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Cleanup of Small Dry Cleaner Cleanup of Small Dry Cleaner Using Multiple Technologies: Using Multiple Technologies:
Sages Dry Cleaner SiteSages Dry Cleaner Site
NATO/CCMS Pilot Study Meeting, June 2006NATO/CCMS Pilot Study Meeting, June 2006
Guy W. Sewell, Ph.D.Guy W. Sewell, Ph.D.Professor of Environmental Health SciencesProfessor of Environmental Health Sciences
Robert S. Kerr Endowed ChairRobert S. Kerr Endowed Chair
East Central UniversityEast Central University
Large Small
Waste Type Mixed PH/CH
Access Issues flexible less
Boundary Issues some many
NA-applicable yes less likely
Ownership Gov./Corp. Private
Time Issues Varies Limited by economics
Site Size IssuesSite Size Issues
Small Urban Sites are more likely to require source zone treatment to meet remedial time limitations and coordinated remedial approaches to address both source zone and dissolved phase contaminants.
Field Evaluation of the Solvent Extraction Residual Biotreatment (SERB) Technology
Project Team USEPA-NRMRL-SPRD-Ada
•Guy W. Sewell, PI, Biological Processes•Lynn Wood, Physical Processes•Susan Mravik, Site Coordinator•Ann Keeley, Norma Duran (Lab Studies)
Site Contractor•Levine-Fricke Recon
UF•Mike Annable, PI Solvent Extraction
MSU•James M. Tiedje, PI Microbial Ecology•Shannon Flynn, Rebekah Helton, Frank Loeffler (Lab Studies)
Project Funding- SERDP(FIBRC-WES), EPA-TIO, State of Florida
OBJECTIVE• Integrate Remediation Technologies into a
Treatment Train for Comprehensive Site Restoration
• Target DNAPL Source Zone• Decrease Remediation Costs
LIMITATIONS
• Geology• Source Zone Delineation• Time (?)
CONTAMINANT OF INTEREST:
Tetrachloroethene (PCE)
TECHNOLOGICAL BASIS:
Cosolvent Extraction (Ethanol)
Biodegradation (Reductive Dechlorination)
DNAPL
GW Flow
Residual & Separate Phase Material
PCE Spill
GW Flow
90%+ Mass Removal
Cosolvent ExtractionInjection WellEthanol Flush
RecoveryWell
PCE
Ethanol Mixed
Restoration?, Risk Reduction?
GW Flow
Residual Contaminants
Bioremediation
Bioactive Zone
FNA, Dissolution < Assimilative Capacity
GW Flow
Why SERB (Source Control)
• Remove more mobile fraction of DNAPL, lower dissolved concentrations. Reduce time/distance needed to meet GW quality objectives.
• Activate reductive bio-transformations in high redox environments.
• Insure supply of e- donor, accelerate process and reduce uncertainty.
• Regulatory requirement.
Biotransformations forChloroethenes
PCE
cis -DCEtrans -DCE
Vinyl Chloride
Ethene
TCE
1,1-DCE
CO2
CO2Ethane
CO2
X
X
Some field
evidence
No evidence but - G
No evidence but -G
Reductive Transformation
Oxidative Catabolism
ANAEROBIC OXIDATION-REDUCTION
Electron AcceptorsElectron Donors
OrganicCompound
EtOH, H2
Partially
OxidizedCompound(s)
acetate CO2
3NO
-
SO 4=
Fe 3+
HCO 3-
R- Clx
N 2(NH 4+)
H 2S
Fe 2+
CH 4R-Cl
x-1
SEWELL, '95
Reduced Electron Acceptors
Chloroethene Sites
Plume Type Bio-attenuation Stable• Parent Dominant No Yes
(PCE or TCE)
• VC/cis DCE Yes No
Dominant
• Ethene Forming Yes ?
Field Test of the SERB Technology
Sages Dry Cleaner Site
Results and Discussion
Field Test Table of Events• July, 1998 Site Characterization, Ground Water Monitoring, &
Partitioning Tracer Test
• Aug. 9-15, 1998 Ethanol Flush (9000 gallons)
• Aug. 15, 1998 Partitioning Tracer Test Start Hydraulic Containment
• Aug. 25, 1998 End Hydraulic Containment Ethanol < 10,000 mg/L
Sage’s Dry Cleaner SiteJacksonville, Florida
RW-006RW-007
C1C2
C3C4MW-505
MW-506
MW-507MW-508
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
RW-002
RW-003RW-004
RW-005
CONCRETESLAB
ASPHALT
DNAPLAREA
0 ft. 20 ft. 40 ft. 60 ft. 80 ft.
Pre-Cosolvent Flush Site Characterization
• Aerobic Conditions
• Low levels of daughter products (TCE)
• DNAPL contamination identified at 26 to 31 ft. bgs
Figure 1. PCE and ethanol concentrations during co-solventflood at Sages Site in recovery well RW-001.
Cosolvent Flush Performance
Pre-Cosolvent Flush Partitioning Tracer 44.3 L (PCE)
Post-Cosolvent Flush Partitioning Tracer 13.9 L (PCE)
Estimated Recovery Based onPartitioning Tracer Tests 30.4 L (PCE)
(70%)
Mass Recovery Based on PCEConcentrations in Recovery Wells 41.5 L (PCE)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Jan-98 Jan-99 Jan-00 Jan-01 Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04
Date
Mo
nth
ly P
rec
ipit
ati
on
(in
ches
)
35
35.5
36
36.5
37
37.5
Ele
vati
on
(fe
et)
0.003
0.006
0.009
0.008
0.003
0.003
0.001
0.001
0.0010.001
0.006
0.004
0.0002
- 0.001
0.002
0.0020.002
0.001
0.009
Ground Water (Avg)
Canal
EthanolEthanol
0 mM
50 mM
100 mM
150 mM
200 mM
250 mM
300 mM
350 mM
350 mM = 16 g/L = 1.6 %
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~1 Month Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~2 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~3.5 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~5.5 Months Post-Flush
EthanolEthanol
0 mM
50 mM
100 mM
150 mM
200 mM
250 mM
300 mM
350 mM
350 mM = 16 g/L = 1.6 %
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~13.5 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~19 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~22 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~9.5 Months Post-Flush
EthanolEthanol1000 mM = 4.6 g/L = 0.46 %
0 mM
25 mM
50 mM
75 mM
100 mM
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~40 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~35 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~31 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~28 Months Post-Flush
EthanolEthanol1000 mM = 4.6 g/L = 0.46 %
0 mM
25 mM
50 mM
75 mM
100 mMC1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~45 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~50 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~56 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~62 Months Post-Flush
PCEPCE
0 uM
50 uM
100 uM
150 uM
200 uM
250 uM
300 uM
350 uM
400 uM
450 uM
500 uM
500 uM = 83 mg/L
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
Pre-Ethanol Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~1 Month Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~3.5 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~2 Months Post-Flush
PCEPCE
0 uM
50 uM
100 uM
150 uM
200 uM
250 uM
300 uM
350 uM
400 uM
450 uM
500 uM
500 uM = 83 mg/L
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~5.5 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~9.5 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~13.5 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~19 Months Post-Flush
PCEPCE
0 uM
50 uM
100 uM
150 uM
200 uM
250 uM
300 uM
350 uM
400 uM
450 uM
500 uM
500 uM = 83 mg/L
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~22 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~25 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~28 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~31 Months Post-Flush
PCEPCE
0 uM
50 uM
100 uM
150 uM
200 uM
250 uM
300 uM
350 uM
400 uM
450 uM
500 uM
500 uM = 83 mg/L
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~50 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~56 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~62 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~65 Months Post-Flush
TCETCE
0 uM
10 uM
20 uM
30 uM
40 uM
50 uM
60 uM
70 uM
80 uM
90 uM
100 uM
100 uM = 13 mg/L
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
Pre-Ethanol Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~1 Month Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~2 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~3.5 Months Post-Flush
TCETCE
0 uM
10 uM
20 uM
30 uM
40 uM
50 uM
60 uM
70 uM
80 uM
90 uM
100 uM
100 uM = 13 mg/L
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~5.5 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~9.5 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~13.5 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~19 Months Post-Flush
TCETCE
0 uM
10 uM
20 uM
30 uM
40 uM
50 uM
60 uM
70 uM
80 uM
90 uM
100 uM
100 uM = 13 mg/L
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~50 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~56 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~62 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~65 Months Post-Flush
ciscis-DCE-DCE
0 uM
25 uM
50 uM
75 uM
100 uM
125 uM
150 uM
175 uM
175 uM = 17 mg/L
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
Pre-Ethanol Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~1 Month Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~2 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~3.5 Months Post-Flush
ciscis-DCE-DCE
0 uM
25 uM
50 uM
75 uM
100 uM
125 uM
150 uM
175 uM
175 uM = 17 mg/L
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~22 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~25 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~28 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~31 Months Post-Flush
ciscis-DCE-DCE
0 uM
25 uM
50 uM
75 uM
100 uM
125 uM
150 uM
175 uM
175 uM = 17 mg/L
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~50 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~62 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~65 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~56 Months Post-Flush
Vinyl ChlorideVinyl Chloride2.0 uM = 125 ug/L
0.0 uM
0.2 uM
0.4 uM
0.6 uM
0.8 uM
1.0 uM
1.2 uM
1.4 uM
1.6 uM
1.8 uM
2.0 uM
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~28 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~31 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~35 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~40 Months Post-Flush
Vinyl ChlorideVinyl Chloride2.0 uM = 125 ug/L
0.0 uM
0.2 uM
0.4 uM
0.6 uM
0.8 uM
1.0 uM
1.2 uM
1.4 uM
1.6 uM
1.8 uM
2.0 uM
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~42 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~45 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~50 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~56 Months Post-Flush
Vinyl ChlorideVinyl Chloride2.0 uM = 125 ug/L
0.0 uM
0.2 uM
0.4 uM
0.6 uM
0.8 uM
1.0 uM
1.2 uM
1.4 uM
1.6 uM
1.8 uM
2.0 uM
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~62 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~65 Months Post-Flush
EtheneEthene
0.0 uM
0.1 uM
0.2 uM
0.3 uM
0.4 uM
0.5 uM
0.5 uM = 14 ug/L
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~50 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~56 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~62 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~65 Months Post-Flush
ChlorideChloride
0 uM
250 uM
500 uM
750 uM
1000 uM
1250 uM
1500 uM
1750 uM
2000 uM
2250 uM
2250 uM = 80 mg/L
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~50 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~56 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~62 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~65 Months Post-Flush
Acetic AcidAcetic Acid
0 uM
200 uM
400 uM
600 uM
800 uM
1000 uM
1200 uM
1400 uM
1600 uM
1600 uM = 96 mg/L
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~56 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~62 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~65 Months Post-Flush
SulfateSulfate
0 uM
100 uM
200 uM
300 uM
400 uM
500 uM
600 uM
700 uM
800 uM
900 uM
900 uM = 86 ug/L
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~56 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~62 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~65 Months Post-Flush
MethaneMethane
0 uM
100 uM
200 uM
300 uM
400 uM
500 uM
600 uM
700 uM
800 uM
900 uM
1000 uM
1100 uM
1100 uM = 18 mg/L
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~1 Month Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~2 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~3.5 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~5.5 Months Post-Flush
MethaneMethane
0 uM
100 uM
200 uM
300 uM
400 uM
500 uM
600 uM
700 uM
800 uM
900 uM
1000 uM
1100 uM
1100 uM = 18 mg/L
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~56 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~62 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~65 Months Post-Flush
C1C2
C3C4
C7
MW-505
MW-506
MW-507
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
~22 Months Post-Flush
SUMMARYSolvent Extraction:
41.5 L PCE Removed (Mass Recovery)~70 % PCE Removed (Partitioning Tracer)
PCE Daughter Product FormationTCE, cis-DCE, VC, ethene, methane (?)
Change in GeochemistryDissolved Oxygen, Sulfate, and Redox
Indications of Biological ActivityMethane, Volatile Fatty Acid, and Hydrogen
Partial Oxidation of Ethanol:CH3CH2OH + H2O -----> CH3COOH + 2 H2
Complete Oxidation of Ethanol: CH3CH2OH + 3H2O -----> 2CO2 + 6 H2
Dechlorination of PCE:C2ClX + H2 -----> C2Clx-1 + H+ + Cl-
Complete Dechlorination of PCE Requires1-2 Moles of Ethanol
(excluding competing processes)
Source Area = 40 ft. diameter X 5 ft. depthAssume Porosity = 0.4Pore Volume = 70,000 LConcentrations:
Average Ethanol = 8,000 mg/LAverage PCE = 50,000 ug/L
Total Mass:Ethanol - 570 Kg or 12,350 MolesPCE - 3.6 Kg or 21.5 Moles
Theoretically, we have >250 times the amount of ethanol present for complete dechlorination of the estimated remaining PCE.38.8 times the amount needed to degrade the 157.1 moles of the (estimated) PCE in the source zone (136 moles residual PCE + 21.1 moles dissolved PCE). While this estimate assumes no competing terminal oxidation processes such as methanogenesis or sulfate reduction, an efficiency greater that 2% would still meet the theoretical demand.
cis-DCE Formation
y = 52.7 x
R2 = 0.61
y = 1.1 x
y = 10.3 x
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Time (Days)
Concentration (ug/L)
C2
C3
MW-510
MW-514
RW-007
R2 = 0.49
R2 = 0.68
First Order Degradation Rates (Based on Total Mass)
Ethanol -0.33 year-1 (R2 0.53) t ½ = 2.1 yrs
PCE -0.56 year-1 (R2 0.82) t ½ = 1.2 yrs
cis-DCE 0 .81 year-1 (R2 0.82) t ½ = 0.9 yrs
Total Chlorides
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (Years)
Moles CL
Organic Cl
Inorganic Cl
Total
• Currently the system remains biologically active and the dechlorination products are accumulating.
• High levels of dissolved methane and hydrogen have also been detected in the treatment zone.
• The maximum and minimum observed rate of dechlorination (based on cis-DCE production) are approximately 43.6 and 4.2 ug/liter/day, respectively.
• These rates can be extrapolated to a multi-step, concurrent, dechlorination process to predict that the dissolved phase PCE could be removed in 3 to 30 years, and that the total source zone PCE could be transformed in 24 to 240 years.
Publications
Sewell, G.W. et al. 2005. Chlorinated Solvent Contaminated Soil and Ground Water: Field Application of the Solvent Extraction Residual Biotreatment Technology, Chapter 5. In Bioremediation of Recalcitrant Compounds. Taylor & Francis Publishers, Boca Raton. Pp 59-149.
Mravik, S., R.K.Sillan, A.L. Wood, and G.W. Sewell. 2003. Field Evaluation of the Solvent Extraction Residual Biotreatment (SERB) Technology. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37: 5040-5049.
Jawitz, J., R.K. Sillan, M.D. Annable, P.S.C. Rao and K. Warner. 2000. In-Situ Alcohol Flushing of a DNAPL Source Zone at a Dry Cleaner Site. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34: 3722--3729.
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