Climate Change and Poverty Reduction—Where Does Official Development Assistance Money Go?

8/3/2019 Climate Change and Poverty Reduction—Where Does Official Development Assistance Money Go?

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/climate-change-and-poverty-reductionwhere-does-official-development-assistance 1/45

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`hkikchkj lr~hkj >=9=–>=9> !Br~o}bik Rkhok >=9=(+ \ab RS hk}r| |o ìs|$s|i~| `hkikchkj hk@X>=9= zis RS,9+: nhffhok zahfb |ab Br~o}bik Rkhok !BR( cok|~hnr|bl ₦>+> nhffhok !j~ik|si~orkl <1" foiks ikl o|ab~s 2>"( !Br~o}bik Rkhok >=9=( |o sr}}o~| lbpbfo}hkj cork|~hbs hk|abh~ cfhdi|b caikjb dh|hji|hok ikl ili}|i|hok b`ò~|s+ Ei}ik hs bq}bc|bl |o cok|~hnr|b |o |abìs|$s|i~| `hkikcb }~oj~id nx }~ophlhkj RS,92 nhffhok `~od >==1 r} |o >=9> !Ei}ik Hk|b~ki|hokifCoo}b~i|hok Ijbkcx WEHCIT >=9=(+

Ei}ik ais ilo}|bl i co$nbkb`h| i}}~oica |o cfhdi|b caikjb hkcfrlhkj no|a dh|hji|hok iklili}|i|hok dbisr~bs hk h|s coo}b~i|hok isshs|ikcb |o lbpbfo}hkj cork|~hbs+ EHCI ais nbbkcoklrc|hkj cisb s|rlhbs o` h|s cfhdi|b caikjb dh|hji|hok }~oebc|s+ Coksbyrbk|fx h| zhff }~ophlbjrhlikcb ò~ |ab nrhflr} o` i}}~o}~hi|b coo}b~i|hpb dbisr~bs zahca zhff nbkb`h| srs|ihkinfblbpbfo}dbk| hk lbpbfo}hkj cork|~hbs nx ill~bsshkj cfhdi|b caikjb !EHCI >==:i(+ Hk >==: |ab

Jopb~kdbk| o` Ei}ik ilo}|bl |ab Coof Bi~|a 2= }~o}osif i kbz OLI foik scabdb !Cfhdi|bCaikjb Ei}ikbsb OLI Foik WCoof Bi~|a FoikT( bs|infhsabl zh|a s}bchif hk|b~bs| ~i|bs !EHCI>==1(+ Rklb~ |ab Coof Bi~|a }i~|kb~sah} Ei}ik zhff }~ophlb `rkls o` i~orkl RS,9= nhffhok opb~|ab kbq| 2 xbi~s `~od >==1+ \absb `rkls i~b bq}bc|bl |o }~ophlb i~orkl RS,> nhffhok ò~ili}|i|hok ikl hd}~opbl iccbss |o cfbik bkb~jx ikl kbi~fx RS,1 nhffhok ò~ isshs|ikcb zh|adh|hji|hok !EHCI >==1(+

Is dieo~ drf|hki|hokif ijbkchbs |ab Zo~fl Nikg ikl Ishik Lbpbfo}dbk| nikg !ILN( aipb ifso|igbk s|b}s |o }~ophlb sr}}o~| ò~ srs|ihkinfb lbpbfo}dbk| ikl }opb~|x ~blrc|hok hk lbpbfo}hkj




1

cork|~hbs nx fhkghkj cfhdi|b ~hsgs ikl cfhdi|b$~bfi|bl bcokodhc o}}o~|rkh|hbs |o |abh~ OLI+Icco~lhkjfx |ab ~oil di} ò~ |ab Zo~fl Nikg cfhdi|b ic|hoks ò~ >==8–>=99 zb~b hlbk|h`hbl hkh|s S|~i|bjhc @~idbzo~g ok Lbpbfo}dbk| ikl Cfhdi|b Caikjb !Zo~fl Nikg >=9=i(+ ILN aisifso }ihl s}bchif i||bk|hok |o cfhdi|b caikjb$fbl }~oj~ids hk h|s fokj$|b~d s|~i|bjhc `~idbzo~ghk |ab i~bis o` cfbik bkb~jx srs|ihkinfb |~iks}o~| ikl r~nik lbpbfo}dbk| ci~noksbyrbs|~i|hok ikl cfhdi|b$~bshfhbk| lbpbfo}dbk| !ILN >==1n(+

If|aorja iff hk|b~ki|hokif loko~ ijbkchbs hkco~}o~i|b cfhdi|b caikjb hk|o |abh~ OLI |ab cr~~bk|`hkikchkj ò~ ili}|i|hok ikl dh|hji|hok hs fbss |aik zai| dix nb kbblbl ikkriffx hk `r|r~b+ \abcos| ò~ lbpbfo}hkj cork|~hbs |o ili}| |o cfhdi|b caikjb nb|zbbk >=9= ikl >=2= hs bs|hdi|bl i|RS,:= nhffhok–RS,9== nhffhok i xbi~ i| >==2 }~hcbs !Zo~fl Nikg >=9=c(+ \ahs idork|s |o inor|okfx =+>" o` |ab }~oebc|bl j~oss lodbs|hc }~olrc| !JL]( o` iff lbpbfo}hkj cork|~hbs hk |abcr~~bk| lbcilb ikl i| |ab sidb |hdb |o is drca is 1=+=" o` |o|if OLI lhsnr~sbdbk|s !Zo~flNikg >=9=c(+

Ik hd}o~|ik| yrbs|hok |ai| i~hsbs hk |ahs cok|bq| hs zab|ab~ |ab idork| o` OLI johkj hk|osochobcokodhc lbpbfo}dbk| rklb~ |ab DLJs zhff nb i``bc|bl nx OLI |i~jb|bl i| cfhdi|bcaikjb+ Hk |ahs cok|bq| |ab ikkorkcbdbk| hk |ab Co}bkaijbk Icco~l |ai| lbpbfo}bl cork|~hbszhff }~ophlb RS,3= dhffhok lr~hkj >=9=–>=9> hk illh|hok |o |ab =+:" o` OLI |i~jb| |ozi~ls

cfhdi|b `hkikcb hs zo~|a ko|hkj !EHCI >=99(+ \ab BR ais ij~bbl |o ~ihsb OLI fbpbfs zahcahkcfrlbs cfhdi|b caikjb `hkikcb fhdh|bl |o i s}bch`hbl }b~cbk|ijb+ H| ifso ij~bbl |o hkc~bisbkok$OLI cfhdi|b caikjb `hkikchkj aozbpb~+ \ars |ab dihk cokcb~k hs |ai| OLI cfhdi|bcaikjb `rklhkj saorfl ko| codb i| |ab cos| o` `rklhkj |o o|ab~ hd}o~|ik| DLJs+

\ab caiffbkjb iabil hs aoz |o hkc~bisb `hkikchkj ò~ |ahs kbz hssrb zahfb gbb}hkj ok |~icg zh|aDLJs+ H| hs kbcbssi~x |o dihks|~bid cfhdi|b caikjb hk|o OLI |o dbb| lbpbfo}dbk| joifsrkhpb~siffx+ Shkcb iff sbc|o~s o` |ab bcokodx i~b |a~bi|bkbl nx cfhdi|b caikjb |ab caiffbkjb hs|o icahbpb jfonif lbpbfo}dbk| zh|aor| hkco~}o~i|hkj |ab cos| o` cfhdi|b caikjb hk|o |abrkhpb~sif lbpbfo}dbk| ijbkli+ @o~ |ahs coffbc|hpb ic|hok hs kbblbl `~od iff s|igbaoflb~s+^bcbk| fh|b~i|r~b hklhci|bs |ai| |ab caiffbkjb hs fhgbfx |o nb db| |a~orja sbpb~if dbisr~bs srcais coffbc|hpb ic|hoks `~od iff s|igbaoflb~s hkkopi|hpb `hkikchkj ikl hkco~}o~i|hkj cfhdi|b ~hsgshk|o lbpbfo}dbk| }fikkhkj+

Jhpbk |ai| hk|b~ki|hokif lbpbfo}dbk| `rkls iccork| ò~ |ab fi~jb hk|b~ki|hokif `fozs |o fbss$lbpbfo}bl cork|~hbs OLI corfl }fix ik hd}o~|ik| ~ofb hk hkc~bishkj |ab fhkg nb|zbbk cfhdi|bcaikjb ikl srs|ihkinfb lbpbfo}dbk| hk fbss$lbpbfo}bl cork|~hbs+ Hk ìc| hk|b~ki|hokif ijbkchbscorfl iccork| ò~ |ab cfhdi|b caikjb ic|hph|hbs hk |abh~ `rklhkj c~h|b~hi |ab~bnx dihks|~bidhkjcfhdi|b caikjb hk|o OLI ic|hph|hbs+ H| hs bq}bc|bl |ai| }~hpi|b `rklhkj ò~ ili}|i|hok ikldh|hji|hok ic|hph|hbs zhff nb fhdh|bl ikl okfx òcrsbl ok ic|hph|hbs |ai| i~b ‖nikginfb—+ Hklbpbfo}hkj cork|~hbs |ab ficg o` izi~bkbss o` cfhdi|b caikjb ikl ficg o` ~bsor~cbs i~b |ab gbx~bisoks ò~ ko| hkco~}o~i|hkj cfhdi|b caikjb ic|hph|hbs hk|o |ab }fikkhkj ikl lbpbfo}dbk|s|~i|bjhbs o` ki|hokif jopb~kdbk|s+ Hk |ahs cisb OLI corfl }fix ik hd}o~|ik| ~ofb hkhk|b~kifhuhkj cfhdi|b caikjb hssrbs hk|o |ab dihks|~bid ic|hph|hbs o` jopb~kdbk|s+

>+ IKIFX\HCIF YRBS\HOKS

\ab onebc|hpb o` |ahs s|rlx hs |o ikszb~ |ab òffozhkj hd}o~|ik| yrbs|hoks cokcb~khkj |ab~bfi|hoksah} nb|zbbk cfhdi|b caikjb dh|hji|hok ikl ili}|i|hok ikl OLI5

9+ Cik OLI nb rsbl b``bc|hpbfx |ozi~ls }~odo|hkj cfhdi|b caikjb dh|hji|hok iklili}|i|hok?

>+ Aoz b``bc|hpb hs |ab kbqrs nb|zbbk }opb~|x ~blrc|hok cfhdi|b caikjb dh|hji|hok iklili}|i|hok ikl OLI ic~oss cork|~hbs?




8

3+ Zai| }ofhcx dbisr~bs cik nb b``bc|hpb hk s|~bkj|abkhkj |ab kbqrs nb|zbbk }opb~|x~blrc|hok dh|hji|hok ikl ili}|i|hok ikl OLI ic~oss cork|~hbs?

Sbc|hok 3 }~bsbk|s i n~hb` c~h|hcif ~bphbz o` |ab b``bc|hpbkbss o` |ab rsb o` OLI |ozi~ls cfhdi|bcaikjb dh|hji|hok ikl ili}|i|hok ic~oss cork|~hbs+ \ab kbqrs nb|zbbk }opb~|x ~blrc|hok

dh|hji|hok ikl ili}|i|hok ikl OLI hs ikifxubl hk sbc|hok < hk i shdrf|ikbors byri|hok`~idbzo~g hkpofphkj cfhdi|b$sbksh|hpb sbc|o~s srca is zi|b~ ikl ci~nok lhoqhlb !CO>(bdhsshoks is dieo~ pi~hinfbs rshkj c~oss$cork|~x }ikbf li|i+ Sbpb~if cisb s|rlhbs i~b}~bsbk|bl |o bqidhkb |ab cfhdi|b caikjb$OLI kbqrs do~b cfosbfx+ Sbc|hok 2 or|fhkbs |ab}ofhcx ic|hoks kbblbl |o digb |ab kbqrs nb|zbbk cfhdi|b caikjb dh|hji|hok ikl ili}|i|hok iklOLI b``bc|hpb ic~oss ki|hoks+

3+ @HKIKCHKJ CFHDI\B CAIKJB DH\HJI\HOK IKLILI]\I\HOK5 \AB B@@BC\HPBKBSS O@ OPB^SBISLBPBFO]DBK\ ISSHS\IKCB

\ab }~bcblhkj ahs|o~hcif li|i ok OLI `fozs ikl |abh~ }o~|òfho iffoci|hoks issrdbs |ai| iff OLIhs rsbl b``bc|hpbfx so |ai| okfx .kbbls. di||b~ hk lbchlhkj |ab pofrdb ikl iffoci|hok o` ihl+Aozbpb~ |ahs hs }~bchsbfx |ab dihk hssrb+ Ikbclo|if bphlbkcb inorkls ok OLI nbhkjbssbk|hiffx zis|bl bh|ab~ |a~orja hkb``hchbk| dikijbdbk| o` |ab }~oebc|s h| hs sr}}osbl |o `rklo~ nx bklhkj r} hk |ab }~hpi|b aikls o` focif o~ ki|hokif }ofh|hcif fbilb~s+ Or~ s|i|hs|hcif ikifxshsic~oss cork|~hbs lobs ko| xhbfl s|~okj ~bsrf|s ok |ab ~bfi|hoksah} nb|zbbk ihl ikl j~oz|a o~nb|zbbk ihl ikl DLJ$|x}b lbpbfo}dbk| hklhci|o~s zahca i~b do~b cfosbfx hlbk|h`hbl zh|a}opb~|x ~blrc|hok !Gifh~ieik ikl Shkja >==8(+ O` cor~sb |ahs lobs ko| dbik |ai| OLI hssxs|bdi|hciffx hkb``bc|hpb nr| |ai| h|s b``bc|hpbkbss hs ai~l |o issbss+ \ab iffoci|hok o` OLI ifso~b`fbc|s do~b sbfbc|hph|x nx loko~s zh|a ~bs}bc| |o |ab yrifh|x o` hks|h|r|hoks hk ~bch}hbk| cork|~hbsikl |abh~ kbbls is dbisr~bl nx JL] }b~ ci}h|i+ \ahs hkc~bisb hk sbfbc|hph|x hs ~bfi|hpbfx ~bcbk|ikl i}}bi~s |o co~~bs}okl |o |ab caikjb hk i||h|rlb |ozi~ls OLI |ai| |oog }ficb òffozhkj |ab

^ho Cok`b~bkcb ok Bkph~okdbk| ikl |ab RK Dhffbkkhrd Lbcfi~i|hok !Zhffhidsok >=9=(+

H| hs fojhcif |o i~jrb |ai| ficg o` ihl b``bc|hpbkbss hs okb o` |ab dihk ons|icfbs |o |ablbpbfo}dbk| o` i lbb}b~ }i~|kb~sah} nb|zbbk loko~s ikl ~bch}hbk| cork|~hbs hk |ab }r~srh| o`}~o|bc|hkj |ab bkph~okdbk| ikl icahbphkj DLJs+ Nbcirsb o` |ab idnhjrh|x sr~~orklhkj |abb``bc|hpb rsb |ai| cik nb dilb o` ihl |ab hk|b~ki|hokif coddrkh|x dix `hkl h|sbf` hk sodb ghkl o`}b~pb~sb .foz$fbpbf byrhfhn~hrd+. Hk loko~ cork|~hbs sodb .ihl ì|hjrb. zh|a ~bji~l |o cfhdi|bcaikjb ais lbpbfo}bl nbcirsb }~oj~bss i}}bi~bl |oo sfoz hk ~bfi|hok |o |ab ihl jhpbk hk |ab}is| ikl nbcirsb o` bphlbkcb ipihfinfb ok |ab dhsrsb o` ihl hk sodb }i~|hcrfi~ hks|ikcbs+ Is i~bsrf| ihl pofrdbs srnsbyrbk|fx lbc~bisbl+ Aozbpb~ i| |ab sidb |hdb b``bc|hpbkbss i}}bi~sifso |o aipb lbcfhkbl is loko~s sbbg |o bqb~| do~b cok|~of ok |ab ihl nbhkj jhpbkhklb}bklbk|fx o` |ab zix hk zahca ~bch}hbk| cork|~hbs dikijb |ab dokbx |abx ~bcbhpbl+ Ab~b

i~b i `bz hssrbs59+ \ab }~bsbkcb o` sbpb~if loko~s hk |ab sidb lbpbfo}hkj cork|~x ~ihsbs |ab hssrb o`

coo~lhki|hok ikl ai~dokhui|hok o` ic|hoks+ \ab >==2 ]i~hs cok`b~bkcb ihdbl i| dighkj}~oj~bss hk |ahs i~bi+ Aozbpb~ ~bsrf|s aipb nbbk fhdh|bl so ì~ 3 if|aorja |ab

3Sbb |ab hk|b~bs|hkj bpifri|hok sb~hbs |ai| zis hkh|hi|bl nx |ab BR abils o` bpifri|hok ò~ bq|b~kif coo}b~i|hok ikl

zahca foogbl i| |ab BR*s }b~ò~dikcb hk |ab i~bis o` hd}~ophkj coo~lhki|hok cod}fbdbk|i~h|x ikl coab~bkcb o`

|ab BR*s lbpbfo}dbk| coo}b~i|hok+ Do~b hkò~di|hok cik nb òrkl i| a||}5//zzz+|a~bb$cs+kb|+




9=

Sb}|bdnb~ >==1 dbb|hkj hk Icc~i ~bh|b~i|bl ikl hkc~bisbl |ab coddh|dbk|s ok |ahs`~ok|+

>+ \ab ficg o` }~blhc|inhfh|x o` OLI hs iko|ab~ sor~cb o` hkb``bc|hpbkbss+ Lbs}h|b }~bsbk|coddh|dbk|s ~bch}hbk| cork|~x rkcb~|ihk|x inor| `r|r~b ihl `fozs fbils jopb~kdbk|s |osxs|bdi|hc ~bphshoks o` |abh~ cfhdi|b }ofhchbs ikl DLJ s|~i|bjhbs+

3+ Loko~s i~b hkc~bishkjfx iffoci|hkj ihl |a~orja s}bchifhubl jfonif `rkls+ \ab so$ciffbl

Dok|b~bx cod}ic| zis sr}}osbl |o jhpb ~bch}hbk| cork|~hbs is drca ~bs}okshnhfh|x is}osshnfb hk |ab rsb o` ihl `rkls }~ophlbl |ai| |abx corfl lbdoks|~i|b ozkb~sah}|a~orja }opb~|x ~blrc|hok s|~i|bjhbs ikl ~bs}okshnhfh|x |a~orja hk|b~ki|hokif ij~bbdbk|sò~ |icgfhkj cfhdi|b caikjb srca is |ab Gxo|o ]~o|ocof+ Xb| |ab cr~~bk| dopb |ozi~lsdo~b iffoci|hok o` ihl |a~orja s}bchifhubl jfonif `rkls hs hk sodb sbksb i dopb izix`~od |ahs kbz dolbf o` OLI+

\absb sor~cbs o` hkb``bc|hpbkbss o~ |ab ficg o` ~bsrf|s |abx fbil |o dix ~bhkò~cb |ab `bbfhkj hkloko~ coks|h|rbkchbs |ai| s}bklhkj ok OLI ò~ cfhdi|b caikjb hs hklbbl hkb``bc|hpb |arsdighkj loko~s do~b absh|ik| |o hkc~bisb ihl ikl |o fh`| cok|~ofs ok aoz h| hs rsbl+ \ab zix or|o` |ahs phchors ch~cfb o` foz fbpbf ikl |ab~bò~b foz b``bc|hpbkbss o` ihl hs |o hkc~bisb |abb``bc|hpbkbss o` ihl ikl }~ophlb cfbi~ bphlbkcb o` h|+

Lbpbfo}bl cork|~hbs cik ifso cok|~hnr|b |o hd}~ophkj b``bc|hpbkbss |ozi~ls codni|hkj cfhdi|bcaikjb ikl DLJ icahbpbdbk| hk }oo~ cork|~hbs |a~orja kok$ihl hks|~rdbk|s bpbk |aorja|absb hks|~rdbk|s sodb|hdbs codb zh|a ihl h|sbf` o~ is i coklh|hok ò~ OLI+ \ab sr}}o~| ò~nb||b~ jopb~kikcb hs ik bqid}fb o` okb srca kok$ihl hks|~rdbk| ikl i| |ab sidb |hdb icoklh|hok ò~ do~b o~ nb||b~ ihl hk |ab `r|r~b+< Lh}fodi|hc ikl dhfh|i~x hk|b~pbk|hoks ihdbl i|gbb}hkj }bicb hk }i~|hcrfi~ cork|~hbs o~ ~bjhoks saorfl ifso nb dbk|hokbl+ ]~bpbk|hkj cok`fhc|so~ abf}hkj bi~fx ~bsofr|hok dix cok|~hnr|b do~b |o lbpbfo}dbk| |aik arjb ihl `fozs+

3+9 Ifhjkdbk|

\o hd}~opb b``bc|hpbkbss h| hs kbcbssi~x |o cokcbk|~i|b ok ch~crds|ikcbs zh|ahk ~bch}hbk|cork|~hbs ahjafhja|hkj aoz cokshlb~infb sco}b ~bdihks ò~ dighkj .|~ilh|hokif. OLI do~b

b``bc|hpb+ @h~s| h| hs koz rklb~s|ool nr| ko| xb| `rffx |igbk hk|o iccork| |ai| hk sodbch~crds|ikcbs caikkbfhkj OLI |o }oo~ cork|~hbs hk |ab ò~d o` }~oebc| `hkikcb digbs fh||fbsbksb shkcb ~bsor~cbs i~b `rkjhnfb so |ai| |ab b``bc| o` ihl dix nb |o sr}}o~| i jopb~kdbk|ic|hph|x |ai| lh``b~s ~ilhciffx `~od |ab }~oebc| i}}~ihsbl i}}~opbl ikl bpifri|bl nx |ab loko~+Zahfb |ahs c~h|hchsd hs nx koz zhlbfx iccb}|bl ikl h| hs ~bcojkhubl |ai| ihl saorfl nb dos|fxcaikkbfbl is nrljb| sr}}o~| zabk }osshnfb drca ihl cok|hkrbs |o nb }~ophlbl is }~oebc|`hkikcb ikl hkc~bishkjfx is cfhdi|b caikjb ikl DLJ$~bfi|bl }~oebc| `hkikcb hk `hbfls srca isbkb~jx ikl zi|b~ sikh|i|hok+ ]i~|s o` |ab nhfi|b~if OLI }~oj~ids ikl drca o` |ab ic|hph|hbs o`|ab loko~s dhja| rsb`rffx nb ~bcokshlb~bl hk |ahs fhja|+ Hk h|s s|i~gbs| ò~d |ab }ofhcx yrbs|hok hsh` okb lobs ko| |~rs| i jopb~kdbk| bkorja |o jhpb nrljb| sr}}o~| zax lobs okb bq}bc| }~oebc|`hkikcb |o }~olrcb |ab hk|bklbl ~bsrf|s+ \ab |~ilh|hokif ikszb~ hs |ai| }~oebc| `hkikcb }~ophlbsdo~b sco}b ò~ b``bc|hpb cok|~of+ \ahs hs ko| cod}fb|bfx cokphkchkj bqcb}| hk }i~|hcrfi~

ch~crds|ikcbs zabk h| cik nb iscb~|ihkbl |ai| ihl$`rklbl }~oebc|s zorfl ko| aipb nbbkrklb~|igbk ikl cod}fb|bl zh|aor| loko~ hk|b~pbk|hok o~ |ai| o` i |ah~l }i~|x srca is ikbs|infhsabl kokjopb~kdbk| o~jikhui|hok !KJO(+

<\ab phjo~ors cid}ihjks nx sodb loko~s ò~ `~bb }~bshlbk|hif bfbc|hoks hk I`~hci ikl bfsbzab~b hk |ab 988=s zis

nisbl ok |ab |a~bi| o` ~blrcbl `r|r~b ihl+ Zh|a ahklshja| h| ais nbbk ~i|ab~ b``bc|hpb bpbk |aorja hk sbpb~ifcork|~hbs h| hs rkcfbi~ zab|ab~ h| cok|~hnr|bl |o hd}~ophkj jopb~kikcb o~ |o }~oj~bss hk bcokodhc lbpbfo}dbk|+ \absidb hs |~rb o` |ab iccork|inhfh|x }~hkch}fbs }rsabl ò~zi~l nx loko~s is }i~| o` |ab coklh|hoks |o `rffx nbkb`h| `~od|ab Abiphfx Hklbn|bl ]oo~ Cork|~hbs !AH]C( hkh|hi|hpb+




99

3+> Ihl |o Jbkb~i|b i Ph~|rors Cxcfb |a~orja Hd}~opbdbk| hkJopb~kikcb

OLI cikko| nb b``bc|hpb hk iff cork|~hbs7 |ai| OLI ihl cik nb b``bc|hpb okfx zab~b |ab~b hs ijool }ofhcx bkph~okdbk| ais nbcodb zhlbfx iccb}|bl hk s}h|b o` |ab bcokodb|~hc cok|~opb~shbs

|ai| s|hff sr~~orkl |ab bphlbkcb ò~ |ahs }osh|hok+

2

\ab ~bcojkh|hok hs aifàbi~|bl hk |zo zixs+If|aorja |ab iffoci|hok o` OLI lb}bkls do~b ok |ab yrifh|x o` hks|h|r|hoks ikl }ofhchbs |aikbpb~ nbò~b loko~s i~b s|hff ~bfrc|ik| |o zh|aaofl ihl `~od cork|~hbs zh|a i }oo~ }ofhcx ikl/o~hks|h|r|hokif bkph~okdbk|+ \ahs ~bfrc|ikcb ~b`fbc|s |ab hkcbk|hpb s|~rc|r~b hk loko~ ijbkchbs !b+j+zab~b ci~bb~s i~b nisbl ok lhsnr~shkj ~i|ab~ |aik zh|aaoflhkj dokbx( ~bhkò~cbl nx |ab nbfhbò` }ofhcx digb~s |ai| s|~hc| sbfbc|hph|x zorfl dbik iniklokhkj }oo~ }bo}fb zao ail |ab nilfrcg |o fhpb hk cork|~hbs zh|a }oo~fx `rkc|hokhkj hks|h|r|hoks+ H| hs |~rb |ai| hk sodb hks|ikcbs zbff$dikijbl cfhdi|b caikjb ili}|i|hok ihl hk `~ijhfb s|i|bs hs cokshlb~infx fbss b``bc|hpb |aik h|zorfl nb bfsbzab~b nr| h| hs s|hff infb |o ~bica prfkb~infb }bo}fb+ Aozbpb~ ~bcbk| lbni|bs okloko~ }ofhchbs ò~ `~ijhfb s|i|bs srca is ]ich`hc hsfikl cork|~hbs aipb ifso dilb h| cfbi~ |ai|loko~s aipb o|ab~ o}|hoks |aik jhphkj ihl hk sh|ri|hoks zab~b h| hs dos| rkfhgbfx |o zo~gb``bc|hpbfx+

\ab~b hs iko|ab~ ~bisok ò~ |ab loko~s‘ ficg o` bk|arshisd ò~ sbfbc|hpb ihl iffoci|hoks |ai| ìpo~zbff$`rkc|hokhkj hks|h|r|hoks+ Sbfbc|hph|x sbbds |o ò~cb loko~s |o cokcbk|~i|b ihl hk |aosbcork|~hbs |ai| kbbl h| fbis| hk |ab sbksb |ai| h` |ab }ofhcx bkph~okdbk| hs so jool is |o digb ihlb``bc|hpb |absb cork|~hbs aipb jool lbpbfo}dbk| }b~s}bc|hpbs+ \ahs corfl ifso }osshnfx o``b~nb||b~ iccbss |o |ab hk|b~ki|hokif ci}h|if di~gb|+ \ars `~od |ab loko~s‘ }ohk| o` phbz ihl zorfl|ab~bò~b nbcodb sr}b~`frors o~ i| fbis| fbss kbblbl |aik hk o|ab~ cork|~hbs+

Hk }~ic|hcb aozbpb~ iccbss |o |ab hk|b~ki|hokif ci}h|if di~gb| ~bdihks }~onfbdi|hc+Hd}~opbdbk|s hk |ab }ofhcx bkph~okdbk| cik ìchfh|i|b i cork|~x‘s }~os}bc|s o` iccbsshkj

coddb~chif foiks nr| |ab }~ocbss hs pb~x sfoz+0

Hk |ab 988=s ò~ bqid}fb Cidnolhi ~ilhciffxhd}~opbl h|s }ofhcx bkph~okdbk| nr| on|ihkbl okfx i pb~x dolbs| hd}~opbdbk| hk h|s c~blh| ~i|hkjikl zis ò~ i fokj |hdb rkinfb |o iccbss |ab hk|b~ki|hokif ci}h|if di~gb|+ Pi~hors srca

bq}b~hbkcbs srjjbs| |ai| |ab~b dix nb ik bq|bklbl }b~hol lr~hkj zahca OLI cik nb ahjafxb``bc|hpb+

3+3 S|~hghkj i Nifikcb nb|zbbk @~ijhfh|x o` ^bch}hbk|s ikl |ab \x}b oÌhl ]~oj~id

\ab fbssok |ai| |~ilh|hokif ilpikcb coklh|hokifh|x lobs ko| zo~g ais ko| nbbk `rffx inso~nbl xb|+H| hs s|hff hksr``hchbk|fx i}}~bchi|bl |ai| OLI ihdbl i| fokj$|b~d lbpbfo}dbk| !is o}}osbl |ob+j+ ardikh|i~hik ihl( hs ik i}}~o}~hi|b hks|~rdbk| ò~ okfx i srnsb| o` }oo~ cork|~hbs+ Is i~bsrf| loko~s cok|hkrb |o bkjijb hk ihl ~bfi|hoksah}s zab~b |abx ers|h`hinfx `bbf |ai| `rffozkb~sah} dix fbil |o rklbsh~infb or|codbs+ Zahfb h| dhja| nb ilphsinfb |o bkl srca ihl~bfi|hoksah}s o~ |o hkpbk| kbz ~bfi|hoksah}s |ab coddok i}}~oica hs |o ìff nicg ok |absb

|~ilh|hokif dbcaikhsds o` loko~ cok|~of zahca cik digb |ahkjs zo~sb+ \ab codnhki|hok o` |ab~ab|o~hc o` ozkb~sah} ikl occishokif abipx$aiklbl }i|b~kifhsd jhpbs cok`fhc|hkj shjkifs |o |ab~bch}hbk| jopb~kdbk|+ Zb zorfl i~jrb |ai| loko~s kbbl |o nb do~b sbfbc|hpb hk |abh~ OLIiffoci|hoks rshkj ihl hk |ab ò~d o` nrljb| sr}}o~| okfx hk cork|~hbs zab~b ~bfxhkj ok ozkb~sah}sbbds i}}~o}~hi|b+ \ahs hs ko| |o six |ai| OLI ais ko ~ofb hk o|ab~ |x}bs o` cork|~hbs nr| ~i|ab~

2@o~ i sr~pbx o` |ahs fh|b~i|r~b sbb b+j+ Cfbdbks b| if+ >==<+

0Sbb b+j+ Coffhb~ ikl Jrkkhkj 9888+




9>

|ai| nrljb| sr}}o~| hs ko| ifzixs i}}~o}~hi|b+ @o~ bqid}fb hk sodb `~ijhfb sdiff s|i|bs |ab~b hsko s|i|b i}}i~i|rs infb |o lbfhpb~ cfhdi|b sb~phcbs+ Hk srca ch~crds|ikcbs h| dix zbff nbb``bc|hpb ò~ loko~s |o }~ophlb |aosb sb~phcbs lh~bc|fx o~ |a~orja cok|~ic|s zh|a ~bisokinfx~bfhinfb sb~phcb lbfhpb~x o~jikhui|hoks+

Srca }~hkch}fbs i~b |ab fojhc nbahkl |ab cok|~ic|s iffoci|bl rklb~ |ab ò~d o` nrljb| sr}}o~| nx

|ab Br~o}bik Coddhsshok |o zbff$}b~ò~dhkj cork|~hbs+ Hk cork|~hbs zab~b }b~ò~dikcb hszo~sb |ab lbchshok |o dopb |o nrljb| sr}}o~| lb}bkls ok |ab fbpbf o` cok`hlbkcb hk |ab~bcopb~x }~ocbss ok |ab cok`h~di|hok o` i }osh|hpb bcokodhc s|inhfhui|hok |~bkl ikl ok |abzhffhkjkbss o` |ab ir|ao~h|hbs |o ci~~x or| ~bò~ds+ Ko|b aozbpb~ |ai| nrljb| sr}}o~| hk |ahs

ghkl o` sh|ri|hok o`|bk hs o` i sao~|$~rk ki|r~b+:

\ab ~bfrc|ikcb |o `rffx iccb}| cork|~x ozkb~sah} hs ~b`fbc|bl hk |ab cok|hkrbl }~ic|hcb o`codnhkhkj lbpbfo}dbk| `hkikcb ikl |bcakhcif ilphcb hk i shkjfb }icgijb hk zai| hs hk b``bc| iò~d o` |hbl ihl+ \ab bq}b~|hsb ikl bq}b~hbkcb hk |ab hk|b~ki|hokif `hkikchif hks|h|r|hoks ~bjhokiflbpbfo}dbk| nikgs ikl nhfi|b~if loko~ ijbkchbs kbbls |o ~bdihk ipihfinfb |o lbpbfo}hkjcork|~hbs+ Aozbpb~ |ab `hkikcb$crd$ilphcb }icgijb saorfl nb rknrklfbl h+b+ ~bch}hbk|jopb~kdbk|s saorfl nb `~bb |o lbchlb zab~b |o ah~b |ab |bcakhcif bq}b~|hsb+ Hk |ahs cisb |abjopb~kdbk| corfl s|hff |r~k |o |ab loko~ ko| nbcirsb |ab ilphcb cidb is }i~| o` i }icgijb nr|

~i|ab~ nbcirsb |ai| sor~cb o` ilphcb ail }~opbl h|sbf` hk cod}b|h|hok zh|a o|ab~ ijbkchbs+1 \ahszorfl ifso hd}~opb iccork|inhfh|x ikl }~ophlb i }ozb~`rf shjkif |ai| |ab jopb~kdbk| ~i|ab~|aik |ab loko~ hs ~bs}okshnfb ò~ |ab cfhdi|b }ofhcx |ai| hs do~b ~bfi|bl |o dbb|hkj |ab DLJ|i~jb|s+

3+< \hdbfx Bpifri|hok Nisbl ok Zbff$Lb`hkbl ^bsrf|s$NisblCoklh|hokifh|x o~ Hk|b~dblhi|b Joifs

@hkiffx |ab~b ais nbbk fh||fb bq}fhch| bphlbkcb o` ~bsrf|s$nisbl OLI+ \ab ihl `fozs hk |ab bkb~jxikl zi|b~ sbc|o~s shkcb |ab fi|b 988=s dilb h| cfbi~ |ai| |xhkj ihl |o }~odhsbs o` }ofhcx caikjbscorfl ko| zo~g hk |abo~x ikl cb~|ihkfx lhl ko| zo~g hk }~ic|hcb+ ^bsrf|s$nisbl ihl o~ bq }os|

coklh|hokifh|x zorfl fhkg lhsnr~sbdbk|s |o }~oj~bss icahbpbl |ozi~ls |i~jb|s ij~bbl hkilpikcb+ Srca i sxs|bd cfbi~fx }~ophlbs s|~okj hkcbk|hpbs ò~ ~bch}hbk| jopb~kdbk|s |o jb| iscfosb is }osshnfb |o }~bsb| |i~jb|s hk |b~ds o` cfhdi|b caikjb dh|hji|hok o~ i||ihkhkj }opb~|x~blrc|hok joifs+ Aozbpb~ sbpb~if dieo~ hssrbs i~hsb hk lhsnr~shkj ihl nisbl ok onsb~pbl~bsrf|s+ \ab `h~s| hssrb hs |ai| |ab ~bsrf|s o` i cfhdi|b }~oj~id dix |igb |hdb |o di|b~hifhub iklxb| ~bch}hbk| cork|~hbs kbbl ihl dokbx }~bchsbfx |o `hkikcb i }i~|hcrfi~ }~oj~id+ @o~ bqid}fbzai| ai}}bks zabk i jopb~kdbk| ais ko |hdb |o bs|infhsa i |~icg ~bco~l? I sbcokl dieo~hssrb hs |ai| ~bsrf|s dix nb hk`frbkcbl nx ìc|o~s nbxokl |ab jopb~kdbk|‘s cok|~of srca is ohf}~hcb saocgs o~ ki|r~if lhsis|b~s |ai| i~b cfosbfx ~bfi|bl |o bdhsshoks ikl ili}|i|hoks+

\ab~b i~b ko bisx ikszb~s |o |absb hssrbs+ \ab nbkb`h| o` |ab lorn| drs| kbcbssi~hfx nb jhpbk

|o ~bch}hbk| jopb~kdbk|s hk |ab `h~s| }aisb o` ~bsrf|s$nisbl OLI8

ikl |abk OLI cik nbcodbcoklh|hokif ok i sb| o` hklhci|o~s+ \aosb hklhci|o~s dix hkcfrlb ko| okfx ic|rif or|codbs !srca

is ci~nok bdhsshoks iccbss |o zi|b~ b|c+( nr| ifso hk}r|s hk|o cfhdi|b }ofhchbs ikl }opb~|x

:Sbb Coddhsshok o` |ab Br~o}bik Coddrkh|x !>==:(+

1I pb~x bkcor~ijhkj lbpbfo}dbk| hs |ai| loko~s i~b nbjhkkhkj |o coffino~i|b hk|bkshpbfx“zh|a bica o|ab~ ikl zh|a

jopb~kdbk|s“hk |ab i~bi o` bpifri|hoks+ Eohk| bpifri|hoks o` sbc|o~ }~oj~ids i~b ~i}hlfx nbcodhkj do~b

coddok+ \ahs saorfl cok|~hnr|b lh~bc|fx |o |ab b``bc|hpbkbss o` lbpbfo}dbk| o~ DLJ }ofhchbs hk ~bch}hbk| cork|~hbs

ikl hklh~bc|fx |o |ab b``bc|hpbkbss o` ò~bhjk ihl+8

Sbb Coffhb~ b| if+ 988:+




93

~blrc|hok }~oj~ids |ai| i~b dos| fhgbfx |o fbil |o ìpo~infb or|codbs !b+j+ ~bkbzinfb bkb~jx}~odo|hok hk ~r~if i~bis zahca hs fhgbfx |o fbil |o nb||b~ fbi~khkj icahbpbdbk|s o~ iccbss |osi`b zi|b~ zahca cik fbil |o i l~o} hk hkìk| do~|ifh|x(+ \ahs lbsc~h}|hok hkcfrlbs sodb `bi|r~bso` |ab DLJs zahca hk sodb sbksb dix i}}bi~ ko| okfx is hk|b~dblhi|b joifs zh|ahk |ab cfhdi|b}ofhcx }~ocbss nr| ifso is |ab nishs ò~ dbisr~hkj ~bsrf|s hk sodb jhpbk }b~hol+ Ik i}}~oqhdi|b~bsrf| hklhci|o~ corfl ifso hkcfrlb hks|h|r|hokif `bi|r~bs zh|ahk lbpbfo}hkj cork|~hbs |ai| i~b

gkozk |o ìpo~ ilbyri|b }ofhcx caohcbs |o icahbpb }~blb|b~dhkbl joifs+ \ab nhj lh``b~bkcb zh|a|ab ofl coklh|hokifh|x dolbf ab~b hs |ai| |aosb hklhci|o~s saorfl ko| hkcfrlb |ab }ofhchbs|abdsbfpbs“is hd}fhch| hk |ab so$ciffbl Zisahkj|ok coksbksrs+ Hklbbl |ab gbx }ohk| hs |ai| |abcaohcb o` }ofhchbs saorfl nb fb`| |o ~bch}hbk| cork|~x jopb~kdbk|s+9= B`ò~|s i~b if~bilx nbhkjdilb hk |ahs lh~bc|hok7 |ab }~ocbss rsbl nx sbpb~if hk|b~ki|hokif `hkikchif hks|h|r|hoks |o dokh|o~|abh~ ihl }~oj~ids ais sodb `bi|r~bs o` |ahs kbz ihl scbki~ho+

Hs do~b ikl ìs|b~ }~oj~bss hk |ahs i~bi }osshnfb? Loko~s i~b onphorsfx ~bfrc|ik| |o digb o}bk$bklbl fokj$|b~d coddh|dbk|s zh|a rkcb~|ihk lhsnr~sbdbk|s+ Aozbpb~ |ab do~b hd}o~|ik|~bisok ò~ |abh~ rkzhffhkjkbss |o lbshjk cfbi~ ~bsrf|s$nisbl ihl cok|~ic|s sbbds |o nb ~i|ab~lh``b~bk|+ Hd}o~|ik| |i~jb|s srca is j~bbkaorsb jis bdhsshok cr|s |x}hciffx |igb i pb~x fokj|hdb |o icahbpb+ Loko~s i~b absh|ik| |o coddh| |o }~ophlhkj ihl ò~ i fokj }b~hol lr~hkj zahca

|hdb |ab }ofhcx bkph~okdbk| dix caikjb l~is|hciffx+ \ahs hs rklb~s|iklinfb aozbpb~ |ab~bs}oksb hs ko| |o iniklok ~bsrf|s$nisbl fbklhkj nr| ~i|ab~ |o lhs|hkjrhsa nb|zbbk dbisr~bs o`~bsrf|s !srca is }opb~|x( ikl dokh|o~hkj o` pi~hinfbs !srca is dbisr~bs o` hks|h|r|hokif yrifh|x(+Ihl cok|~ic|s saorfl nb z~h||bk hk |b~ds o` |ab dbisr~infb ~bsrf|s nr| h| zorfl nb yrh|bfbjh|hdi|b h` loko~s rsbl |ab dbisr~bs o` hks|h|r|hokif yrifh|x is }osshnfb ‖saoz s|o}}b~s+— @o~bqid}fb i shjkh`hcik| zo~sbkhkj o` i jopb~kikcb hklhci|o~ corfl nb i fbjh|hdi|b saoz s|o}}b~fbilhkj |o cbssi|hok o` i ~bjrfi~ ihl }~oj~id+ Ni~~hkj srca bq|~bdbs |ab }~oj~id zorflcok|hkrb ikl `r|r~b ihl fbpbfs zorfl nb |hbl |o ~bsrf|s i| |ab bkl o` ik ij~bbl }b~hol+ \ab rsbo` dokh|o~hkj pi~hinfbs is saoz s|o}}b~s dhja| zbff opb~codb |ab ~bfrc|ikcb o` loko~s |o dopb

`r~|ab~ |ozi~ls ~bsrf|s$nisbl ihl+99

^bjrfi~ OLI }~oj~ids nrhf| ok |ab }~bcblhkj }~hkch}fbs ikl ihdbl i| icahbphkj fokj$|b~donebc|hpbs srca is j~bbkaorsb jis dh|hji|hok zorfl nb ik i}}~o}~hi|b ò~d o` isshs|ikcb okfx

hk |aosb lbpbfo}hkj cork|~hbs |ai| i~b ~bfi|hpbfx zbff jopb~kbl+ O` cor~sb |ab }~onfbd hs |ai||aosb cork|~hbs dix ko| nb |ab dos| hd}o~|ik| okbs hk |b~ds o` kbbl+ Loko~s i~brklb~s|iklinfx do~b cokcb~kbl inor| o|ab~ lbpbfo}hkj cork|~hbs ko|infx |ab `~ijhfb s|i|bszab~b s|ikli~l coklh|hokif ikl |hja|fx dokh|o~bl OLI }~oj~ids i~b }~oninfx do~b i}}~o}~hi|b+Hkkopi|hoks i~b kbblbl srca is rshkj |bcakhcif isshs|ikcb ~i|ab~ |aik }~oebc| `hkikchkj hk srcash|ri|hoks+ H| hs ifso kbcbssi~x hk |aosb prfkb~infb s|i|bs |ai| |ab ifhjkdbk| ikl coo~lhki|hok o`loko~s }~odo|bl nx |ab >==2 ]i~hs cok`b~bkcb i~b ilo}|bl+ Hk kok`~ijhfb bdb~jhkj bcokodhbs|ab~b hs drca fbss kbbl ò~ srca coo~lhki|hok idokj loko~s h` do~b rsb hs dilb o` nrljb|sr}}o~| ikl coddok c~h|b~hi cik nb lb`hkbl ò~ ~bsrf|s$nisbl ihl+

3+2 Ihl B``bc|hpbkbss Sco~bci~lSbpb~if ~b}o~|s ahjafhja| |ab ficg o` coo~lhki|hok nb|zbbk loko~ ijbkchbs ikl ki|hokifjopb~kdbk|s hk ill~bsshkj cfhdi|b caikjb ic|hph|hbs+ I`|b~ sbpb~if ahja$fbpbf ò~rds ok ihl

9=@o~ i sao~| lhscrsshok o` |absb hssrbs sbb Nor~jrhjkok ikl Srklnb~j >==:+

99Ikbclo|if bphlbkcb srjjbs|s |ai| ~bch}hbk| jopb~kdbk|s aipb i }~b||x cfbi~ hlbi o` |ab ch~crds|ikcbs |ai| zorfl

hklrcb loko~s |o s|o} ik ihl }~oj~id+ Hk |ai| sbksb |ab ihl cok|~ic| hs cfbi~+ Aozbpb~ h| hs ko| cfbi~ |ai| |aosb

ch~crds|ikcbs i~b i| iff o}|hdif hk |b~ds o` diqhdhuhkj ~bch}hbk| cork|~x hkcbk|hpbs+




9<

ai~dokhui|hok“hk >==3 hk ôdb hk >==2 hk ]i~hs ikl hk >==1 hk Icc~i“coo~lhki|hok nb|zbbkihl ijbkchbs ikl ki|hokif jopb~kdbk|s i}}bi~s |o aipb hd}~opbl+ @o~ bqid}fb |ab Jfonif@rkl dbisr~bs }~oj~bss hk lbfhpb~hkj b``bc|hpb ihl ijihks| |ab >=9= |i~jb|s sb| |o |~icgicahbpbdbk| o` |ab ]i~hs ]~hkch}fbs is fihl or| hk |ab ]i~hs Lbcfi~i|hok ok Ihl B``bc|hpbkbss+Nisbfhkb dbisr~bs zb~b bs|infhsabl hk >==2 ikl òffozbl r} hk >==: ikl >==8 !ò~ |ab >==1

`hscif xbi~( nx bd}foxhkj }~ocbssbs ikl db|aolofojx lbpbfo}bl nx |ab OBCL+9>

\ab

sco~bci~l jhpbk hk \infb 9 saozs }~oj~bss ok 93 ihl b``bc|hpbkbss |i~jb|s |ai| |ab Jfonif @rklbs|infhsabl hk coksrf|i|hok zh|a |ab OBCL ò~ >=9=+ \ab sco~bci~l hklhci|bs |ai| |ab dieo~h|x o`|i~jb|s aipb nbbk icahbpbl+

9>a||}5//zzz+|abjfonif`rkl+o~j/bk/}b~ò~dikcb/b``bc|hpbkbss/ihlb``bc|hpbkbss/dbisr~hkj/ Iccbssbl 99 Di~ca >=99+




92

\infb 95 \ab Jfonif @rkl Ihl B``bc|hpbkbss Sco~bci~l

]i~hsLbcfi~i|hok

]~hkch}fb Hklhci|o~

>==2~bsrf|s!k43>(

!"(

>==:~bsrf|s!k42<(

!"(

>==1~bsrf|s!k42<(

!"(

>=9=|i~jb|s

!"(

>==1}~oj~bss

hk~bfi|hok|o >=9=

|i~jb|sOzkb~sah}ikl Ifhjkdbk| Dokh|o~infb }b~ò~dikcb

`~idbzo~gs 92 >3 >8 12 Fijjhkjnbahkl

J~ik| Ihl ~bco~lbl hkki|hokif nrljb|s% 0> 0> :< 8= Ok |~icg J~ik|s ifhjkbl zh|acork|~x cxcfbs 38 38 <> 28 Ok |~icg Ihl rshkj }rnfhc `hkikchifdikijbdbk| sxs|bds% 33 20 1: 22 \i~jb|

db| Ihl rshkj ki|hokif}~ocr~bdbk| sxs|bds% 90 93 = 2 \i~jb|

db| Cork|~hbs zh|a }i~iffbfhd}fbdbk|i|hok rkh|s% 8= 82 9=0 82 \i~jb|

db| Ihl hs}~blhc|infbikl rk|hbl

Ic|rif/bq}bc|bllhsnr~sbdbk|s 90 3= >8 0= Fijjhkj

nbahkl Ihl ~bco~lbl isscablrfbl% 9== 9== 9== 9== \i~jb|

db| Rk|hbl ihl :< 01 :8 00 \i~jb|

db| Ihl }~ophlbl hk sr}}o~| ò~}~oj~id$nisbli}}~oicabs

92 9< 9< <= Fijjhkjnbahkl

Ai~dokhui|hokzh|a }i~|kb~s Eohk| dhsshoks zh|a o|ab~

loko~s 2= >> 33 2= Ok |~icg Eohk| ikifx|hc ~b}o~|s zh|ao|ab~ loko~s 9== 9== 9== 9== \i~jb|

db| Dikijhkj ò~~bsrf|s ikliccork|inhfh|x

J~ik|s ifhjkbl |o ki|hokifD&B sxs|bd :3 1> 1< 8= \i~jb|

kbi~fxdb|

Ko|bs5

Dokh|o~bl ̀ o~ j~ik|s }~ophlbl |o jopb~kdbk| ~bch}hbk|s okfx+

k ~b`b~s |o krdnb~ o` onsb~pi|hoks !cork|~hbs(

D&B ~b`b~ |o dokh|o~hkj ikl bpifri|hok

Sor~cb5 >==2 ikl >==: li|i coffbc|bl is }i~| o` |ab OBCL ]i~hs Lbcfi~i|hok dokh|o~hkj ~orkls7 >==1 li|i coffbc|bl|a~orja |ab >==8 Jfonif @rkl ]o~|òfho Sr~pbx+

a||}5//zzz+|abjfonif`rkl+o~j/bk/}b~ò~dikcb/b̀ `bc|hpbkbss/ihlb``bc|hpbkbss/dbisr~hkj/

<+ ]OPB^\X ^BLRC\HOK“\AB KBQRS NB\ZBBK CFHDI\BCAIKJB DH\HJI\HOK IKL ILI]\I\HOK IKL OPB^SBISLBPBFO]DBK\ ISSHS\IKCB5 BD]H^HCIF \BS\HKJ

OLI hs }~ophlbl |o lbpbfo}hkj cork|~hbs |o hkc~bisb |ab }icb o` }opb~|x ~blrc|hok lh~bc|fx|a~orja pi~hors sochobcokodhc }~oj~ids+ \ab ~bcbk| |~bkl ikl bd}aishs o` rshkj }i~| o` OLI




90

illh|hokif |o OLI jhpbk |ozi~ls icahbpbdbk| o` DLJs ò~ cfhdi|b caikjb hssrbs hs bq}bc|bl|o hklh~bc|fx cok|~hnr|b |o }opb~|x ~blrc|hok+ Zab|ab~ srca i }b~cb}|hok hs i ~bifh|x o~ dx|aic~oss cork|~hbs hs bqidhkbl hk |ahs sbc|hok nx rshkj lbpbfo}hkj cork|~x li|i `~od |ab Zo~flNikg li|isb| hkcfrlhkj zo~fl lbpbfo}dbk| hklhci|o~s opb~ lh``b~bk| xbi~s+93 \ab cokcb~k ò~bkph~okdbk|if }~o|bc|hok |a~orja ci~nok dh|hji|hok ais jfonif lbpbfo}dbk|if cos|s+ Lhs|~bssbl}opb~|x hk |ahs s|rlx hs dbisr~bl nx |ab abil cork| ~i|ho o` }bo}fb sr~phphkj ok fbss |aik

RS,9+>2 }b~ lix+ \ab }icb o` ~blrc|hok hk |ahs abil cork| ~byrh~bs ìs|b~ lbpbfo}dbk| hk |b~dso` JL] j~oz|a ikl b``hchbk| ikl cos|$b``bc|hpb rsb o` bkb~jx ikl ki|r~if ~bsor~cbs+

L~izhkj ok |ab fh|b~i|r~b zb s|i~| |ahs ikifxshs zh|a i lblrc|hpb sbfbc|hok o` pi~hinfbs |ai| i~bdos| fhgbfx |o ~blrcb }opb~|x+ Jhpbk |ab onebc|hpb o` |ahs s|rlx zb cokebc|r~b |ai| CO> bdhsshoks OLI }b~ ci}h|i |ab }opb~|x ~i|ho hk bi~fhb~ }b~hols ikl j~oz|a ~i|bs |o nb hd}o~|ik|pi~hinfbs hk hkc~bishkj |ab }icb o` }opb~|x ~blrc|hok !sbpb~if o|ab~ pi~hinfbs i~b lhscrssblfi|b~(+ Iff pi~hinfbs i~b lbsc~hnbl hk I}}bklhq >+

\ab lbchshpb ìc|o~s o` }~olrc|hok hk hd}~ophkj |ab zbfì~b o` }oo~ }bo}fb i~b ko| s}icbbkb~jx ikl c~o} fikl nr| |abx i~b |ab hd}~opbdbk| hk }o}rfi|hok yrifh|x ikl ilpikcbs hkgkozfbljb !Scarf|u 9819(+ \ars foz nishc blrci|hok i||ihkdbk| hs ik hd}blhdbk| |os|~bkj|abkhkj |ab fhkg nb|zbbk j~oz|a ikl }opb~|x ~blrc|hok nbcirsb h| fhdh|s |ab inhfh|x o` }oo~

}bo}fb |o }i~|hch}i|b hk o}}o~|rkh|hbs jbkb~i|bl hk ij~hcrf|r~if ikl hklrs|~hif }~olrc|hok+\ab~bò~b |ab fh|b~icx ~i|b lb`hkbl is |ab ikkrif caikjb hk |ab }b~cbk|ijb o` fh|b~i|b}o}rfi|hok hk |o|if }o}rfi|hok o` i cork|~x nb|zbbk >==9–>==1 !FH\=9=1( ikl 9883–>===!FH\83==( hs iko|ab~ }o|bk|hif pi~hinfb |o bq}fihk pi~hi|hoks hk }opb~|x ~blrc|hok ic~osscork|~hbs |a~orja j~oz|a+ OLI hs bq}bc|bl |o hk`frbkcb }opb~|x ~blrc|hok lh~bc|fx ikl hklh~bc|fx|a~orja s|~rc|r~if caikjbs hk |ab bcokodx hk |b~ds o` caikjbs hk bkph~okdbk|if pi~hinfbs srcais CO> bdhsshoks ikl ~bkbzinfb zi|b~ ~bsor~cbs+ OLI hk |ahs s|rlx hs dbisr~bl is |ab kb|OLI ~bcbhpbl }b~ ci}h|i hk cr~~bk| RS loffi~s+ O|ab~ s|~rc|r~if caikjbs i~b }~oqhbl nxdikrìc|r~hkj j~oz|a !D@J( ikl |ab sai~b o` ij~hcrf|r~b hk JL] !IJÛ(+ Aozbpb~ |absbpi~hinfbs i~b rsbl is hks|~rdbk|if pi~hinfbs hk |ab bs|hdi|hok }~ocbss+

CO> bdhsshok hs iffbjbl |o nb jbkb~i|bl `~od ij~hcrf|r~b hklrs|~hif ic|hph|hbs |~iks}o~| iklo|ab~ sb~phcbs+ \ab~bò~b zb }os|rfi|b h| |o nb i cfosb }~oqx o` srca ic|hph|hbs+ I }osh|hpb~bfi|hoksah} nb|zbbk CO> bdhsshok }b~ ci}h|i ikl |ab }icb o` }opb~|x ~blrc|hok ais zhlb$~ikjhkj hd}fhci|hoks ò~ jfonif lbpbfo}dbk| ikl |ab }osh|hok o` |ab lbpbfo}bl zo~fl hk ò~chkjlbpbfo}hkj cork|~hbs |o ~blrcb bdhsshoks+

CO> bdhsshok hs lh~bc|fx ~bfi|bl |o !h( bkb~jx rsb }b~ ci}h|i ikl |ab~bò~b hkc~bisbs hk bkb~jxjbkb~i|hok zahca ~bsrf|s hk |ab zbff$nbhkj o` }bo}fb |ai| cikko| nb rklb~dhkbl7 ikl !hh( caikjbhk ipihfinfb ~bkbzinfb zi|b~ ~bsor~cbs+ Aozbpb~ b``hchbk| bkb~jx jbkb~i|hok ikl rsb hs i}~bcoklh|hok ò~ ìs|b~ j~oz|a+ Ahja bkb~jx$hk|bkshpb cork|~hbs j~oz i| i sfozb~ ~i|b lrb |oahjab~ hk}r| cos|s+ \ab~bò~b sr}}fx$ ikl lbdikl$shlb dikijbdbk| o` bkb~jx hs byriffxhd}o~|ik|+ \ahs hs do~b hd}o~|ik| jhpbk |ai| JL] j~oz|a abf}s hk ~blrchkj }opb~|x is lo o|ab~ic|hph|hbs |ai| jbkb~i|b CO>+

Lhdhkhsahkj zi|b~ ~bsor~cbs hs i nhjjb~ }~onfbd |aik hkc~bishkj CO> bdhsshok+ I }osh|hpb

~bfi|hoksah} nb|zbbk CO> bdhsshok ikl lb}fb|hkj ~bkbzinfb zi|b~ ~bsor~cbs dbiks hkc~bishkj}~bssr~b ok ij~hcrf|r~b ikl `~bsa l~hkghkj zi|b~+ \ahs n~hkjs nb||b~ zi|b~ dikijbdbk| hk|o |abò~b`~ok| o` }opb~|x ~blrc|hok }~oj~iddhkj+

\ab hd}ic| o` ò~bhjk lh~bc| hkpbs|dbk| !@LHU( ok }opb~|x ~blrc|hok lb}bkls ok dikx ìc|o~ssrca is |ab sbc|o~ hk zahca |ab hkpbs|dbk| hs rklb~|igbk |ab |x}b o` hkpbs|dbk| !b+j+ bq}o~|o~hbk|bl o~ hd}o~| srns|h|r|hkj( fhkgs o` ò~bhjk i``hfhi|bs zh|a |ab aos| bcokodx ikl |ab

93 a||}5//li|i+zo~flnikg+o~j/




9:

sochobcokodhc ikl }ofh|hcif coklh|hoks hk |ab aos| cork|~x+ Jbkb~iffx |ab caikkbf |a~orja zahcaò~bhjk lh~bc| hkpbs|dbk| zorfl abf} ~blrcb }opb~|x hs bcokodhc j~oz|a+ L~izhkj ok |ab inopbi~jrdbk|s |ab dolbf |ai| bq}fihks |ab pi~hi|hok hk }opb~|x ~blrc|hok nb|zbbk 9883 ikl >==2ic~oss cork|~hbs hk i shdrf|ikbors byri|hok `~idbzo~g ifokj zh|a |ab lb|ihfs o` |ab pi~hinfbsikl i `foz lhij~id hs jhpbk hk I}}bklhq >+

\ahs sxs|bd o` byri|hoks cok|ihks bklojbkors ~bj~bsso~s ikl co~~bfi|hoks o` lhs|r~nikcb|b~ds ic~oss byri|hoks zahca kbcbssh|i|bs |ab i}}fhci|hok o` |ab |a~bb$s|ijb fbis| syri~bs!3SFS( bs|hdi|hok+ Ifso or~ onebc|hpb o` bqidhkhkj |ab caikkbfs |a~orja zahca OLI hk`frbkcbs}opb~|x ~blrc|hok kbcbssh|i|bs |ab rsb o` |a~bb$s|ijb fbis| syri~bs bs|hdi|hok hk |ahs s|rlx+ \abhks|~rdbk|if pi~hinfbs rsbl ò~ bs|hdi|hkj |ab inopb sxs|bd o` byri|hoks i~b jhpbk hk \infb >rklb~ bica byri|hok+ \absb hks|~rdbk|if pi~hinfbs i~b cod}fb|bfx bqojbkors |o |ab lb}bklbk|pi~hinfbs hkcfrlhkj !h( L]P\9L zahca hs |ab }b~$xbi~ lbphi|hok o` }opb~|x abil cork| ~i|honb|zbbk 9883 ikl >==2 ò~ |ab cork|~x cokcb~kbl7 !hh( JX83=2 zahca hs |ab ikkrif j~oz|a ~i|bnb|zbbk 9883 ikl >==27 !hhh( CO>]C83=2 zahca hs |ab ikkrif CO> }b~ ci}h|i jbkb~i|hoknb|zbbk 9883 ikl >==27 ikl !hp( LZ\^]CO>=1 zahca hs |ab }b~ ci}h|i ipihfinhfh|x o`~bkbzinfb `~bsa j~orklzi|b~ hk >==1+ Ifso kokb o` |ab hks|~rdbk|if pi~hinfbs i~b hkcfrlbl hk|ab byri|hok ò~ L]P\9L zahca hs cokshs|bk| zh|a bcokodb|~hc |abo~x o` bs|hdi|hok+ Dolbf >lh``b~s `~od dolbf 9 hk |ab sbksb |ai| OLI i}}bi~s hk iff byri|hoks hk dolbf >+ Fijjbl OLIi}}bi~s hk ~bfbpik| byri|hoks |o ci}|r~b |ab ~bifh|x+ @o~ bqid}fb |ab ikkrif j~oz|a ~i|bnb|zbbk 9883 ikl >==2 !JX83=2( hs bq}bc|bl |o nb lb}bklbk| do~b ok OLI nb|zbbk 9883ikl >=== ~i|ab~ |aik OLI nb|zbbk >==9 ikl >==2+




91

\infb >5 \a~bb$S|ijb Fbis| Syri~b Bs|hdi|bs o` ]opb~|x ^blrc|hok& Cfhdi|b Caikjb&O``hchif Lbpbfo}dbk| Isshs|ikcb Kbqrs

Sxs|bd5 Dolbf 9

Bs|hdi|hok Db|aol5 \a~bb$S|ijb Fbis| Syri~bs

\o|if sxs|bd onsb~pi|hoks5 83Fhkbi~ bs|hdi|hok i`|b~ okb$s|b} zbhja|hkj di|~hq

Cob``hchbk| S|l+ B~~o~ |$S|i|hs|hc ]~on+C!9( !>+==0( =+<31 !<+21( =+==C!99( =+=>: =+==: 3+:> =+==C!9>( =+==3 =+==> 9+333 =+91C!93( =+>81 =+=:0 3+89 =+==C!92( =+>:0 =+998 >+33 =+=>C!>( !>8+<88( 99+=9: !>+01( =+=9C!>9( =+><= =+90> 9+<8 =+9<C!>>( =+==< =+==9 <+:= =+==C!>3( =+2:: =+909 3+28 =+==C!><( =+>8= =+9>= >+<9 =+=>C!>2( =+182 =+81> =+89 =+3:C!>0( =+=:8 =+=28 9+3< =+98

C!>:( !=+<9=( =+<== !9+=>( =+39C!3( !=+131( =+331 !>+<1( =+=>C!39( =+==> =+=== 9=+:1 =+==C!3>( =+=>0 =+=93 >+=8 =+=<C!3<( =+==9 =+=== 9+10 =+=:C!<( <3+8>3 :1+8=0 =+20 =+21C!<9( 91+823 98+199 =+80 =+3<C!<>( !2+0><( >+202 !>+98( =+=3C!<3( !=+==1( =+==3 !3+=2( =+==C!<<( =+==: =+=>9 =+3> =+:2

Lb|b~dhkik| ~bshlrif copi~hikcb 3:0+92Byri|hok5 L]P\9L 4 C!9('C!99(%]P\9LPHK'C!9>(%OLI]C=9=2'C!93(%JX83=2'C!92(%CO>]C83=2Hks|~rdbk|s5 I^FIKL]C83== JX83== D@JU83== IJÛ83== @LHU83== Z\^]C=> ]P\>LPHK OLIU83==

^KLU83=2 ^L]IPU83=2 \BDONF C

^$syri~bl =+00 Dbik lb}bklbk|pi~

=+09

Ilers|bl ^$syri~bl =+28 S+L+ lb}bklbk|pi~

9+=>

S+B+ o` ~bj~bsshok =+02 Srd syri~bl~bshl

8+3:

Byri|hok5 JX83=2 4 C!>('C!>9(%!FH\=9=1$FH\83==('C!>>(%BKJX]C83=2'C!>3(%]O]920<83=2'C!><(%JJ@C@83=2'C!>2(%J]O]83=2'C!>0(%OLI]C83=='C!>:(%@LHU83==Hks|~rdbk|s5 I^FIKL]C83== JX83== D@JU83== IJÛ83== @LHU83== Z\^]C=> ]P\>LPHK OLIU83==^KLU83=2 ^L]IPU83=2 \BDONF C^$syri~bl =+:2 Dbik lb}bklbk|

pi~<+13

Ilers|bl ^$syri~bl =+<2 S+L+ lb}bklbk|pi~

>+9>

S+B+ o` ~bj~bsshok 9+21 Srd syri~bl~bshl

9<+83

Byri|hok5 CO>]C83=2 4 C!3('C!39(%BKJX]C83=2 ' C!3>(%HKLU83=2'C!3<(%LZ\^]C=>=1Hks|~rdbk|s5 I^FIKL]C83== JX83== D@JU83== IJÛ83== @LHU83== Z\^]C=> ]P\>LPHK OLIU83==^KLU83=2 ^L]IPU83=2 \BDONF C^$syri~bl =+83 Dbik lb}bklbk|

pi~>+=3

Ilers|bl ^$syri~bl =+8> S+L+ lb}bklbk| 9+23




98

pi~S+B+ o` ~bj~bsshok =+<< Srd syri~bl

~bshl3+81

Byri|hok5 LZ\^]C=>=1 4 C!<( 'C!<9(%CO>]C83=2'C!<>( %!@O^BS\83=2('C!<3(%Z\^]C=>'C!<<(%XHBFL83=2Hks|~rdbk|s5 I^FIKL]C83== JX83== D@JU83== IJÛ83== @LHU83== Z\^]C=> ]P\>LPHK OLIU83==^KLU83=2 ^L]IPU83=2 \BDONF C^$syri~bl =+:= Dbik lb}bklbk|

pi~

!9:9+8>(

Ilers|bl ^$syri~bl =+0< S+L+ lb}bklbk|pi~

>>:+23

S+B+ o` ~bj~bsshok 930+93 Srd syri~bl~bshl

<=:080+1=

Sxs|bd5 Dolbf >

Bs|hdi|hok Db|aol5 \a~bb$S|ijb Fbis| Syri~bs\o|if sxs|bd onsb~pi|hoks5 83Fhkbi~ bs|hdi|hok i`|b~ okb$s|b} zbhja|hkj di|~hq

Cob``hchbk| S|l+ B~~o~ |$S|i|hs|hc ]~on+

C!9( !9+8:<( =+<<1 !<+<=>( =+===

C!99( =+=>: =+==: 3+001 =+==9C!9>( =+=93 =+==1 9+0>2 =+92=C!93( =+3=> =+=:0 3+82: =+===C!9<( =+>02 =+9>= >+>=1 =+=39C!>( !>8+023( 99+=98 !>+089( =+==8C!>9( =+><< =+90> 9+2=1 =+930C!>>( =+==< =+==9 <+00: =+===C!>3( =+2:1 =+909 3+288 =+==9C!><( =+>8= =+9>= >+<9< =+=91C!>2( =+11: =+81> =+8=3 =+3:=C!>0( =+=:1 =+=28 9+390 =+983C!>:( !=+<=8( =+<== !9+=>9( =+399C!3( !=+8=1( =+3:9 !>+<29( =+=9:C!39( =+==3 =+=== 9=+0>: =+===

C!3>( =+=>0 =+=93 >+=3< =+=<0C!33( =+==9 =+=== 9+829 =+=22C!3<( =+==3 =+==> 9+333 =+9:>C!<( >=+::> 8:+1:= =+>9> =+133C!<9( 91+3<> >=+><1 =+8=0 =+301C!<>( !2+2>1( >+21= !>+9<3( =+=30C!<3( !=+==8( =+==3 !3+=22( =+==3C!<<( =+=9< =+=>2 =+200 =+2:3C!<2( =+>03 =+>=3 9+39= =+91>

Lb|b~dhkik| ~bshlrif copi~hikcb 319+9:9:

Byri|hok5 L]P\9L 4 C!9('C!99(%]P\9LPHK'C!9>(%OLI]C=9=2 'C!93(%JX83=2'C!9<(%CO>]C83=2

Hks|~rdbk|s5 I^FIKL]C83== JX83== D@JU83== IJÛ83== @LHU83== Z\^]C=> ]P\>LPHK ^KLU83=2^L]IPU83=2 \BDONF OLIU83== C

^$syri~bl =+028 Dbik lb}bklbk|pi~

=+099

Ilers|bl ^$syri~bl =+28: S+L+ lb}bklbk| pi~ 9+=><S+B+ o` ~bj~bsshok =+02= Srd syri~bl ~bshl 8+>8=

Byri|hok5 JX83=2 4 C!>('C!>9(%!FH\=9=1$FH\83==('C!>>(%BKJX]C83=2'C!>3(%]O]920<83=2'C!><(%JJ@C@83=2'C!>2(%J]O]83=2'C!>0(%OLI]C83=='




>=

C!>:(%@LHU83==


^$syri~bl =+:<2 Dbik lb}bklbk|pi~

<+13>

Ilers|bl ^$syri~bl =+<<1 S+L+ lb}bklbk| pi~ >+9>2S+B+ o` ~bj~bsshok 9+2:1 Srd syri~bl ~bshl 9<+8<9

Byri|hok5 CO>]C83=2 4 C!3('C!39(%BKJX]C83=2 ' C!3>(%HKLU83=2'C!33(%LZ\^]C=>=1'C!3<(%OLI]C83==


^$syri~bl =+8>8 Dbik lb}bklbk|pi~

>+=32

Ilers|bl ^$syri~bl =+892 S+L+ lb}bklbk| pi~ 9+2>2S+B+ o` ~bj~bsshok =+<<2 Srd syri~bl ~bshl 3+800

Byri|hok5 LZ\^]C=>=1 4 C!<(

'C!<9(%CO>]C83=2'C!<>(%!@O^BS\83=2('C!<3(%Z\^]C=>'C!<<(%XHBFL83=2'C!<2( %OLI]C=9=2

Hks|~rdbk|s5 I^FIKL]C83==JX83== D@JU83== IJÛ83==

Z\^]C=> ]P\>LPHK ^KLU83=2 ^L]IPU83=2 \BDONF@LHU83==

OLIU83== C^$syri~bl =+081 Dbik lb}bklbk| pi~ $9:9+898Ilers|bl ^$syri~bl =+0>0 S+L+ lb}bklbk| pi~ >>:+23<S+B+ o` ~bj~bsshok 938+99< Srd syri~bl ~bshl <=0<=1+3

==Ko|b5 Iff |ab inopb pi~hinfbs i~b lb`hkbl hk I}}bklhq >+

Sor~cb5 Ir|ao~s‘ cifcrfi|hoks+

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hklhphlrif byri|hoks hs ifso }~bsbk|bl hk \infb 9 zahca saozs ~bisokinfx jool `h|s+ \ab ~bsrf|saipb sbpb~if hk|b~bs|hkj `hklhkjs zh|a }ofhcx hd}fhci|hoks zh|a ~bs}bc| |o |ab }icb o` }opb~|x~blrc|hok is lhscrssbl nbfoz+

\ab hk|b~bs|hkj ~bsrf|s `~od dolbfs 9 ikl > |ai| i~b shdhfi~ ikl cokshs|bk| i~b is òffozs5

\ab }icb o` }opb~|x ~blrc|hok !byri|hok 9 hk dolbfs 9 ikl >( hs }osh|hpbfx ~bfi|bl |o OLIj~oz|a hkh|hif fbpbf o` }opb~|x ikl CO> bdhsshok+ \ahs dbiks |ai| |ab ahjab~ |ab hkh|hif fbpbf o`}opb~|x |ab ahjab~ hs |ab }icb o` }opb~|x ~blrc|hok zahca hd}fhbs |ab ‖cokpb~jbkcb—ax}o|abshs“j~oz|a hk`frbkcbs }opb~|x ~blrc|hok lh~bc|fx ikl shjkh`hcik|fx+ CO> hk`frbkcbs |abs}bbl o` }opb~|x ~blrc|hok }osh|hpbfx |a~orja j~oz|a nbcirsb CO> hs shjkh`hcik|fx ikl }osh|hpbfxhk`frbkcbl nx bkb~jx coksrd}|hok !byri|hok 3( zahca ifso hk`frbkcbs j~oz|a lh~bc|fx !byri|hok>(+ \ahs dbiks |ai| ~blrc|hok hk CO> bdhsshok ais |ab }o|bk|hif |o ~blrcb j~oz|a ikl |ab~bnx

~blrcb |ab }icb o` }opb~|x ~blrc|hok+ Zabk |absb ~bsrf|s o` bkb~jx coksrd}|hok ikl j~oz|ai~b codnhkbl okb cik i~jrb |ai| srca i j~oz|a }i||b~k hs ko| i}}bifhkj |o lbpbfo}hkjcork|~hbs+ Zai| hs kbblbl ò~ srs|ihkbl ikl j~bbk j~oz|a hs j~oz|a zh|a fbss ikl b``hchbk|bkb~jx coksrd}|hok+

OLI hk`frbkcbs CO> }osh|hpbfx |aorja ko| shjkh`hcik|fx+ \ars OLI ihdbl i| lh~bc| cfhdi|bcaikjb dh|hji|hok srca is ~blrc|hok hk CO> bdhsshok hk lbpbfo}hkj cork|~hbs dix ko| nbb``bc|hpb rkfbss kbz |bcakofojhbs |ai| coksrdb fbss ikl b``hchbk| bkb~jx i~b hk|~olrcbl+ \ahsahjafhja|s |ab r~jbk| kbbl ò~ |~iks`b~ o` bkb~jx siphkj |bcakofojhbs `~od lbpbfo}bl cork|~hbsikl ò~ hkpbs|hkj hk do~b ~bsbi~ca ikl lbpbfo}dbk| ok srca |bcakofojhbs ic~oss cork|~hbs+




>9

\ars OLI jhpbk |o lbpbfo}hkj cork|~hbs |o cirsbs o|ab~ |aik cfhdi|b caikjb hssrbs saorfl ko|nb ~blrcbl+

\ab }osh|hpb issochi|hok nb|zbbk OLI ikl }b~ ci}h|i ipihfinhfh|x o` `~bsa j~orklzi|b~ hs ko|s|i|hs|hciffx shjkh`hcik| ikl hklhci|bs |ai| OLI‘s }o|bk|hif |o dh|hji|b |ab kbji|hpb b``bc|s o`cfhdi|b caikjb hs ko| b``bc|hpb ò~ |ab jhpbk fbpbfs+ \absb ~bsrf|s |bkl |o sr}}o~| |ab i~jrdbk|

ò~ do~b OLI ò~ cfhdi|b caikjb dh|hji|hok+ H| hs hd}b~i|hpb |o bqidhkb zab|ab~ OLI ais nbbkb``bc|hpb hk |ab cok|bq| o` cfhdi|b caikjb ili}|i|hok+ Is h| hs lh``hcrf| |o hlbk|h`x i }~o}b~dbisr~b ò~ ili}|i|hok zb aipb ikifxubl i `bz }rnfhsabl cisb s|rlhbs+

Cisb s|rlx 95 Ikchbk| sxs|bd o` zi|b~ coksb~pi|hok is cfhdi|b caikjb ili}|i|hok

Hk \idhf Kilr hk sor|a Hklhi |ab l~orja|$}~okb Jrklr~ ^hpb~ nishk sr}}fhbs zi|b~ |o Dilr~ihikl h|s sr~~orklhkj i~bis+ Zh|a cfhdi|b caikjb |ab ~ihks aipb nbcodb rk}~blhc|infb ikl zabkh| lobs ~ihk h| lobs so hk|bkshpbfx fbilhkj |o `fools ikl ~bfi|bl lhsis|b~s+ \o co}b zh|a |ahssh|ri|hok phffijb~s zb~b ~bcoddbklbl |o òffoz |ab ofl |~ilh|hokif sxs|bd o` |ikgs hk zahcasbisokif ~ihkzi|b~ hs coffbc|bl ò~ rsb fi|b~+ \idhf Kilr‘s j~ikh|hc ~ocg$nisb }~ophlbs ik hlbiffbig}~oo` nisb ò~ s|o~ijb+ \ab Laik @orkli|hok i kokjopb~kdbk| o~jikhui|hok !KJO(zo~ghkj hk 9> Hklhik s|i|bs hs

zo~ghkj zh|a focif coddrkh|hbs ikl |ab jopb~kdbk| |o ~b}ih~ ikl ~brsb |absb ikchbk|s|o~ijb sxs|bds |ai| aipb sb~pbl ò~ ifdos| i dhffbkkhrd hk zi|b~ coksb~pi|hok |o ili}||o l~orja| coklh|hoks+ † So ì~ <== o` Dilr~ih lhs|~hc|‘s >=== |ikgs aipb nbbk ~b}ih~blikl i~b hk rsb ijihk+ !a||}5//zzz+naoojxik+kb|/`~od|abj~iss~oo|s/~r~if$coddrkh|hbs$|r~k$|o$|~ilh|hokif$cfhdi|b$dh|hji|hok(

\o ~b}ih~ ikl rsb iff |ikgs zorfl |igb 2–: xbi~s ikl kbbls }~o}b~ `rklhkj+ OLI zhff nb do~bi}}~o}~hi|b ifokj zh|a o|ab~ jopb~kdbk| scabdbs+

Cisb s|rlx >5 L~orja| ikl cfhdi|b caikjb hk B|aho}hi

\ab }~oebc| hk B|aho}hi }i~|hiffx sr}}o~|bl nx |ab Cfhdi|b Caikjb @rkl o` |ab JfonifBkph~okdbk| @ichfh|x !JB@( ihds |o lbpbfo} i ~ikjb o` }~oebc|s |ai| abf} ì~db~s |o ili}| |ocfhdi|b saocgs+ \ab }~oebc| ihds |o }~ophlb isshs|ikcb ò~ ì~db~s |o !h( co}b zh|a l~orja| !hh(

~bcbhpb hkò~di|hok ikl bi~fx zi~khkj sxs|bds |o co}b zh|a cfhdi|b caikjb !hhh( hd}~opb |abh~l~orja| }~b}i~blkbss ikl !hp( ilo}| nbs| }~ic|hcbs |ozi~ls |ab dikijbdbk| o` kbji|hpbcfhdi|b saocgs !JB@ >==2(+

Cisb s|rlx 35 L~orja| ikl cfhdi|b caikjb ili}|i|hok hk Gbkxi

Hk |ab i~hl ikl sbdh$i~hl i~bis hk Gbkxi l~orja| ais nbcodb i }b~dikbk| `bi|r~b hk |abij~hcrf|r~if sxs|bd shkcb |ab 981=s+ Cfhdi|b caikjb ais hk|bksh`hbl |ab lbcfhkb o` ~hpb~ `fozsikl ~ihkìff opb~ |ab xbi~s+ \ab Hk|b~ki|hokif Hks|h|r|b ò~ Srs|ihkinfb Lbpbfo}dbk| ikl Cbk|~bò~ Schbkcb ikl \bcakofojx Hkkopi|hoks rklb~|oog i }hfo| }~oebc| hk Sigih hk Dnookh Bis|Lhs|~hc| hk >==0 |o lbdoks|~i|b aoz ik hk|bj~i|bl i}}~oica“codnhkhkj zbi|ab~ hkò~di|hokhd}~opbl ij~hcrf|r~if }~ic|hcbs ikl rsb o` i}}~o}~hi|b hk}r|s srca is l~orja|$|ofb~ik| sbbls“cik nb rsbl |o s|~bkj|abk |ab ci}ich|x o` ~r~if Gbkxiks |o co}b zh|a l~orja| hk |ab fokj$|b~d+

\ab }~oebc| zis l~hpbk hkh|hiffx nx <= ì~db~s zao zb~b fhkgbl zh|a |bcakhcif sr}}o~|+ Nx >==:1=" o` |ab aorsbaofls hk Sigih ail ilo}|bl |ab ij~hcrf|r~if }~ic|hcbs }~odo|bl |a~orja |ab}~oebc|+ \ars |ab }~oebc| zahca zis `rklbl nx |ab Cikilhik Coifh|hok ok Cfhdi|b Caikjb iklLbpbfo}dbk| !i j~or} o` do~b |aik 92 lbpbfo}dbk| ikl bkph~okdbk|if o~jikhui|hoks hkCikili( ais lbdoks|~i|bl |ai| ì~db~s hk Sigih aipb shjkh`hcik|fx ili}|bl |o ~blrcb |abprfkb~inhfh|x o` |abh~ ij~hcrf|r~if or|}r|s |o cfhdi|b caikjb+ \ab }~oebc| or|codb ais izigbkbl}ofhcx digb~s ikl zo~gbl |o hk`frbkcb |ab cok|bk| o` Gbkxi‘s l~i`| Ki|hokif Lhsis|b~




>>

Dikijbdbk| ]ofhcx ikl h|s ~bphsbl }ofhcx ok |ab srs|ihkinfb lbpbfo}dbk| o` i~hl ikl sbdh$i~hlfikls+ !Sor~cb5 a||}5//zzz+hhsl+o~j/cfhdi|b/prfkb~inhfh|x/ili}|i|hok+is}(

Cisb s|rlx <5 Hklhjbkors |bcakofojx hk Nofhphi ikl cfhdi|b caikjb ili}|i|hok

\ab fozfikl coddrkh|hbs o` Nofhphi aipb nbbk ìdhfhi~ zh|a rk}~blhc|infb ~ihks zi~db~|bd}b~i|r~bs ikl ik hkc~bisb hk bq|~bdb zbi|ab~ opb~ |ab fis| |zo lbcilbs+ Ij~hcrf|r~if

}~olrc|hok ais nbbk sbpb~bfx coks|~ihkbl nx |ab ikkrif cxcfb o` `fools ikl l~orja|s hk lh``b~bk|i~bis lrb |o Nofhphi‘s nholhpb~sh|x+ \ab lbpis|i|hkj `fool hk fozfikl Nbkh hk >==: ikl >==1hk`frbkcbl focif coddrkh|hbs |o sbbg |ab abf} o` Oqìd |o hkh|hi|b i }~oebc| ciffbl cidbffokb s!cidbf ard}s o~ ~ihsbl `hbfls( |o icahbpb i srs|ihkinfb sofr|hok |o `foolhkj ikl cfhdi|b caikjb+\ab cidbffokbs sxs|bd zis fis| rsbl 3=== xbi~s ijo+ Kbpb~|abfbss coddrkh|hbs hk |ahs

erkjfb ~bjhok o` Nofhphi i~b koz ~bphphkj |ab sxs|bd zahca rsbs ij~hcrf|r~if }~ic|hcbs |o sipbc~o}s `~od hkc~bisbl `fools+ \ab ikchbk| cidbffokbs zb~b nrhf| nx aikl rshkj }~hdh|hpbdi|b~hifs ikl coks|~rc|hok db|aols+ \ab kbz okbs i~b coks|~rc|bl nisbl ok dolb~k schbk|h`hcgkozfbljb o` ij~o$axl~ofojx rshkj |~ic|o~s ikl bi~|adophkj byrh}dbk|+

\ab fikl hk Nbkh ais nbbk rsriffx cokshlb~bl srh|infb ò~ sfisa$ikl$nr~k ij~hcrf|r~b|aorja |ab }oo~ yrifh|x sohf hs o`|bk bqairs|bl i`|b~ > |o 3 xbi~s+ Hk cok|~is| |ab cod}fbqsxs|bd o` zi|b~ dikijbdbk| rsbl hk |ab cidbffokbs cik }~ophlb do~b kr|~hbk|s |o |ab sohfsr}}o~|hkj do~b srs|ihkinfb ij~hcrf|r~b+ \ab cidbffokbs nrhf| hk >==: sr~phpbl |ab >==1`foolhkj ~bisokinfx zbff+ Zodbk i~b fbilhkj |ab zix hk bq}b~hdbk|hkj zh|a zixs oìli}|hkj |o |ab caikjbs hk |ab cfhdi|b+ \ab cidbffokbs }~oebc| o``b~s i }~odhshkj bqid}fbo` }oo~ zodbk rshkj ikchbk| |bcakofojhbs |o `hkl i zix o` hd}~ophkj òol sbcr~h|xili}|hkj |o `foolhkj ikl ~blrchkj lbò~bs|i|hok+ !a||}5//zzz+}bdnhki+o~j/}rn/>=20(

2+ COKCFRSHOKS

\ab Rkh|bl Ki|hoks @~idbzo~g Cokpbk|hok ok Cfhdi|b Caikjb !RK@CCC( hlbk|h`hbs |zo gbxlh~bc|hoks |o ill~bss cfhdi|b caikjb“dh|hji|hkj cfhdi|b caikjb nx ~blrchkj j~bbkaorsb jisbdhsshoks ikl hkc~bishkj ili}|i|hok |o |ab hd}ic|s o` cfhdi|b caikjb+ Dh|hji|hok }ofhcx

cokshs|s o` iff ardik ic|hph|hbs ihdbl i| ~blrchkj |ab bdhsshoks o` j~bbkaorsb jisbs srca isCO> db|aikb ikl kh|~ors oqhlb+ Ili}|i|hok ~b`b~s |o ikx ilers|dbk|s |ai| |igb }ficb hk ki|r~ifo~ ardik sxs|bds hk ~bs}oksb |o ic|rif o~ bq}bc|bl hd}ic|s o` cfhdi|b caikjb nx dolb~i|hkj|ab ai~d o~ bq}foh|hkj |ab o}}o~|rkh|hbs+

Hkc~bishkjfx |ab fhkgs nb|zbbk cfhdi|b caikjb ikl lbpbfo}dbk| i~b ~bcojkhubl is ik hd}o~|ik|cod}okbk| hk ~blrchkj }opb~|x ikl hd}~ophkj |ab fhphkj s|ikli~ls o` |ab }oo~+ Ardik$hklrcblj~bbkaorsb jis bdhsshoks i~b l~hpbk nx sochobcokodhc lbpbfo}dbk| }i||b~ks ikl |absb}i||b~ks i~b l~hpbk nx bcokodhc j~oz|a |bcakofojx ilo}|hok jopb~kikcb ikl }o}rfi|hokj~oz|a+ \absb bcokodhc lbpbfo}dbk|s hk |r~k i``bc| |ab prfkb~inhfh|x o` |ab }oo~ |o cfhdi|bcaikjb hk |b~ds o` |ab j~bbkaorsb b``bc|s ikl |abh~ ci}ich|x ò~ dh|hji|hok ikl ili}|i|hok|ab~bnx hkc~bishkj }opb~|x+

Hk lbpbfo}hkj cork|~hbs |ab o|ab~ gbx caiffbkjbs |ai| i~b ik hddblhi|b lbpbfo}dbk| }~ho~h|xi~b òol sbcr~h|x zi|b~ sr}}fx sikh|i|hok blrci|hok ikl abif|a ci~b+ \ars |ab~b hs ik r~jbk|kbbl |o dihks|~bid |ab gbx caiffbkjbs o` cfhdi|b caikjb hk|o sbc|o~ ikl lbpbfo}dbk| }fikkhkjikl lbchshok dighkj }~ocbssbs |o c~bi|b srs|ihkinfb fokj$|b~d lbpbfo}dbk|+ Dihks|~bidhkj hssbbk is i zix o` dighkj do~b b``hchbk| ikl b``bc|hpb rsb o` `hkikchif ikl ardik ~bsor~cbs hkhd}fbdbk|hkj ikl dikijhkj cfhdi|b caikjb }ofhcx aofhs|hciffx ~i|ab~ |aik rklb~|ighkj}hbcbdbif ic|hph|hbs+ \ahs hkpofpbs nrhflhkj dh|hji|hok ikl ili}|i|hok ci}ich|x i| no|a |ab dhc~oikl dic~o bcokodhc lbpbfo}dbk| fbpbfs+




>3

Cfhdi|b caikjb hs i jfonif }abkodbkok |ai| ~byrh~bs |ab }i~|hch}i|hok o` no|a |ab }rnfhc ikl}~hpi|b sbc|o~s+ \ab hd}o~|ikcb o` }~hpi|b sbc|o~ }i~|hch}i|hok hs hklhci|bl nx !h( |ab dijkh|rlbo` |ab hkpbs|dbk| kbblbl |o dikijb cfhdi|b caikjb ikl !hh( |ab ìc| |ai| di~gb| dbcaikhsdssbbd |o nb do~b b``bc|hpb hk ill~bsshkj cfhdi|b caikjb |aik lobs |ab }rnfhc sbc|o~+ Hk ìc| h| hs}b~cbhpbl |ai| |ab }~hpi|b sbc|o~ ilo}|s fbis|$cos| sofr|hoks |o bkph~okdbk|if }~onfbds |ai| i~bb``hchbk| ikl b``bc|hpb zabk cod}i~bl zh|a |ab }rnfhc sbc|o~+ \aorja |ab~b hs }o|bk|hif |o

jbkb~i|b ~bpbkrb sbpb~if cfhdi|b caikjb }~oebc|s i~b ko| s|hff cokshlb~bl nikginfb+ Hk ìc| |abdi~gb| dbcaikhsd hs ik bssbk|hif }i~| o` |ab Gxo|o ]~o|ocof |ai| sb~pbs is |ab nishs ò~ ci~nok|~ilhkj+

]rnfhc sbc|o~ hkpofpbdbk| hk |ab ò~d o` j~ik|s OLI ikl `rklhkj `~od o|ab~ cork|~hbs i~bbyriffx hd}o~|ik| hk dh|hji|hok ikl ili}|i|hok }~oebc|s+ \ab~b i~b sbpb~if }~oebc|s |ai| }~ophlbs|~okj sochif ~b|r~ks nr| `bz }~hpi|b ~b|r~ks+ Srca }~oebc|s i~b rkfhgbfx |o nb rklb~|igbk nx |ab}~hpi|b sbc|o~ nr| aipb fi~jb sochif nbkb`h|s+ Hk srca cisbs |ab jopb~kdbk| kok}~o`h|o~jikhui|hoks ikl loko~ ijbkchbs i~b ~byrh~bl |o fozb~ |ab ~hsg o` hkpbs|dbk| ikl }~ophlbhkcbk|hpbs ò~ }~hpi|b sbc|o~ hkpbs|dbk|+ Coddrkh|hbs lo aipb i ~ofb |o }fix hk ili}|i|hokzahca cik nb sbbk `~od |ab cisb s|rlhbs ch|bl hk |ahs }i}b~+

\ars cfhdi|b caikjb dh|hji|hok ikl ili}|i|hok `hkikchkj hs fhgbfx |o nb ill~bssbl phi sbpb~if

dbisr~bs srca is coffbc|hpb ic|hoks `~od iff s|igbaoflb~s hkkopi|hpb `hkikchkj iklhkco~}o~i|hkj cfhdi|b ~hsgs hk|o lbpbfo}dbk| }fikkhkj+ @h~s|fx okb }osshnfb hkkopi|hpb `hkikchkjdb|aol hs |o }ix i||bk|hok |o byrh|x b``hchbkcx ikl b``bc|hpbkbss zabk lbifhkj zh|a cfhdi|bcaikjb !Zo~fl Nikg >=9=i(+ Dh|hji|hok cos|s cik nb ~blrcbl nx hkc~bishkj b``hchbkcx |a~orjadonhfhuhkj dh|hji|hok `hkikcb |o |ab cork|~hbs zab~b dh|hji|hok cos|s i~b fozbs| ikl nx lh~bc|hkjili}|i|hok `hkikcb |o zab~b |ab kbbls i~b j~bi|bs| !Zo~fl Nikg >=9=i(+ Sbcoklfx |ab~b hs ikbbl |o bs|infhsa s|~okj fhkgs nb|zbbk dh|hji|hok ikl lbpbfo}dbk| }ofhcx ikl nb|zbbkili}|i|hok ikl lbpbfo}dbk| }ofhcx is zbff is hlbk|h`xhkj sodb lbsh~infb fbpbf ikl dhq o`cfhdi|b }ofhcx ikl lbpbfo}dbk| }ofhcx+ Srca fhkgs i~b gbxs |o ill~bsshkj cfhdi|b caikjb hklbpbfo}dbk| }fikkhkj !Gfbhk b| if+ >==2(+ \ab OBCL ~bcbk|fx srjjbs|bl |ai| |ab i}}fhci|hok o`s|~i|bjhc bkph~okdbk| issbssdbk| !SBI( cik }fix i gbx ~ofb hk hlbk|h`xhkj |ab sbc|o~s“srca isabif|a }opb~|x iffbphi|hok ikl srs|ihkinfb bcokodhc lbpbfo}dbk|“|ai| i~b fbis| }~b}i~bl |o

ill~bss cfhdi|b caikjb !OBCL >=9=c(+ @o~ |ai| òcrs o` OLI hk |b~ds o` SBI hs ifso c~rchif hk}~ophlhkj isshs|ikcb |o lbpbfo}hkj cork|~hbs b+j+ |o sr}}o~| }hfo| SBIs+

\ab~b hs iko|ab~ is}bc| o` OLI |ai| hs zo~|a ahjafhja|hkj bs}bchiffx nbcirsb lbs}h|b h|sonphors hd}fhci|hoks ò~ b``bc|hpbkbss h| hs sbflod bd}aishubl hk bh|ab~ |ab icilbdhc o~ |abdo~b }ofhcx$o~hbk|bl fh|b~i|r~b+ H| ais |o lo zh|a loko~ hkpofpbdbk| hk hksr~ikcb dbcaikhsdszab~b loko~s aipb s|i~|bl |o }fix ik hd}o~|ik| ~ofb hk isshs|hkj }oo~ cork|~hbs hk co}hkj zh|a~hsg+ Cfhdi|b ~hsg dikijbdbk| ò~ bqid}fb iffozs ì~db~s |o b``bc|hpbfx nrx c~o} }~hcbhksr~ikcb ikl ~ihkìff hksr~ikcb+ Cokshlb~ |ab cisb o` ~ihkìff hksr~ikcb5 i l~orja| o`|bk i``bc|si fi~jb }i~| o` i cork|~x so |ai| ~hsg }oofhkj i| |ab ki|hokif fbpbf hs ik hkilbyri|b ~bs}oksb+Srca ~hsgs ~byrh~b ~bhksr~ikcb so |ai| ~hsg cik nb }oofbl i| i ahjab~ !r} |o jfonif( fbpbf+Drf|hki|hokif hksr~ikcb cod}ikhbs i~b zbff izi~b o` |ahs nr| i~b }oo~fx }ficbl |o o``b~hksr~ikcb cok|~ic|s |o six }bisik|s hk ik Hklhik phffijb+ Nx cok|~is| dhc~o`hkikcb hks|h|r|hoks

i~b infb |o ~bica |absb |i~jb| j~or}s i| foz cos|s nr| i~b rsriffx rkinfb |o }oof ~hsg sr``hchbk|fx+Fhkghkj |ab |zo“dhc~o`hkikcb hks|h|r|hoks ikl drf|hki|hokif hksr~ikcb cod}ikhbs“hs `bishnfb+Rk|hf |ahs hs lokb ikl ~rk b``hchbk|fx OLI cik }fix ik hd}o~|ik| ~ofb }~ophlhkj ~bhksr~ikcblh~bc|fx o~ }osshnfx is ik hk|b~dblhi~x nb|zbbk cork|~hbs ikl drf|hki|hokif cod}ikhbs+

\ab }o|bk|hif cok|~hnr|hok o` loko~s hs ko| ers| fhdh|bl |o |ab }~ophshok o` c~o} }~hcb hksr~ikcb+OLI cik ifso }fix i }i~| hk sdoo|ahkj |ab dic~obcokodhc b``bc|s o` `frc|ri|hoks hk |ab }~hcb o`coddolh|hbs ikl |ab |b~ds o` |~ilb |ab~bnx ~blrchkj |ab prfkb~inhfh|x o` lbpbfo}hkj cork|~hbs|o bqojbkors saocgs+ Bphlbkcb hs iccrdrfi|hkj |ai| |ab insbkcb o` hksr~ikcb ais i




><

~bdi~ginfx s|~okj kbji|hpb b``bc| ok hkpbs|dbk| ikl j~oz|a+ Abkcb |ab }ixo`` !hk |b~ds o`cfhdi|b caikjb bcokodhc j~oz|a ikl rf|hdi|bfx }opb~|x ~blrc|hok( `~od hk|b~pbk|hoks ~bfi|bl |oco}hkj zh|a ~hsg dhja| zbff nb rklb~bs|hdi|bl+

Aozbpb~ bd}h~hcif ~bsrf|s hk |ahs s|rlx bd}aishub |ai| do~b cir|hok hs kbblbl hk lh~bc|hkjOLI |ozi~ls cfhdi|b caikjb dh|hji|hok ikl ili}|i|hok lrb |o |ab hk|b~fhkgs nb|zbbk pi~hors

dic~obcokodhc pi~hinfbs ~bfi|bl |o j~oz|a ikl }opb~|x ~blrc|hok+ \ahs hd}fhbs |ai| OLI jhpbk|o o|ab~ hd}o~|ik| cirsbs cokcb~khkj DLJs saorfl ko| nb ~blrcbl+ \ab ~bsrf|s saoz |ai|bkb~jx b``hchbk| |~iks`b~ o` |bcakofojx |o lbpbfo}hkj cork|~hbs saorfl iccod}ikx ikx b`ò~|s o`lh~bc|hkj OLI |ozi~ls dh|hji|hok+ Zh|aor| |ai| |ab hd}ic| o` OLI ok dh|hji|hok dix aipb ikilpb~sb b``bc| ok |ab }icb o` }opb~|x ~blrc|hok hk lbpbfo}hkj cork|~hbs+ \ars |ab hkpofpbdbk|o` |ab }~hpi|b sbc|o~ nbcodbs c~rchif ò~ bkb~jx b``hchbk| |bcakofojhcif hkkopi|hok ikl |~iks`b~+Hk |ahs cok|bq| Ei}ik‘s i}}~oica o` }~ophlhkj OLI ikl `rklhkj ò~ o``hchif coffino~i|hok zh|a |ab}~hpi|b sbc|o~ hs i jool dolbf ò~ o|ab~ lbpbfo}bl cork|~hbs |o bdrfi|b+ \ahs kbcbssh|i|bs ikhkc~bisbl fbpbf o` bd}h~hcif ~bsbi~ca zh|ahk ikl ic~oss cork|~hbs+




>2

^B@B^BKCBS

Ij~izifi S+ bl+ >==2+ N~hljb Opb~ \~ornfbl Zi|b~s “Fhkghkj Cfhdi|b Caikjb ikl Lbpbfo}dbk|+ ]i~hs5 O~jikhsi|hok ò~ Bcokodhc Co$o}b~i|hok ikl Lbpbfo}dbk| !OBCL(+

Ij~izifi S+ ikl D+ pik Iifs|+ >==1+ Ili}|hkj lbpbfo}dbk| coo}b~i|hok |o ili}| |o cfhdi|bcaikjb+ Cfhdi|b ]ofhcx 1!>(5913–83+

Iknrdouah P+ >=9=+ Dihks|~bidhkj cfhdi|b caikjb ili}|i|hok hk|o lbpbfo}dbk|if }fikkhkj5O}}o~|rkh|hbs ikl caiffbkjbs ò~ |ab Ishi ]ich`hc+ \ogxo5 Ishik Lbpbfo}dbk| NikgHks|h|r|b !ILNH(+ dhdbo+

Iknrdouah P+ ikl I+ Nirb~+ >=9=+ Hd}ic| o` jfonif ~bcbsshok ok srs|ihkinfb lbpbfo}dbk| ikl}opb~|x fhkgijbs+ ILNH zo~ghkj }i}b~ sb~hbs ko+ >>:5 Erfx+

Ishik Lbpbfo}dbk| Nikg !ILN(+ >==2+ Cfhdi|b ]~oo`hkj5 I ^hsg$nisbl I}}~oica |o Ili}|i|hok +Dikhfi+

“““+ >==1i+ Ic|hok ]fik ò~ Hd}fbdbk|hkj ILN‘s Lhsis|b~ ikl Bdb~jbkcx Isshs|ikcb ]ofhcx +

Dikhfi+ “““+ >==1n+ S|~i|bjx >=>=+ \ab Fokj$\b~d Lbpbfo}dbk| @~idbzo~g o` |ab Ishik

Lbpbfo}dbk| Nikg+ Dikhfi+

“““+ >==8i+ Nrhflhkj Cfhdi|b ^bshfhbkcb hk |ab Ij~hcrf|r~b Sbc|o~ o` Ishi ikl |ab ]ich`hc +Dikhfi+

“““+ >==8n+ Cfhdi|b Caikjb ikl Dhj~i|hok hk Ishi ikl |ab ]ich`hc + Dikhfi+

“““+ >==8c+ Cfhdi|b Caikjb5 S|~bkj|abkhkj Ili}|i|hok ikl Dh|hji|hok hk Ishi ikl |ab ]ich`hc +Dikhfi+

“““+ >==8l+ \ab Bcokodhcs o` Cfhdi|b Caikjb hk Sor|abis| Ishi5 I ^bjhokif ^bphbz +Dikhfi+

“““+ >=9=+ ILN Cfhdi|b Caikjb ]~oj~ids 5 @ichfh|i|hkj Hk|bj~i|bl Sofr|hoks hk Ishi ikl |ab ]ich`hc+ Dikhfi+

Ishik Lbpbfo}dbk| Nikg Irs|~ifhik IHL Ei}ik Hk|b~ki|hokif Coo}b~i|hok IjbkcxO~jikhsi|hok ò~ Bcokodhc Coo}b~i|hok ikl Lbpbfo}dbk| Szblhsa Hk|b~ki|hokifLbpbfo}dbk| Coo}b~i|hok Ijbkcx Rkh|bl Ki|hoks Lbpbfo}dbk| ]~oj~iddb Rkh|blKi|hoks Bkph~okdbk| ]~oj~iddb \ab Zo~fl Nikg+ >=9=+ Nikjgog Ciff ò~ Ic|hok $ ^bifhuhkj Lbpbfo}dbk| B``bc|hpbkbss5 Dighkj |ab Dos| o` Cfhdi|b Caikjb @hkikcb Dikhfi+

Ni~gb~ \+ E+ Gob|afb~ ikl D+ Phfbki+ >==>+ \ab cos|s o` j~bbkaorsb jis ini|bdbk|5 I db|i$ikifxshs o` }os|$S}bchif ^b}o~| ok Bdhsshoks scbki~hos dh|hji|hok scbki~hos+Bkph~okdbk|if Bcokodhcs ikl ]ofhcx S|rlhbs + 25932–00+

Nor~jrhjkok @+ ikl D+Srklnb~j+ >==:+ Ihl B``bc|hpbkbss“O}bkhkj |ab Nficg Noq Idb~hcik Bcokodhc ^bphbz 8:!>(5 390–3>9+

Cfbdbks D+ S+ îlbfb| ikl ^+ Naipkikh+ >==<+ Cork|hkj Cahcgbks zabk |abx Ai|ca5 \abSao~|$\b~d B``bc| o` Ihl ok J~oz|a+ Cbk|b~ ò~ Jfonif Lbpbfo}dbk| Zo~ghkj ]i}b~ Ko+<<+ Ipihfinfb i| SS^K5 a||}5//ss~k+cod/ins|~ic|420:><9+ Iccbssbl ok >= Erkb >=99+

Coffhb~]+ ikl E+Z+ Jrkkhkj+ 9888+ Bq}fihkhkj I`~hcik Bcokodhc ]b~ò~dikcb+ Eor~kif o`Bcokodhc Fh|b~i|r~b 3:5 0<–999+




>0

Coffhb~ ]+ ]+ Jrhffirdok| S+ Jrhffirdok| ikl E+Z+ Jrkkhkj+ 988:+ ^blbshjkhkj Coklh|hokifh|x+Zo~fl Lbpbfo}dbk| >2!8(5 9388–9<=:+

Coddhsshok ok Cfhdi|b Caikjb ikl Lbpbfo}dbk| !CCCL(+ >==8+ Cfoshkj |ab Ji}s5 Lhsis|b~ ^hsg ^blrc|hok ikl Ili}|i|hok |o Cfhdi|b Caikjb hk Lbpbfo}hkj Cork|~hbs + S|ocgaofd5Sbc~b|i~hi| CCCL Dhkhs|~x ò~ @o~bhjk I`ìh~s+

Coddhsshok o` |ab Br~o}bik Coddrkh|hbs+ >==:+ \ozi~ls ik BR ~bs}oksb |o sh|ri|hoks o``~ijhfh|x+ Coddrkhci|hok `~od \ab Coddhsshok |o \ab Corkchf \ab Br~o}bik]i~fhidbk| \ab Br~o}bik Bcokodhc ikl Sochif Coddh||bb ikl \ab Coddh||bb o` |ab^bjhoks+ N~rssbfs >2 Oc|onb~+

Lbpbfo}dbk|+ >==8+ ]i}b~ }~bsbk|bl lr~hkj |ab J~bbk Bcokodhcs HH sbsshoks i| |ab Zbs|b~kBcokodhc Issochi|hok Hk|b~ki|hokif 1|a ]ich`hc ^hd Cok`b~bkcb+ Gxo|o5 ><–>: Di~ca+

Br~o}bik Rkhok !BR(+ >=9=+ Br~o}bik Rkhok @is| S|i~| @rklhkj |o Lbpbfo}hkj Cork|~hbs“ ]~oj~bss ^b}o~| + a||}5//bc+br~o}i+br/cfhdi/ locrdbk|i|hok/hk|b~ki|hokif/locs/s}`_s|i~|`hkikcb_bk+}l`

Jfonif Bkph~okdbk| @ichfh|x+ >==2+ Dblhrd$Shubl ]~oebc| ]~o}osif5 Co}hkj zh|a L~orja| ikl Cfhdi|b Caikjb+ Zisahkj|ok LC+

Jr}|i E+ >==8+ Cfhdi|b caikjb ikl lbpbfo}dbk| co$o}b~i|hok5 \~bkls ikl yrbs|hoks+ Eor~kif o` Bkph~okdbk| Srs|ihkinhfh|x 95>=:–>93+

Aorja|ok \+ b| if+ bls+ >==9+ Cfhdi|b caikjb >==9“\ab schbk|h`hc nishs+ Cok|~hnr|hoks o`Zo~ghkj J~or} 9 |o |ab \ah~l Issbssdbk| ~b}o~| o` |ab Hk|b~jopb~kdbk|if ]ikbf okCfhdi|b Caikjb !H]CC(+ Cidn~hljb Rkh|bl Ghkjlod !RG(5 Cidn~hljb Rkhpb~sh|x ]~bss+

Ary S+ I+ îadik D+ Goki|b X+ Sogoki ikl A+ ^bhl+ >==3+ Dihks|~bidhkj Ili}|i|hok |o Cfhdi|b Caikjb hk Fbis| Lbpbfo}bl Cork|~hbs + Foklok5 Hk|b~ki|hokif Hks|h|r|b ò~Bkph~okdbk| ikl Lbpbfo}dbk|+

Hk|b~jopb~kdbk|if ]ikbf ok Cfhdi|b Caikjb !H]CC(+ >==9+ Hd}ic|s& Ili}|i|hok ikl Prfkb~inhfh|x+ Zo~ghkj J~or} HH cok|~hnr|hok |o |ab \ah~l Issbssdbk| ~b}o~| o` |ab

Hk|b~jopb~kdbk|if ]ikbf ok Cfhdi|b Caikjb+ Cidn~hljb RG5 Cidn~hljb Rkhpb~sh|x]~bss+

“““+ >==:i+ H]CC @or~|a Issbssdbk| ^b}o~|5 Srddi~x ò~ ]ofhcxdigb~s o` Zo~ghkj J~or} HH ^b}o~|“Hd}ic|s& Ili}|i|hok& ikl Prfkb~inhfh|x+ Cidn~hljb RG5 Cidn~hljb Rkhpb~sh|x]~bss+

“““+ >==:n+ H]CC @or~|a Issbssdbk| ^b}o~|5 Srddi~x ò~ ]ofhcxdigb~s o` Zo~ghkj J~or} HHH ^b}o~|“Dh|hji|hok o` Cfhdi|b Caikjb+ Cidn~hljb RG5 Cidn~hljb Rkhpb~sh|x ]~bss+

“““+ >==:c+ H]CC @or~|a Issbssdbk| ^b}o~|5 Srddi~x ò~ ]ofhcxdigb~s o` Sxk|abshs ^b}o~| o` |ab Cok|~hnr|hoks o` Zo~ghkj J~or}s H& HH& ikl HHH+ Cidn~hljb RG5 Cidn~hljbRkhpb~sh|x ]~bss+

“““+ >==:l+ H]CC @or~|a Issbssdbk| ^b}o~|5 Srddi~x ò~ ]ofhcxdigb~s o` Zo~ghkj J~or} H ^b}o~|“\ab ]axshcif Schbkcb Nishs+ Cidn~hljb RG5 Cidn~hljb Rkhpb~sh|x ]~bss+

Hk|bj~i|bl ^bjhokif Hkò~di|hok Kb|zo~gs !H^HK( Jfonif+ >=9=+ Cfhdi|b caikjb5 Ili}|i|hok `rkls|i~|s lbfhpb~hkj+ H^HK Ardikh|i~hik Kbzs ikl Ikifxshs i }~oebc| o` |ab RK O``hcb ò~|ab Coo~lhki|hok o` Ardikh|i~hik I`ìh~s+ Nikjgog5 >9 Oc|onb~+

Ei}ik Hk|b~ki|hokif Coo}b~i|hok Ijbkcx !EHCI(+ >==:i+ EHCI‘s Isshs|ikcb ò~ Dh|hji|hok |o Cfhdi|b Caikjb + O``hcb ò~ Cfhdi|b Caikjb Jfonif Bkph~okdbk| Lb}i~|dbk| EHCI\ogxo I}~hf }+9+




>:

“““+ >==:n+ EHCI‘s Isshs|ikcb ò~ Ili}|i|hok |o Cfhdi|b Caikjb + O``hcb ò~ Cfhdi|b CaikjbJfonif Bkph~okdbk| Lb}i~|dbk| EHCI \ogxo Oc|onb~ }+3+

“““+ >==1+ EHCI‘s Coo}b~i|hok ò~ Cfhdi|b Caikjb + O``hcb ò~ Cfhdi|b Caikjb JfonifBkph~okdbk| Lb}i~|dbk| EHCI \ogxo Oc|onb~ }+>+

_____+ >=9=+ EHCI‘s Coo}b~i|hok ò~ Cfhdi|b Caikjb+ O``hcb ò~ Cfhdi|b Caikjb Jfonif

Bkph~okdbk| Lb}i~|dbk| EHCI \ogxo Oc|onb~ }+9+

_____+ >=99+ EHCI Cfhdi|b @hkikcb Hd}ic| \oof ò~ Ili}|i|hok L~i`| Pb~+ 9+ O``hcb ò~ Cfhdi|bCaikjb Jfonif Bkph~okdbk| Lb}i~|dbk| EHCI \ogxo Erkb }+9–0+

Gifh~ieik G+ ikl G+ Shkja+ >==8+ \ab ]icb o` ]opb~|x ^blrc|hok ic~oss |ab Jfonb5 IkBq}fo~i|o~x Ikifxshs Hk|b~ki|hokif Eor~kif o` Sochif Bcokodhcs 30!0(5 08>–:=2+

Gizih D+ ikl P+ Iknrdouah+ >==8+ \ozi~ls i Foz Ci~nok Ishi5 Caiffbkjbs o` BcokodhcLbpbfo}dbk|+ ]i}b~ }~bsbk|bl lr~hkj |ab J~bbk Bcokodhcs HH sbsshoks i| |ab Zbs|b~kBcokodhc Issochi|hok Hk|b~ki|hokif 1|a ]ich`hc ^hd Cok`b~bkcb+ Gxo|o Ei}ik+ ><–>:Di~ca+

Gfbhk ^+ E+ \+ >==>+ Cfhdi|b Caikjb& Ili}|hpb Ci}ich|x ikl Srs|ihkinfb Lbpbfo}dbk|+ ]i}b~

}~bsbk|bl i| ik bq}b~| dbb|hkj ok Ili}|i|hok |o Cfhdi|b Caikjb ikl Srs|ihkinfbLbpbfo}dbk|+ ]i~hs5 OBCL+ 93–9< Di~ca+

Gfbhk ^+ E+ \+ B+ Scah}}b~ @+ Fhsi ikl S+ Lbssih+ >==2+ Hk|bj~i|hkj dh|hji|hok ikl ili}|i|hokhk|o cfhdi|b ikl lbpbfo}dbk| }ofhcx5 |a~bb ~bsbi~ca yrbs|hoks+ Eor~kif o` Bkph~okdbk| Schbkcb ikl ]ofhcx 152:8–11+

Khcaoffs ^+E+ C+ Ab~zbheb~ ikl S+ Aiffbji||b + >==:+ Sc~bbkhkj S|rlx5 îkghkj ]o~| Ch|hbs zh|a Ahja Bq}osr~b ikl Prfkb~inhfh|x |o Cfhdi|b Bq|~bdbs5 Hk|b~hd Ikifxshs5 Bq}osr~b Bs|hdi|bs+ ]i~hs5 OBCL+

OBCL+ >=9=+ Hkpbs|dbk|s hk Foz$Bdhsshok Bkb~jx \bcakofojhbs ok |ab Scifb Kbblbl |o ^blrcb |ab ^hsgs o` Cfhdi|b Caikjb+ ]~ocbblhkjs o` |ab ôrkl|infb+ ]i~hs5 9<–9:Eikri~x+

“““+ >==3i+ Lbpbfo}dbk| ikl cfhdi|b caikjb hk Nikjfilbsa5 @ocrs ok cois|if `foolhkj ikl|ab Srkli~niks+ COD/BKP/B]OC/ LCL/LIC!>==3(3/@HKIF+ ]i~hs+

“““+ >==3n+ Lbpbfo}dbk| ikl cfhdi|b caikjb hk @heh5 @ocrs ok cois|if dikj~opbs+COD/BKP/B]OC/LCL/LIC!>==3(</@HKIF+ ]i~hs+

“““+ >==3c+ Lbpbfo}dbk| ikl cfhdi|b caikjb hk Kb}if5 @ocrs ok zi|b~ ~bsor~cbs iklaxl~o}ozb~+ COD/BKP/B]OC/LCL/LIC!>==3(9/ @HKIF+ ]i~hs+

“““+ >==8i+ Cfhdi|b caikjb ikl ij~hcrf|r~b5 Hd}ic|s ili}|i|hok dh|hji|hok ikl o}|hoks ò~|ab OBCL+ COD/\IL/CI/BKP/

B]OC!>==8(93+ ]i~hs+

“““+ >==8n+ Hk|bj~i|hkj Cfhdi|b Caikjb Ili}|i|hok hk|o Lbpbfo}dbk| Co$o}b~i|hok5 ]ofhcx Jrhlikcb + ]i~hs+

“““+ >=9=i+ Lbpbfo}dbk| Ihl i| i Jfikcb5 S|i|hs|hcs nx ^bjhok + ]i~hs+

“““+ >=9=n+ S|i|bdbk| o` ]~oj~bss ok Hk|bj~i|hkj Cfhdi|b Caikjb Ili}|i|hok hk|o Lbpbfo}dbk| Co$o}b~i|hok+ ]i~hs+

“““+ >=9=c+ S|~i|bjhc Bkph~okdbk| Issbssdbk| ikl Ili}|i|hok |o Cfhdi|b Caikjb + ]i~hs+




>1

]i~~x D+ E+ Fozb ikl C+ Aiksok+ >==8+ Opb~saoo| ili}| ikl ~bcopb~+ Ki|r~b <21599=>– 9=35 3=+ I}~hf+

Schbkcb Lihfx + >=9=+ 99 Di~ca+

Scarf|u \+Z+ 9819+ Hkpbs|hkj hk ]bo}fb + Nb~gbfbx5 Rkhpb~sh|x o` Cifhò~khi ]~bss+

S}b~fhkj @+ bl+ >==3+ ]opb~|x ikl Cfhdi|b Caikjb–^blrchkj |ab Prfkb~inhfh|x o` |ab ]oo~ |a~orja Ili}|i|hok+ I`~hcik Lbpbfo}dbk| Nikg Ishik Lbpbfo}dbk| Nikg RGLb}i~|dbk| ò~ Hk|b~ki|hokif Lbpbfo}dbk| Br~o}bik Coddhsshok Lh~bc|o~i|b Jbkb~ifLbpbfo}dbk| o` |ab Br~o}bik Coddhsshok Jb~dik @blb~if Dhkhs|~x ò~ BcokodhcLbpbfo}dbk| Coo}b~i|hok !NDU( Kb|ab~fikls Lh~bc|o~i|b$Jbkb~if ò~ Hk|b~ki|hokifCoo}b~i|hok !LJHS( OBCL RKL] RKB] ikl \ab Zo~fl Nikg+ Zisahkj|ok LC+

S|b~k K+ >==0+ S|b~k ^bphbz5 \ab Bcokodhcs o` Cfhdi|b Caikjb+ Foklok5 \~bisr~x O``hcb o`|ab Jopb~kdbk| o` |ab Rkh|bl Ghkjlod ikl Ko~|ab~k H~bfikl+

Rkh|bl Ki|hoks Cokpbk|hok |o Codni| Lbsb~|h`hci|hok !RKCCL(+ >==1+ \ab Cfhdi|b Caikjb Dh|hji|hok ikl Ili}|i|hok Hkò~di|hok Gh|5 Fhkgijbs nb|zbbk RK@CCC ikl RKCCL+]~b}i~bl ò~ |ab Sbpbk|a Sbsshok o` |ab Coddh||bb ò~ |ab ^bphbz o` |abHd}fbdbk|i|hok o` |ab Cokpbk|hok+ Rkh|bl Ki|hoks+

Rkh|bl Ki|hoks Lbpbfo}dbk| ]~oj~iddb !RKL](+ @hja|hkj Cfhdi|b Caikjb5 Ardik sofhli~h|xhk i lhphlbl zo~fl+ Ardik Lbpbfo}dbk| ^b}o~|+ >==:/>==1+ Kbz Xo~g+

Rkh|bl Ki|hoks Bcokodhc ikl Sochif Coddhsshok ò~ Ishi ikl |ab ]ich`hc !RKBSCI](+ >==8+Icahbphkj |ab Dhffbkkhrd Lbpbfo}dbk| Joifs hk ik b~i o` jfonif rkcb~|ihk|x+ Ishi– ]ich`hc ^bjhokif ^b}o~| >==8/9=+ Nikjgog+

Rkh|bl Ki|hoks Bkph~okdbk| ]~oj~iddb !RKB](+ >==8+ Jfonif j~bbk kbz lbif+ R}li|b ò~ |abJ>= ]h||snr~ja Srddh|+ ><–>2 Sb}|bdnb~+

Rkh|bl Ki|hoks @~idbzo~g Cokpbk|hok ok Cfhdi|b Caikjb !RK@CCC(+ >==8+ ]o|bk|hif cos|sikl nbkb`h|s o` ili}|i|hok o}|hoks5 I ~bphbz o` bqhs|hkj fh|b~i|r~b+ @CCC/\]/>==8/>+Kih~onh+

Rkh|bl S|i|bs Ijbkcx ò~ Hk|b~ki|hokif Lbpbfo}dbk| !RSIHL(+ >==:+ Ili}|hkj |o Cfhdi|b Pi~hinhfh|x ikl Caikjb5 I Jrhlikcb Dikrif ò~ Lbpbfo}dbk| ]fikkhkj + Zisahkj|ok LC+

“““+ >==1+ Hk|bj~i|hkj Cfhdi|b Caikjb hk|o Lbpbfo}dbk|+ Zisahkj|ok LC+

“““+ >==8+ @hkikchkj Cfhdi|b Ili}|i|hok ikl Dh|hji|hok hk ^r~if I~bis o` Lbpbfo}hkj Cork|~hbs+ Zisahkj|ok LC+

Rkh|bl S|i|bs Bkph~okdbk|if ]~o|bc|hok Ijbkcx+ >==0+ Jfonif Ik|a~o}ojbkhc Bdhsshoks o` Kok$ CO > J~bbkaorsb Jisbs 988=–>=>=+Zisahkj|ok LC+ +

Rkhpb~sh|x o` Co}bkaijbk+ >==8i+ ^hshkj sbi fbpbfs sb| |o aipb dieo~ hd}ic|s i~orkl |ab zo~fl+Co}bkaijbk+

“““+ >==8n+ Sbi fbpbf ~hsb o` okb db|b~ zh|ahk 9== xbi~s+ Schbkcb Lihfx + 99 Eikri~x+

Pik Iifs| D+ G+ ikl S+ Ij~izifi+ >==2+ Ikifxshs o` loko~$sr}}o~|bl ic|hph|hbs ikl ki|hokif}fiks+ Hk N~hljb opb~ \~ornfbl Zi|b~s+ Fhkghkj Cfhdi|b Caikjb ikl Lbpbfo}dbk| blh|bl nx S+ Ij~izifi+ ]i~hs5 OBCL+

Zhffhidsok C+ >=9=+ @hqhkj @ihfbl @o~bhjk Ihl5 Cik Ijbkcx ]~ic|hcbs Hd}~opb?+ ]i}b~]~bsbk|bl i| |ab Oqò~l Ihl \~iks}i~bkcx ikl Lbpbfo}dbk| @hkikcb Cok`b~bkcbOqò~l Di~ca >2+




>8

Zo~fl Nikg+ >===+ Ch|hbs sbis ikl s|o~ds5 Dikijhkj caikjb hk ]ich`hc hsfikl bcokodhbs Pof+HP5 Ili}|hkj |o cfhdi|b caikjb+ Zisahkj|ok LC+

“““+ >=9=i+ Lbpbfo}dbk| ikl Cfhdi|b Caikjb+ Zisahkj|ok LC+

“““+ >=9=n+ Bcokodhcs o` Ili}|i|hok |o Cfhdi|b Caikjb$Sxk|absbs ^b}o~|+ Zisahkj|okLC+

“““+ >=9=c+ Dokh|o~hkj Cfhdi|b @hkikcb ikl OLI+ Zisahkj|ok LC+

Zo~fl ^bsor~cbs Hks|h|r|b+ >=9=+ Srddi~x o` lbpbfo}bl cork|~x ìs|$s|i~| cfhdi|b `hkikcb}fbljbs+ Zisahkj|ok LC+




3=

I]]BKLHQ 9

Jfonif Cfhdi|b Caikjb Ili}|i|hok ikl Dh|hji|hok @rklhkj

Loko~/ Hkh|hi|hpb Cork|~hbs @ocrs/]~oebc|s Zbnsh|b

I`~hcik Lbpbfo}dbk|Nikg J~or} !I`LN(

I`~hcikcork|~hbs

Hk >==0 |ab I`LN hkh|hi|bl i cfhdi|b ili}|i|hok ikl~hsg dikijbdbk| !C^D( }~oj~id zh|a hk|b~pbk|hokshk }ofhcx ci}ich|x ikl }~oebc| fbpbf

a||}5//zzz+i`ln+o~j/ }o~|if/}ijb?_}ijbhl4<:33=0:=<=0&lil4}o~|if&scabdi4]O^\IF

Ishik Lbpbfo}dbk| Nikg!ILN( “Ishi ]ich`hc Ci~nok @rkl& \bcakhcif Sr}}o~| @rkl ikl |ab C~blh| Di~gb|hkj @rkl

Lbpbfo}hkjdbdnb~cork|~hbs oÌLN

ILN bs|infhsabl i Ci~nok Di~gb| Hkh|hi|hpb !CDH(rklb~ zahca h| dikijbs |a~bb }~oebc|s5

\ab Ishi ]ich`hc Ci~nok @rkl !I]C@( }~ophlbsr}`~ok| ci~nok co$`hkikchkj ijihks| `r|r~b ci~nokc~blh|s rk|hf >=9> |o bkinfb cfbik bkb~jx }~oebc|s |odbb| |abh~ `hkikchkj ji} |o hd}fbdbk|i|hok+ \abI]C@ ifso }~ophlbs r}`~ok| co`hkikchkj |o CLD

}~oebc|s hk ILN‘s Lbpbfo}hkj Dbdnb~ Cork|~hbs!LDCs( ò~ `r|r~b lbfhpb~x o` cb~|h`hbl bdhsshok~blrc|hoks+

\ab \bcakhcif Sr}}o~| @ichfh|x !\S@( }~ophlbssr}}o~| ò~ CLD }~oebc|s+ CDH zhff }~ophlb |i~jb|bl|bcakhcif sr}}o~| |o }~oebc| lbpbfo}b~s ikls}okso~s hk |ab òffozhkj fbpbfs5 9( r}s|~bidsr}}o~| hk }~oebc| }~b}i~i|hok ikl >( lozks|~bidsr}}o~| hk }~oebc| bqbcr|hok ikl coddb~chifhui|hok+

\ab C~blh| Di~gb|hkj @ichfh|x !CD@( isshs|ss}okso~s |o di~gb| illh|hokif c~blh|s jbkb~i|blnbxokl |aosb |ai| aipb nbbk sofl r}`~ok| |o I]C@+

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39

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b/cfhdi|b_bk+c`d




33

Jfonif Cfhdi|b Caikjb Iffhikcb !JCCI( $ zhffs}bkl ₦0=d hk >==1$9= |o c~bi|b izi~bkbss ikl

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32

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30

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Documents

Climate Change and Poverty Reduction—Where Does Official Development Assistance Money Go?