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Climate Change and Conservation
Atmospheric Inputs
All Atmospheric Inputs
Sea Surface Temperature
Levitus et al. 2000
Sea Surface Temperature
Levitus et al. 2000
Sea Level Rise
Consequences
• Sea levels will increase – Low lying areas will be flooded– Coral reefs may drown if sea level rise is faster than
coral growth rates– Barrier islands may be changed
• Loss of pack ice habitats in Antarctic and Arctic– Declines of pinnipeds/penguins dependent on edge of
pack ice • Ocean circulation patterns will change
– Upwelling may be reduced– Coastal areas may have increased primary productivity– Increased CO2 may also increase plant production
UV Radiation
Rozema et al. 2002
UV Radiation
Rozema et al. 2002
UV Radiation
Cummings et al. 2002
Global Climate Change Increased Ultraviolet Radiation
• Increases in ultraviolet radiation are thought to have large impacts on the photosynthetic functioning of algae
• Studies such as Neale et al. (1998) have investigated UVB on microalgae have been investigated in Antarctic systems
• One study suggests a 6-12% drop in primary productivity due to photoinhibition of phytoplankton
• Reduction of primary productivity decrease CO2 uptake
• UVB may also inhibit development or increase mortality of eggs and larvae
Impacts in the Antarctic
Weimerskirch et al. 2003
Impacts in the Antarctic
Weimerskirch et al. 2003
Changing Ice Area
Changing Ice Area
Gaston et al. 2005
Changing Ice Area
Jenouvrier et al. 2005
Impacts in Temperate Areas
McGowan et al. 1998
El Nino and PDO
McGowan et al. 1998
El Nino and PDO
El Nino and PDO
Global Climate Change in the Pacific Ocean
• McGowan et al. (1998) have analyzed patterns of global climate change and correlations within and among sites in the Pacific Basin
• Large warming episodes in the California Current System are linked to equatorial El Ninos
• The coastal California El Ninos result in lower nutricline, deep chlorophyl maximum layer and lower secondary production of zooplankton
Global Climate Change in the Pacific Ocean
• They also note that there is a longer-term interdecadal trend associated with an intensification of the Aleutian low and westerly winds
• This has resulted in increased SST and physical stratification in the eastern North Pacific
• This results in shallower depth of mixing, less nutrients in the euphotic zone, and decreased primary (phytoplankton) and secondary production (zooplankton, sea birds, fishes)
Global Climate Change in the Pacific Ocean
• They find different patterns for the Gulf of Alaska where interannual variation in SST and zooplankton have not been related to El Nino events
• However large interdecadal increases in SST, zooplankton, and fish landings are reported
• The intensification of the Gulf of Alaska circulation (and weakening of California Current) has accompanied a shallowing of the mixed layer depth
Impacts in Tropical Areas
Impacts in Tropical Areas
Impacts in Tropical Areas
Impacts in Tropical Areas
Hoegh-Guldberg1999
Impacts in Tropical Areas
Impacts in California
Impacts in California
Long-Term Trends
Changes in Calcification
• Increasing CO2 can lead to changes in the oceans concentration of calcium carbonate
• Increased CO2 will increase the amount dissolved in ocean water
• This will increase carbonic acid and lower the ocean’s pH
• This will reduce the amount of aragonite in the water possibly to below saturation
• This will make it more difficult for corals and other organisms that use calcium carbonate
Changes in Calcification
Changes in Calcification
Changes in Calcification
Bond et al.2001
Millenial Cycles
Decadal Cycles
Fligge and Solanki2001
Decadal Cycles
Larsen 2005
Decadal Cycles
Larsen 2005
