikcgv in|ckv{( {pkj c{igfoot cit |ohhpviog( |ctceeig |oi{ogigm cgf eit`{' @eeiki`gv jop{`{ cgf []J{/MD{

ct` eopgf vo d` no{v èe`kviu` ig |tonovigm kh`cg`t ep`h p{`'

t

Ckk`{{ vo kh`cg`t ep`h{ i{ og` ncvv`t( dìgm cdh` vo ceeotf vj` p{` oe {pkj ep`h{cgovj`t' Vj` |tik`{ oe kh`cg`t ep`h{ jcu` vo d` dtopmjv fo}g ie jop{`johf{ ct` vop{` vj`n' Ep`h |tik`{ ct` in|otvcgv {okio.`kogonik igfikcvot{ }ivj in|hikcviog{ eotjop{`johf{' Vj` n`c{pt` p{`f eot vji{ igfikcvot i{ vj` {jcfo} |tik`{ oe t`{if`gvich`h`kvtikivy *{`` Vcdh` ='36)' @cthi`t( vj` {jcfo} |tik` oe {p||hyigm `h`kvtikivy }c{kog{if`t`f1 j`t` vj` igfikcvot i{ vj` o||otvpgivy ko{v oe vj` `g`tmy kctti`t p{`f ig

vj` jop{`johf'

Vcdh` ='36 [jcfo} |tik`{ oe `h`kvtikivy cgf ovj`t ep`h{ ckto{{ |ohiky kc{`{


jop{`{

H\M eot

kooaigm

]cv`t

j`cvigm ‛

[]J/MD

T`{if`gvich

|ohiki`{

kondig`f

Ko{v oe `g`tmy {`tuik`{ vo jop{`johf{

[jcfo} |tik` oe

`h`kvtikivy ig vj`

t`{if`gvich {`kvot

k/a]j ;=': ;6': ;6'4 ;6': ;6': ;6'4

@h`kvtikivy igkonnog pgiv{

T/MB 3<0'3 95'= 90'3 95'= 95'= 90'3

[jcfo} |tik` oe gog.

`h`kvtik ep`h{ ig vj`

t`{if`gvich {`kvot

Koch eot

jop{`johf{

T/MB ;'0 ;'0 ;'0 ;'0 ;'0 ;'0

Dionc{{ ;<'< ;<'< ;<'< ;<'< ;<'< ;<'<

H\M 369'6 369'6 369'6 369'6 369'6 369'6

\ctceeig 95'9 95'9 95'9 95'9 95'9 95'9

Kcgfh` }cz =<'; =<'; =<'; =<'; =<'; =<';

Vj` |tik`{ oe gog.`h`kvtik ep`h{ fo gov ucty ckto{{ t`{if`gvich |ohiki`{' KEH{ p{``h`kvtikivy cgf MD{ t`fpk` vj` `h`kvtikivy t`spit`f vo j`cv }cv`t1 vj` èeiki`gky oe jop{`{ cgf }cv`t j`cvigm t`fpk` vj` spcgvivy oe ep`h{ p{`f( dpv gov vjìt |tik`1 vj`H\M |ohiky kc{` chho}`f {}ivkjigm vo vj` ep`h( dpv fif gov chv`t vj` |tik`' Eimpt` ='={jo}{ vjcv vj` {jcfo} |tik`{ eot {on` oe vj` gog.`h`kvtik ep`h{ kjcgm` ou`t vin`'Vj` o||otvpgivy ko{v{ oe H\M( |ctceeig cgf kcgfh`{ igkt`c{` ou`t vin`( }jih`dionc{{ cgf koch t`ncig kog{vcgv'




39<

Eimpt` ='= [jcfo} |tik`{ oe `g`tmy kctti`t{ ou`t vin`

Gov`2 JJ > jop{`johf

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vj`n{`hu`{ okkpt oghy c{ pgiv{ oe eho}{ oe `g`tmy cgf nog`y' Eptvj`t cgchy{i{ oe vj` `h`kvtikivy dptf`g i{ |t`{`gv`f ig vj` eohho}igm vcdh`{' Vj` eokp{ i{ og `h`kvtikivy({igk` iv{ {jcfo} |tik` ucti`{ ou`t vin` cgf iv t`hcv`{ vo vj` ovj`t eokch {p||hy {`kvotoe vji{ dooa'

@h`kvtikivy z|`gfivpt` i{ vj` |tofpkv oe kog{pn|viog cgf |tik`' Vcdh` ='35 {jo}{ vj`nogvjhy kog{pn|viog oe `h`kvtikivy eot `ckj jop{`johf vy|`' Vj` igivich to}{ {jo}vj` kog{pn|viog eot `ckj `gf p{`( }jikj i{ cff`f p| ig pgiv{ oe NB |`t jop{`johf|`t nogvj' Vj` ‚igv`g{ivy’ oe `g`tmy kog{pn`f |`t jop{`johf |`t nogvj fo`{ govkjcgm` {imgieikcgvhy eton vj` dc{` y`ct ig vj` nof`h( `zk`|v eot c {nchh kjcgm` ig`h`kvtikivy'3 @h`kvtikivy |tik`{ ig 4<<3 fo gov fiu`tm` dy |ohiky kc{`( {o vj` cgchy{i{j`t` eokp{`{ og vj` `gf y`ct'

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394

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c 2 `

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396

Vcdh` ='4< [jct` oe nogvjhy jop{`johf `z|`gfivpt` {|`gv og `h`kvtikivy *%)


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4<4

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4<6

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mou'rc/{|``kj`{/4<<0/<0<4333<0<3<<3'jvn' Ckk`{{`f Ncy 4<<:

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T`mphcvot

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\@@T Cetikc *399=) Jop{igm c{ ie |ò|h` ncvv`t`f' Vj` {voty oe Apvhc}cgogm( [opvj Cetikc'

C go t`mt`v{ kc{` {vpfy' Pgiv`f Gcviog{ Etcn`}ota Kogu`gviog og Khincv` Kjcgm`( Vjitf

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Ckk`{{`f Ncy 4<<:






454

T[C *4<<=) @n`tmigm |ctcfimn{ oe pgf`t{vcgfigm og khincv` kjcgm` cfc|vcviog i{{p`{2 Vj`

;5<¼ c||tockj' \t`{`gvcviog dy [opvj Cetikc vo vj` }ota{jo| oe vj` ‚Fichomp` og hogm.

v`tn koo|`tcviu` ckviog vo cfft`{{ khincv` kjcgm` dy `gjcgkigm in|h`n`gvcviog oe vj`

Kogu`gviog’( Dogg( 3= Ncy [ckj{ ] *4<<<) Mhodchircviog cgf {p{vcigcdihivy' D`thig2 Jìgtikj Dõhh [vievpgm

[ckj{ ]( Ho{a` T Higr N *399:) Mt``gigm vj` gotvj2 C |o{v igfp{vtich dhp`|tigv eot `kohomy cgf

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Kivi`{ G`v}ota

[cf.`h`k *4<<;) Tùi`} oe @{aon |o}`t |ooh' \jc{` 4 oe fù`ho|n`gv oe mpif`hig`{ *ncta`v tph`{)

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A Dcpn`tv( O Dhcgkjctf( [ Hho{c BE \`tacp{ *`f{) Dpihfigm og vj` Ayovo \tovokoh2 O|viog{

eot |tov`kvigm vj` khincv`' ]c{jigmvog( FK2 ]othf T`{optk`{ Ig{vivpv`

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[cgfvog2 [opvj Cetikcg Gcviogch @g`tmy C{{okicviog

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C{{okicviog

[CTD *[opvj Cetikcg T`{`tu` Dcga) *4<<3) Spctv`thy dphh`vig' \t`votic2 [opvj Cetikcg T`{`tu`

Dcga

[CTD *4<<4) Spctv`thy dphh`vig( Nctkj' \t`votic2 [opvj Cetikcg T`{`tu` Dcga

[CTD *4<<0) Spctv`thy dphh`vig( Nctkj' \t`votic2 [opvj Cetikcg T`{`tu` Dcga

[CTD *uctiop{) Spctv`thy dphh`vig' \t`votic2 [opvj Cetikcg T`{`tu` Dcga

[cti C\ *399:) Og `spivy cgf fù`ho|igm kopgvty |ctviki|cviog' D`ta`h`y2 Pgiu`t{ivy oe Kchieotgic(

@g`tmy cgf T`{optk`{ Mtop|

[CT\G *[opvj`tg Cetikcg T`miogch \ou`tvy G`v}ota) *4<<0) [opvj Cetikc2 Nihh`ggipn

fù`ho|n`gv moch{ kopgvty t`|otv ' Cucihcdh` cv jvv|2//}}}'{ct|g'otm'rc/fokpn`gv{/

f<<<30;:/igf`z'|j|' Ckk`{{`f Ncy 4<<:

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[@KK\ *[p{vcigcdh` @g`tmy cgf Khincv` Kjcgm` \ctvg`t{ji|) *4<<4) Gpkh`ct `g`tmy ko{v{ vj`

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Kc|` Vo}g( @g`tmy cgf Fù`ho|n`gv T`{`ctkj K`gvt`

[innogf{ M Ncnnog G *3995) @g`tmy {`tuik`{ ig ho}.igkon` ptdcg [opvj Cetikc2 C

spcgvivcviu` c{{`{{n`gv ' Kc|` Vo}g2 Pgiu`t{ivy oe Kc|` Vo}g( @g`tmy cgf Fù`ho|n`gv

T`{`ctkj K`gvt`

[nivj I( [niv T D`kancg T *4<<;) @{aon’{ eit{v `z|`ti`gk` }ivj }igf `g`tmy' Boptgch oe

@g`tmy ig [opvj`tg Cetikc Bphy *@{aon {|`kich `fiviog)2 39‛40[|chfigm.E`kj`t T *4<<<c) @guitogn`gvch d`gèiv{ oe `h`kvtieikcviog ig fù`ho|igm kopgvti`{2

C spcgvivcviu` c{{`{{n`gv ig [opvj Cetikc' \c|`t |t`{`gv`f cv vj` Igv`tgcviogch [oki`vy eot

@kohomikch @kogonik{ 4<<< Koge`t`gk`( Kcgd`ttc( 0‛: Bphy

[|chfigm.E`kj`t T *4<<<d) Fo`{ `h`kvtieikcviog t`fpk` gcviogch j`chvj ko{v{? C eit{v c{{`{{n`gv

eot [opvj Cetikc' \tok``figm{ oe vj` {ù`gvj koge`t`gk` og vj` Fon`{vik P{` oe @g`tmy(

Kc|` Vo}g( Kc|` V`kjgiaog( 3:‛39 C|tih

[|chfigm.E`kj`t T *4<<3) @g`tmy cgf {p{vcigcdihivy ig [opvj Cetikc2 Vj` 4<<3 {p{vcigcdh` `g`tmy

}cvkj t`|otv ' Kc|` Vo}g2 Pgiu`t{ivy oe Kc|` Vo}g( @g`tmy cgf Fù`ho|n`gv T`{`ctkj K`gvt`

[|chfigm.E`kj`t T *4<<4c) @g`tmy cgf `g`tmy |ohiki`{ ig [opvj Cetikc2 Cg ou`tui`}' G@T

Spctv`thy Boptgch Okvod`t 3*3)2 3‛3:

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gog.Cgg`z I kopgvti`{' Khincv` \ohiky 0*0)2 659‛6:5

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459

]igah`t J Ncujpgmp B *4<<4) \ov`gvich in|ckv{ oe `h`kvtikivy igfp{vty t`{vtpkvptigm og

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cgf Fù`ho|n`gv T`{`ctkj K`gvt`

]igah`t J( [|chfigm.E`kj`t T Vycgi H *4<<4) @g`tmy èeiki`gky ig ho}.ko{v jop{igm2 Ko{v{

cgf d`gèiv{ oe mhodch cgf hokch `zv`tgchivi`{' Ig O Fcuif{og F [|cta{ *`f{) Fù`ho|igm

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oe Kc|` Vo}g( @g`tmy cgf Fù`ho|n`gv T`{`ctkj K`gvt`

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èeiki`gky ig ho}.ko{v jop{igm ' Kc|` Vo}g2 Pgiu`t{ivy oe Kc|` Vo}g( @g`tmy cgf


]igah`t J( [|chfigm.E`kj`t T( Vycgi H Ncvid` A *4<<4) Ko{v.d`gèiv cgchy{i{ oe `g`tmy

èeiki`gky ig ptdcg ho}.ko{v jop{igm' Fù`ho|n`gv [opvj`tg Cetikc F`k`nd`t 39*0)2 09;‛536

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o||otvpgivi`{' Boptgch oe @g`tmy ig [opvj`tg Cetikc 3:*3)2 49‛;:

]igah`t J Uot{v`t [ *4<<=) Dpihfigm dtifm`{ vo 4<4< cgf d`yogf2 Vj` tocf eton Dchi' Khincv`

\ohiky =*;)2 46<‛406

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@guitogn`gv Fiui{iog

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@gmig``tigm' ]c{jigmvog( FK2 ]othf Dcga

]othf Dcga *4<<<) ]othf fù`ho|n`gv t`|otv 4<<</4<<3' Ozeotf2 Ozeotf Pgiu`t{ivy \t`{{

]TI *]othf T`{optk`{ Ig{vivpv`) *4<<;) Khincv` Cgchy{i{ Igfikcvot{ Vooh *KCIV)' ]c{jigmvog(

FK' Cucihcdh` cv jvv|2//kciv'}ti'otm' Ckk`{{`f Ncy 4<<:

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4=3

Cdopv vj` cpvjot

Jctchf ]igah`t i{ C{{okicv` \toe`{{ot cv vj` @g`tmy T`{`ctkj K`gvt` *@TK) cvvj` Pgiu`t{ivy oe Kc|` Vo}g *PKV)' Ji{ t`{`ctkj igv`t`{v{ eokp{ og `g`tmy cgf`guitogn`gv( ig |ctvikphct khincv` kjcgm` cgf vj` `kogonik{ oe nivimcviog' J`j`cf{ p| vj` @g`tmy( @guitogn`gv cgf Khincv` Kjcgm` |tomtcnn` cv vj` @TK'J` johf{ c \jF cgf NC eton PKV cgf cg N[k ig @g`tmy T`{optk`{ eton vj`Pgiu`t{ivy oe Kchieotgic( D`ta`h`y'

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{p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv cgf khincv` kjcgm`1 |ohiki`{ cgf n`c{pt`{ eot t`g`}cdh``g`tmy cgf `g`tmy èeiki`gky1 KFN |tob`kv dc{`hig`{1 cgf uchpcviog oe khincv`kjcgm` in|ckv{' J` jc{ {`tu`f c{ c n`nd`t oe vj` N`vjofohomi`{ \cg`h vo vj`KFN @z`kpviu` Doctf( c{ }`hh c{ c h`cf cpvjot eot vj` Igv`tmou`tgn`gvch \cg`h ogKhincv` Kjcgm`’{ ]otaigm Mtop| III og nivimcviog cgf {p{vcigcdh` fù`ho|n`gv(cgf i{ c n`nd`t oe vj` [opvj Cetikcg f`h`mcviog vo vj` g`movicviog{ pgf`t vj`PG Etcn`}ota Kogu`gviog og Khincv` Kjcgm`'








4=6

`h`kvtikivy m`g`tcviog`guitogn`gvch in|ckv{ 30( 4:‛49( 0:‛54(

=6‛==( 3:;ep`h niz 6:vcd'( 330‛33=( 46<igv`tgchi{cviog oe {okich cgf `guitogn`gvch

ko{v{ :3‛:4igu`{vn`gv ig v`kjgohomi`{ 3=6‛3==

bod ho{{`{ ig koch nigigm 0=‛0:t`g`}cdh` v`kjgohomi`{ ::‛93

`h`kvtikivy.igv`g{iu` {`kvot{ oe vj` [opvjCetikcg `kogony 04( =:‛=9

`h`kvtikivy {p||hy igfp{vty kptt`gv {vcvp{ oe 65‛69fù`ho|n`gv oe 60‛65`kogonik cgf ig{vivpviogch c{|`kv{ 69‛06

`g`tmy eho} vjtopmj 6:‛69mou`tgcgk` cgf |tiucvi{cviog =4‛=6mt``gjop{` mc{ `ni{{iog{ 5<‛54|tik`{( vctiee{ cgf vcz`{ =9‛:4{`` ch{o @{aon( `kogonik cgf ig{vivpviogch

c{|`kv{`h`kvtikivy {p||hy o|viog{

kjoo{igm eot {p{vcigcdihivy 43;‛443kh`cg`t koch v`kjgohomy 36<‛363( 350‛355kogkhp{iog{ 355‛35=fptcdihivy 43:‛439

mt``gjop{` mc{ ko.d`gèiv{ 3:6‛3:0jyfto`h`kvtikivy in|otv{ 3;9( 35;‛356( 43=in|hikcviog{ 30:‛350gcvptch mc{ in|otv{ 36<( 356‛350oee.mtif `h`kvtikivy 363‛364|`ddh` d`f nofphct t`ckvot{ *\DNT{)

3;:‛3;9( 35<‛35;( 435‛43=( 46<|pn|`f {votcm` 363t`g`}cdh` `g`tmy 9<‛93vcd( 3;6‛3;=(

30:‛35<( 436‛435{pnncti{`f 9;‛95

v`kjgohomi`{( kjctckv`ti{vik{ oe 3;;‛3;6`h`kvtieikcviog

epgfigm eot kogvigp`f `h`kvtieikcviog =3‛=4cgf nphvi|h` ep`h p{` 06‛00|ohiki`{ 5:‛59tcv`{( 4<<<( kon|cti{og 54‛5;

`ni{{iog{ igv`g{ivy( oe [opvj Cetikc 5<‛54`g`tmy cgf `h`kvtikivy fù`ho|n`gv ig [opvj

Cetikc ;9‛66kon|ct f }ivj ovj`t kopgvti`{ 54‛56

`g`tmy kctti`t{( {jct`{ oe eigch `g`tmy f`ncgf

0<`g`tmy kog{pn|viog( dy `kogonik {`kvot{ 6;

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00‛05|ohiky kc{`{ ou`tui`} 344vcd'|tob`kviog{ 4<<3‛4<40 33=‛343t`{if`gvich 00‛05{`kvot{ 6;( 04‛0;

`g`tmy èeiki`gky c||hicgk {( eeiki`gv :6‛:0dpihfigm kof`{ eot konn`tkich cgf

t`{if`gvich dpihfigm{ :;‛:6eot khincv` kjcgm` nivimcviog 4;9ig ho}.ko{v jop{igm :;

{ohct }cv`t j`cv`t{( |tonoviog oe :0`g`tmy mto}vj 4;`g`tmy igv`g{ivi`{( [opvj Cetikc 5;‛56

{`` ch{o `g`tmy {vtpkvpt` oe vj` [C `kogony `g`tmy |ohiki`{

fiu`t{ivy oe {p||hy ;0‛;=( :=‛95`kogonik fù`ho|n`gv cgf ig{vtpn`gv{

==‛:=èeiki`gv p{` oe `h`kvtikivy :4‛:=`h`kvtikivy |tik`{( vctiee{ cgf vcz`{ =9‛:4`guitogn`gvch in|ckv{ ;0( =6‛==

mou`tgcgk`( tèotn oe ;0( =4‛=6Gcviogch @h`kvtieikcviog \tomtcnn`

*3996‛3999) ;6|ohiky guitogn`gv ;6‛;=|tiotivi`{ cgf |tomt`{{ ;=‛;9t`g`}cdh` `g`tmy ;5‛;=]jiv` \c|`t og @g`tmy \ohiky ;6( ;=

`g`tmy |ohiky nof`hhigmCkviog In|ckv Ncvtiz *CIN) c{{`{{n`gv

3<3‛3<;dc{` kc{` *tè`t`gk {k`gctio) 336‛343

kon|cti{og{ cgf kogkhp{iog{ 35=‛35:(396‛4<;

ftiu`t{ oe epvpt` vt`gf{ 3<6‛336eokp{ oe 3<<‛3<6in|hikcviog{ 366‛35:a`y c{{pn|viog{ 3<6‛336ou`tui`} oe |ohiky kc{`{ 343‛34;{`` ch{o t`{if`gvich `g`tmy |ohiky nof`hhigm1

`h`kvtikivy {p||hy |ohiky o|viog{`g`tmy {optk`{ 63( 64 eim'`g`tmy {vtpkvpt` oe vj` [C `kogony( kjcgmigm

=:‛=9



4=0

i g f ` z

`g`tmy v`kjgohomi`{( a`y kjctckv`ti{vik{ oe 34=(34:vcd'( 349

`guitogn`gvch igfikcvot{ oe {p{vcigcdh`fù`ho|n`gv

`ni{{iog vt`gf{ cgf cdcv`n`gv ko{v{3:0‛3:5

mt``gjop{` mc{ ko.d`gèiv{ eot `h`kvtikivy {p||hy o|viog{ 3:6‛3:0

hokch cit |ohhpviog t`fpkviog{ 3=9‛3:4ovj`t hokch `guitogn`gvch in|ckv{ 3:;

`guitogn`gvch h`mi{hcviog ;0`spivy 46‛45( 44=@{aon( `kogonik cgf ig{vivpviogch c{|`kv{

69‛0<( :<

Eeigch `g`tmy kog{pn|viog

{`kvotch {jct`{ 6;dy {pd.{`kvot( 4<<3 04‛0;

ep`h niz 336‛33=( 3=9vcd'( 46<ep`h |tik`{ 33<‛334( 3:9‛393

Mmc{( eton hcgfeihh{ 3;5mc{( gcvptch

c{ chv`tgcviu` vo koch 93

c{ `h`kvtikivy {p||hy o|viog 36<( 356‛350in|otv{ ;5( 43={`` ch{o hispèi`f |`vtoh`pn mc{

mc{ t`mphcvot ;0m`y{`t dhcga`v{ 303‛30;Mtcgf Igmc jyfto`h`kvtikivy {kj`n` {``

jyfto`h`kvtikivy Mt``gjop{` Fù`ho|n`gv Etcn`}ota 44:mt``gjop{` mc{ `ni{{iog{

cuoif`f ig t`{if`gvich |ohiky kc{`{ 444‛446èe`kviu`g`{{ oe [F.\CN[ ig t`fpkigm

4;;‛4;0`ni{{iog eckvot{ 33;nivimcviog |ohiky o|viog{ 443‛440{k`gctio{ 45‛4=[opvj Cetikc 35‛3=( 5<‛54vt`gf{ cgf cdcv`n`gv ko{v{ 3<=‛3<:{`` ch{o nivimcviog

Mto}vj( @n|hoyn`gv cgf T`fi{vtidpviog*M@CT) ;4‛;;

mto}vj tcv`{( eot `h`kvtikivy kog{pn|viog cgf`kogonik opv|pv 66

Jjop{`johf{

`h`kvtikivy dptf`g 394‛396ep`h kog{pn|viog 3:=‛3:9

jop{`johf vy|`{fèigigm 34;‛345`g`tmy.p{` |cvv`tg{ 00( 345‛34=( 393vcd'

jop{`{( èeiki`gv 3;3‛3;4( 366‛369( 4<5‛4<:jyfto`h`kvtikivy

`guitogn`gvch in|ckv{ 3:;Mtcgf Igmc {kj`n` ;5( 94in|otv{ 94‛9;( 3;9( 35;‛356( 43={nchh jyfto 3;5

I

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