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• CO2 + H2O H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
• H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate)
• HCO3- H+ + CO3
2- (carbonate)
• Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3 (calcium carbonate
– used by all shelled marine animals and diatoms)
• Movement in atmosphere: atmospheric C as CO2 (0.04% of troposphere)
• Primary production: photosynthesis (“carbon fixation”) moves C from atmosphere to organic molecules in organisms
• Movement through food web: C moves in organic form from organism to organism
• Aerobic respiration: organic molecules broken down to release CO2 back to atmosphere
• Combustion: organic molecules broken by burning release CO2 back to atmosphere
• Dissolving in oceans: C forms carbonate (CO32–) &
bicarbonate (HCO3–)
• Movement to sediments: C enters sediments, primarily as calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
• How are humans affecting the carbon cycle?
• Which parts of the carbon cycle are considered short-term and which are considered long-term?