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Climate Change and Health Impacts Robert J. Laumbach M.D., M.P.H., C.I.H.

Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

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Climate change and health impacts powerpoint presentation by Dr. Robert Laumbach given at NJ Environmental Federation's 27th Annual Conference, Stand Up for New Jersey: Fighting for Clean Water, Air & Communities, Saturday, April 6, 2013 at Georgian Court University.

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Page 1: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Climate Change and Health Impacts

Robert J. Laumbach M.D., M.P.H., C.I.H.

Page 2: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Not just warmer weather

• “Although global warming may bring some localized benefits, such as fewer winter deaths in temperate climates and increased food production in certain areas, the overall health effects of a changing climate are likely to be overwhelmingly negative. Climate change affects social determinants of health – clean air, safe drinking water, sufficient food and secure shelter.” ‐World Health Organization

Page 3: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Varied Projected Health Impacts of Climate Change 

• Direct health effects of extreme heat• Increased air pollution (ground level ozone)• Increased allergy and allergic asthma• Health impacts of flooding• Changes in regional disease distribution• Food insecurity• Distribution of Impacts:  Vulnerable communities and Environmental Justice

Page 4: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

The climate in the Northeast Region has already changed

• Average temperature in Northeast has increased by almost 2 deg F since 1895

• Average precipitation has increased by 5 inches since 1900 (about 10%)

• 74% increase in precipitation in very heavy events (highest 1% of all daily events) from 1958 to 2010.

NCA Draft 2013

Page 5: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

NCA Draft 2013

Page 6: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Projected increases in the number of days with a maximum temperature greater than 95 deg F between 2041 and 2070 compared to 1971‐2000 NCA Draft 2013

Page 7: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Urban Heat Island Effects

Populated areas greater than 10 deg hotter  than forested areas of Central Park

NCA Draft 2013

Page 8: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Direct Health Effects of Extreme Heat

Page 9: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Direct Health Effects of Extreme Heat

• Heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat syncope, and heatstroke

• Exacerbation of heart disease, diabetes, sickle cell anemia, and other chronic diseases  

• During the heat wave of summer of 2003 in Europe, more than 70,000 excess deaths was recorded.

Page 10: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Mental Health and Stress‐Related Disorders

• Mental health problems more common after disasters such as floods, heat waves, and wildfires

• Some patients with mental illness are especially susceptible to heat– Suicide rates are higher in hot weather– Patients with schizophrenia and other severe mental illness are at risk due to their illness and medications 

Page 11: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Higher Ground‐level (tropospheric) Ozone

Page 12: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Ozone

Oxygen (O2) +Nitrogen Oxides +Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Ozone (O3)Sunlight + Heat

Page 13: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

NJ is already “non‐attainment” for the 75 ppb 8‐hr EPA ozone standard

• The EPA Clean Air Science Advisory Council already recommended lowering the standard to 60‐70 ppb to protect against health effects.

• Rising temperatures will make it more difficult to achieve health‐based standards.

• Union of Concerned Scientists estimated a “penalty factor” of 1.2 ppb ozone for every 1 deg F rise in average temperature.

Page 14: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Daily max temperature is correlated with daily max. ozone

UCS 2011

Page 15: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Health Effects Ozone

• Direct damage to the lungs• Asthma exacerbation• Increased total, all‐cause mortality• Increased cardiovascular mortality?• Recent NJ ozone data – increase with recent warm weather?

Page 16: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Percentage increases in emergency room visits for asthma related to ground level ozone among children in the NYC region by the 2020s

NCA Draft 2013

Page 17: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Combined Effects of Heat and Ozone

• High heat days tend to be high ozone days as well• Little is known about the combined effects of heat and ozone

• Common vulnerable populations:  children, the elderly, people with respiratory disease such as asthma, and heart disease

• Vulnerability is increased because infrastructure, eg. power generation, is more likely to fail on high heat days 

Page 18: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Increased Allergy and Asthma

Page 19: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Ragweed pollen season length has increased by as much as 13 to 27 days in central North America just since 1995!

Page 20: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Pollen counts rise with increasing carbon dioxide

NCA Draft 2013

Page 21: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Increased Wildfires due to DroughtSmoke from wildfires has widespread health effects:July 2002 fires in Quebec increased fine particle concentrations up to 30‐fold across NJ into Baltimore 

NCA Draft 2013

Page 22: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Health Impacts of Flooding and Extreme Weather Events

Page 23: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

NCA Draft 2013

Page 24: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

1920s through 2008NCA Draft 2013

Page 25: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Extreme events: injuries, illnesses

• Floods – approximately 98 deaths per yr in US, most due to drowning

• Waterborne diseases due to overflow of sewage

• Dampness and mold• Chemical contamination

Page 26: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach
Page 27: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Mold and Dampness

• Exacerbation of pre‐existing asthma• New‐onset asthma• Respiratory symptoms• Hypersensitivity pneumonitis• Infection in immunocompromised individuals• Toxic effects of mold “mycotoxins”?

Page 28: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Diseases carried by insects and rodents

• Effects on distribution of diseases borne by insects and rodents remains uncertain

• Flooding may provide increased habitat for breeding of mosquitos and other vectors

• Regions may shift as habitat changes

Page 29: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Projected Changes in Tick Habit

Areas in orange are projected to be newly suitable for the tick that transmits Lyme disease NCA Draft 2013

Page 30: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Harmful algal blooms:  Lake Erie

NCA Draft 2013

Page 31: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Food Insecurity

Page 32: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Food Security Issues

• Many crop yields, livestock and fish production are projected to decline

• Rising prices lead to increased consumption of nutrient poor but calorie‐rich foods

• The nutritional value of some foods is projected to decline – eg. less protein and other nutrients in grains

• Greater use of herbicides and pesticides

Page 33: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Environmental Justice

• Distribution of environmental conditions by race/ethnicity/socioeconomic status– Outdoor temperatures (heat islands)– Outdoor work– Indoor temperatures (lack of access to adequate, reliable air conditioning)

– Poorer baseline health• Eg. Increased prevalence of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, heart disease

Page 34: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach
Page 35: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

More Information on Health Effects of Climate Change

• US Global Change Research Project:  2013 Draft National Climate Assessment– http://www.globalchange.gov/what‐we‐do/assessment

• CDC– http://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/effects/default.htm

• WHO– http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs266/en/

Page 36: Climate Change and Health Impacts - Dr. Robert Laumbach

Questions?