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Climate Types /Climatic
Parameters
Cold and dry zone Composite/alternating Hot and Dry zone Hot and
humid
(Conditions are almost same
for Warm and humid)
Moderate /temperate zone
Miscellaneousclimatic
stress
Harsh cold dessert conditionsConstantly low humidity --
theevaporation is greater.
Seasonal changes in relativehumidity cause weakening of
building materials
Heat radiating from ground andsurroundings cause
considerablethermal discomfort.
Constantly low humidity -- theevaporation is greater.
High humidity level and lowdiurnal temperature variationsalso
less wind movement causes
discomfort
Climatic conditions generallywithin a favourable range,
norequirement for special design
policies for indoor environment.
Penetration of intense solar radiationinside the building,
measures must be
taken to retain the internal heat as verylow temperature outside
duringmaximum time of the year.Keep the heat in and cold
temperatures
out during winter.
Reduction of intense solarradiation, measures must be taken
to reduce glare and prevent dustpenetration.Breeze can not be
used unless theair is cool.
Maximum cross ventilationinitiated.
Form and planning Compact design (minimum
surface/volume ratio)
Place buffer spaces along northwalls
Use temperature zoning
Minimize window area exceptsouth
Close layout and compactplanning-
Aligning building close to each
other specially east west wallsso that mutual shading
reducesheat gain.
Floor is shaded during day; atnight the courtyard will drawthe
heat from surrounding area
remitting to sky.
Courtyard planninganenclosed compact inward
looking plan with separate dayand night areas.
Non habitable rooms should be
placed in the west orientationacting as thermal barriers.Attach
and cluster buildings to
minimize exposed walls4 Use earth sheltering
Distinctive division needs to be
made in designing the building intwo parts for seasonal
occupationsto be combined.
Overall form deep and shallow.Planning in different parts of
thesame building.
Horizontal Plan type or verticalcombination; Layout linearrowed
or chequered looseknit.
Orientation: major spaces to bealways north-south and therefore
atright angle to breeze direction
presumably west.
Major day and night spaces on
west, south west and east sideshould be heat
permissive,subsidiary spaces on north, northeast side should be
heat resistive
Close layout and compact
planning.
Aligning building close to
each other specially east
west walls so that mutual
shading reduces heat gain.
Floor is shaded during day;at night the courtyard willdraw the
heat fromsurrounding area remitting
to sky.
Courtyard planninganenclosed compact inward
looking plan with separateday and night areas.
Non habitable rooms shouldbe placed in the westorientation
acting as thermal
barriers.
Staggered layout for group
of buildings buildingplacement should be donefor channelisation
of wind.
Open planning layout,oriented to catch the wind.
Open elongated plan shapewith a single row of roomsallowing
cross ventilationare preferred
A verandah connectingthese habitable spaces
provides shading and
protection from heavy rainfall.
Longer axis in the east
west direction.
Buildings in temperate
zones characterized by:Tendency to locateliving areasunderground
to utilize
coolness of the earth andcreate ventilationthrough buoyancy
Small window & roofelements minimizingheat transferUse of
narrowcourtyards to promote
ventilationFine grained cities thatcause mutual shadingUse of
water as an
architectural element
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Compact design (minimumsurface/volume ratio)6 Place buffer
spaces along north walls
7 Use temperature zoning8 Minimize window area except south
Objective of building design is:
1. to warm up indoor climate-using thernal effect in outdoor
climate2. By artificial means.
3. to obstruct the flow fromindoor to outdoor climate
4. overall form: subsidiary spacespush to the north , major
spaces
on east, west, south5. Compact planning6. Major day spaces
east-west,
subsidiary spaces to north
External spaces chequered close knit layout forminimizing cool
pockets ofoutdoor climate
Best external space would
be internal courtyard withpool; a cool night air can
beretained.
Avoid any hard pavingaround the building.
Best external space would
be internal courtyard withpool or verandah.
walls and wall surfaces heat permissive materials but
madeinsular by moderate increase in
thickness eg: double glazing
Built and surrounding surfaces:Materials: allocation of heat
permissive materials in greater orthin sections as per
seasonaldivision of major space.
Thick masonry walls /cavitywalls to reduce heat gaininside.
Smooth, reflective externalsurfaces; light in colour.
Masonry with good thermalresistance is required; lessthick walls
with lightexternal colour scheme.
Roofs sloping roofs for minimum heat lossper floor area
Maximum accommodationunder one roof to reduce
solar gainpreferably flatroof with reflective surfaces(white in
colour)
Thermal insulative heavymaterials for roofsmud
coating for less heat gain Larger surface dimension
should face north south toreceive lowest solar
radiation, west is worstorientation.
Heat insulation is requiredon roof,
Pitched roofs preferred foreasy removal of rain water.
Larger surface dimensionshould face east-west toreceive maximum
wind
from west- south west
openings 9 Double triple glazing10 Insulating materials
11 Provide continuous insulation12 Control air leaks
Openings: suitable as per climaterequirements of major
spaces.
Vertical and angular sun breakerson south east side
Ventilation should be low toprevent entry of hot and
dusty winds.(day time)
Small openings on outer
Cross ventilation is must;large windows (with low sill
levels) are required onprevailing wind direction.
