Semantic Wiki Mini-Series1st session:

A Survey of the Landscape and State-of-Art in Semantic Wiki

Co-chairs: Sebastian Schaffert (Salzburg Research, Austria),

Max Völkel (FZI Karlsruhe)

2008-10-23

Semantic Wikis: The Wiki Way to the Semantic Web?

1

Agenda

History

State of the Art

Trends

Introduction

2

Introduction

Introduction

3

Introduction: Semantic Wikis

wiki principles metaweb two perspectives on Semantic Wikis characteristics of Semantic Wikis example

4

Introduction

Wiki Principles

wikis allow anyone to edit wikis are easy to use and do not require additional

software wiki content is easy to link wikis support versioning of all changes wikis support all media

5

Introduction

Nova Spivack: Metaweb

6

Semantic Wikis

Introduction

Two Perspectives on Semantic Wikis

Wikis for Metadata Metadata for Wikis

no clear separation, but tendencies!

7

Introduction

Wikis for Metadata

creating metadata on the Semantic Web is difficult! – requires domain knowledge– requires knowledge engineering skills– complicated, insufficient tools

Wikis for metadata:– simplified technological access to the creation of

metadata– collaboration of domain experts and knowledge

engineers– dynamically evolving knowledge networks and

knowledge models

8

Introduction

Metadata for Wikis

Wikis huge amounts of digital content (e.g. Wikipedia) strong connection of content via hyperlinks

problem: structure exists, but is only used for presentation and not accessible by computers finding relevant content is increasingly difficult integration and exchange between different systems is

difficult

9

Introduction

Semantic Wikis

annotation of existing structures with machine readable metadatalinks carry meaning, typing of links, typing of pages

context dependent adaptation and presentationdifferent domains have different ways of presenting content, personal preferences, etc.

improved, „intelligent“, search and navigationqueries to the structure, visualisation of structure, derived information

improved interoperability between systemsexchange of content, integration of different systems, agents, etc

10

Introduction

Semantic Wikis: Example

11

Introduction

History

History

12

1995: The First Wiki

Wiki First developed by Ward Cunningham as an add-on to the Portland Pattern

Repository on 1995.03.25 http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiDesignPrinciples our interpretation

Incremental - Pages can cite other pages, including pages that have not been written yet. network of pages

Organic - The structure and text content of the site is open to editing and evolution. different from classical content management systems

Universal - The mechanisms of editing and organizing are the same as those of writing so that any writer is automatically an editor and organizer. integrated creation and organization of content

Unified - Page names will be drawn from a flat space so that no additional context is required to interpret them. humans can remember names

Precise - Pages will be titled with sufficient precision to avoid most name clashes, typically by forming noun phrases. names are quasi-unique

Tolerant - Interpretable (even if undesirable) behavior is preferred to error messages. usability: novice users have less fear to start using it

Observable - Activity within the site can be watched and reviewed by any other visitor to the site. exchange of meta-information

Convergent - Duplication can be discouraged or removed by finding and citing similar or related content.

History

13

2004/2005: First Semantic Wikis

Platypus Wiki from Stefano Campanini, Paolo Castagna, Roberto Tazzoli presented at ISWC2004

WikSAR from David Aumüller wins best Demo award at ESWC2005

History

14

2005: Wikipedia became popular

Comparing search volume on Google Trends on 2008-10-22

History

15

2006: Wikis became popular

Comparing search volume on Google Trends on 2008-10-22

History

16

2006: Semantic Wikis followed the trend

Web Search Volume, Worldwide, 2004 – 2008-10-22, /!\ Scales are different between diagrams!

Wiki

Ontology

Semantic web

Semantic wiki

History

17

2006: Semantic Wiki as a research topic

2005: [swikig] mailing list launched 2006: First Workshop on Semantic Wikis: From Wiki

to Semantics [SemWiki2006] at ESWC2006, Budva, Montenrego

2006: Second Workshop on Semantic Wikis: Wiki-based Knowledge-Engineering [WibKe2006] at WikiSym 2006 in Odense, Denmark

2008: Third Workshop on Semantic Wikis: The Wiki Way of Semantics [SemWiki2008] at ESWC2008, Tenerife

http://semwiki.org

History

18

State of the Art

State of the Art

19

What is a Semantic Wiki? I/II

Semantic Wikis* try to combine the strengths of Semantic Web

– machine processable, – data integration– complex queries

Wiki– easy to use and contribute, – strongly interconnected, – collaborative.

Emergence of Semantic Wikis from to sources: A) Semantic technologies for wikis („ST4W“)

– i.e. better navigation, better queries– Most semantic wiki engines are here

B) Wikis for semantic technologies („W4ST“)– i.e. Ontology engineering, ontology learning– E.g. Many papers on mining wikipedia

State of the Art

* http://Semwiki.org, Schaffert & Völkel, 200620

What is a Semantic Wiki? II/II

A Semantic Wiki is like the Semantic Web in a Petri dish Many terms emerge – how to consilidate the vocabulary? Many people work together – how to achieve consensus? Queries over multiple resources Import of semantic web data Export to other semantic web tools Versioning Access rights Trust ...

State of the Art

21

Semantic Wiki Engines

AceWiki – controlled english Artificial Memory – personal knowledge management BOWiki – biomedical domain Confluence Plugins (Metadata, Scaffolding) - commercial Hypertext Knowledge Workbench – personal knowledge management IkeWiki

SWiM - offshoot of IkeWiki KiWI – successor in scope of KiWi project

OntoWiki – free-form database OpenRecord – free-form database SweetWiki – semantic tagging Semantic MediaWiki (MediaWiki extension) – Semantic Wikipedia

HaloExtension – extension of Semantic MediaWiki, browsing & refactoring Semantic Forms – free-form database ... Many more Semantic MediaWiki extensions

SWOOKI – a peer-to-peer based SemWiki

State of the Art

http://semanticweb.org/wiki/Semantic_Wiki_State_Of_The_Art22

SemWiki2006 Results

How is metadata created? Incentives for creating formal data Low in semantic web, higher in semantic wikis with direct benefit Page vs. Concept

How is metadata used? Trust - Can trustworthiness of article content be determined from the

article metadata? Navigation - alternative views on the data Search … Automated content generation including reasoning Ontology engineering

Why/for what are Semantic Wikis used? Like normal wikis, but more sophisticated, doing everything better

Integration Integartion of structured text and RDF world still unsolved No common wiki metadata ontology

State of the Art

23

SemWiki2008

Alexandre Passant and Philippe Laublet. Towards an Interlinked Semantic Wiki Farm

Christoph Lange. Mathematical Semantic Markup in a Wiki: The Roles of Symbols and Notations

Max Völkel. Hypertext Knowledge Workbench

Andrea Bonomi, Alessandro Mosca, Matteo Palmonari and Giuseppe Vizzari. Integrating a Wiki in an Ontology Driven Web Site: Approach, Architecture and Application in the Archaeological Domain

Jochen Reutelshoefer, Joachim Baumeister and Frank Puppe. Ad-Hoc Knowledge Engineering with Semantic Knowledge Wikis

Christoph Lange, Sean McLaughlin and Florian Rabe. Flyspeck in a Semantic Wiki

Cezary Kaliszyk, Pierre Corbineau, Freek Wiedijk, James McKinna and Herman Geuvers. A real Semantic Web for mathematics deserves a real semantics

Florian Schmedding, Christoph Hanke and Thomas Hornung. RDF Authoring in Wikis

Axel Rauschmayer. Next-Generation Wikis: What Users Expect; How RDF Helps

Malte Kiesel, Sven Schwarz, Ludger van Elst and Georg Buscher. Using Attention and Context Information for Annotations in a Semantic Wiki

Karsten Dello, Lyndon Nixon and Robert Tolksdorf. Extending the Makna Semantic Wiki to support workflows

Tobias Kuhn. AceWiki: Collaborative Ontology Management in Controlled Natural Language

Sau Dan Lee, Patrick Yee, Thomas Lee, David Cheung and Wenjun Yuan. Descriptive Schema: Semantics-based Query Answering

Markus Luczak-Rösch and Ralf Heese. A Generic Corporate Ontology Lifecycle

Charbel Rahhal, Hala Skaf-Molli and Pascal Molli. SWOOKI: A Peer-to-peer Semantic Wiki

Gero Scholz. Semantic MediaWiki with Property Clusters

Joshua Bacher, Robert Hoehndorf and Janet Kelso. BOWiki: ontology-based semantic wiki with ABox reasoning

State of the Art

More application oriented than 2006

24

Semantic Wikis: Trends

Trends

25

Semantic Wikis: Trends

Application Areaswhat kinds of application areas can be addressed by Semantic Wikis?

Platformwhat kinds of software will Semantic Wikis develop into?

Technologywhat kinds of technological development/improvements will Semantic Wikis see?

Trends

26

Application Areas

Trends

27

Application Areas

Knowledge Management Semantic Wikipedia / Semantic Encyclopaedia eLearning Ontology Engineering

Trends

28

Knowledge Management

for me: primary application area from “knowledge is power” to “sharing is power” supporting the user by semantic technologies

Trends

29

Knowledge Management: Examples

connect software documentation (design documents, code documentation) about components with relevant bug reports and present developer a summary view of his tasks

allow project managers in consultancies to share project knowledge, e.g. “look for projects that are similar to mine” or “generate instances of all relevant QM process definitions for my project setup”

Trends

30

Knowledge Management: Examples

allow project managers to modify project workplan in different ways, e.g. as a table, as a Gantt diagram, … with direct connection to ERP system

allow head of department to get a summary view over all projects

Trends

31

Knowledge Management: Challenges

different perspectives on same content integration with existing tools (and here the

Semantic Web can help) requires heavy support for the user, e.g. extensive

reasoning, calculation, … often very formal environments (contradiction with

Wiki Philosophy)

Trends

32

Semantic Wikipedia

making the “wisdom of the crowds” in Wikipedia (and similar applications) accessible

not restricted to Wikipedia, not even to Wikis as technology (see “platform” later)

Trends

33

Semantic Wikipedia: Challenges

requires high performance and scalability (i.e. little reasoning)

community needs to be convinced to make use of semantic features (only if immediate benefit)

Trends

34

Learning

ePortfolio systems: collection of learning artefacts, reflection on learning

collaborative story telling personal development planning and alignment with

actual achievements

Trends

35

Learning: Challenges

requires functionalities current Wikis cannot provide, e.g. collaborative text writing

require lots of metadata for planning

Trends

36

Ontology Engineering

make ontology development simpler allow knowledge workers and ontology engineers

to collaborate in one system

Trends

37

Ontology Engineering: Challenges

allow different perspectives on same content (ontology engineer: ontology view, knowledge worker: domain specific view or wiki view)

full support for ontologies and reasoning

Trends

38

Platform

Trends

39

Semantic Wiki Platform

wiki as philosophy rather than technology: same principle holds for most other Web 2.0/Social Web applications

breaking information and system boundaries: integrating information and giving different perspectives on the same information

Semantic Wikis as generic platform for developing many different kinds of Social Web applications

Trends

40

Wiki as Philosophy

wikis allow anyone to edit wikis are easy to use and do not require additional

software wiki content is easy to link wikis support versioning of all changes wikis support all media

same holds for other social software applications!

Trends

41

Breaking Information and System Boundaries

integration of different kinds of content in one system (wiki text, photos, code, …)

different perspectives on the same content (wiki, blog, social network, tagit, …)

users edit the system behaviour, not only the content (e.g. widgets - zembly, custom layouts, declarative rules)

Trends

42

Example: WikiTrends

43http://showcase.kiwi-project.eu

Example: TagITTrends

44http://showcase.kiwi-project.eu

Example: Blog

no image (yet) but entries to wiki/tagit could also be displayed in blog style (ordered by creation time)!

Trends

45

Example: Social Networking

user information in the wiki could be used as basis for social networks (e.g. based on tags)

information represented as foaf data (RDF) just another perspective on the same data!

Trends

46

Example: Community Equity

Community Equity: valuation system for community content developed by Sun content can be rated by users -> information equity tags inherit information equity -> tag equity users inherit information equity for their content ->

contribution equity users inherit tag equity for the tags of their content ->

skills equity

Trends

47

Technology

Trends

48

Semantic Wikis as Testbed for the Semantic Web

Semantic Wikis connect the real world with the Semantic Web

Semantic Wikis are the “Semantic Web in Small”, because a Wiki is “Web in Small”

Semantic Wikis share many common properties with the Semantic Web

most technologies developed on the Semantic Web can be used and evaluated in Semantic Wikis

(my challenge: if it is not useful in Semantic Wikis, it is not useful at all!)

Trends

49

Challenge 1: Proof Benefit

the Semantic Web and Semantic Wikis must show how they are beneficial to ordinary users

Trends

50

Challenge 2: User Interfaces

all users like simple interfaces; tools like Protégé are way too complicated

how to do as much semantics as possible with as little user exposure as possible

Trends

51

Challenge 3: Personalisation

semantic data offers the possibility for personalising content presentation

e.g. preferences, observed behaviour, context

Trends

52

Challenge 4: Tagging

users like tagging (various reasons: simplicity, low cognitive barrier, …)

how to „lift“ non-semantic tags to the Semantic Web?

Trends

53

Challenge 5: Revisions & Versioning

essential aspect of the wiki philosophy much harder with meta-data than only with textual

content

Trends

54

Challenge 6: Reasoning

how can reasoning support users? what kinds of reasoning are useful in Semantic

Wikis (guess: rule-based)? how to deal with performance issues (needs to be

close to real-time)?

Trends

55

Challenge 7: Reason Maintenance

what rules are the justification for a triple? how can results of reasoning be explained to users? example: background turns purple because a rule

says that all pages concerning “foo” should be rendered as purple; user needs to be able to get an explanation

example: Amazon “why was this recommended to me”

Trends

56

Challenge 8: Permissions, Trust, Provenance

big outstanding issue of the Semantic Web reputation systems can help (e.g. Community

Equity by Sun) is metadata about metadata

Trends

57

KiWi – Knowledge in a WikiApplications Software Knowledge Management: Supporting

Software Engineers in sharing knowledge (Sun Microsystems)

Project Knowledge Management: Supporting Project Managers in documenting project knowledge (Logica)

KiWi Showcase: “KiWi PhotoStories”, a social networking and story and image sharing platform

Trends

58

KiWi – Knowledge in a WikiTechnology KiWi addresses personalisation KiWi allows arbitrary resources to tag other

resources KiWi partly addresses reason maintenance KiWi addresses rule-based reasoning in Semantic

Wikis KiWi has a proposal for versioning and transactions

(implemented but undocumented)

Trends

59

KiWi – Knowledge in a Wiki

website: http://www.kiwi-project.eu contact:

Coordinator: Sebastian Schaffert (sebastian.schaffert@salzburgresearch.at)

Dissemination: Julia Eder(julia.eder@salzburgresearch.at)

Trends

60

Semantic Wikis: The Wiki Way to the Semantic Web?

Semantic Wiki Mini-Series 1st session:

A Survey of the Landscape and State-of-Art in Semantic Wiki Co-chairs:

– Sebastian Schaffert (Salzburg Research, Austria)– Max Völkel (AIFB-Karlsruhe)

Thanks for listening!

61

Semantic Wiki Mini Series Plan & Dates

Session 2 scheduled on 20th November 2008 Semantic Wiki Technology (1): An introduction to some of the Semantic Wiki Engines Chair? Panelists (tentative): MarkusKrotzsch and/or DennyVrendecic;

SebastianSchaffert; TobiasKuhn; MartinHepp; ...(?) Engines (tentative): Semantic MediaWiki, IkeWiki, AceWiki, OntoWiki, ...(?)

Session 3 scheduled on 11th December 2008Semantic Wiki Technology (2): Semantic Wiki Extension, Add-on's and other Enhancements Chair? Panelists (tentative): YaronKoren; MarkGreaves and/or Thomas Schweitzer(?);

JieBao and/or LiDing; PeterYim and/or KenBaclawski; HaroldSolbrig(?), ...(?) Engines (tentative): Semantic Forms, SMWHalo extension, blog, purple

number tag (PMWX), Lex Wiki extension(?), ...

62

Planning

Semantic Wiki Mini Series Plan & Dates

Session 4 scheduled on 22th Januar 2009 Semantic Wiki Applications & Use Cases (1): vertical applications Panelists: HaroldSolbrig; ...; ChristophLange; MarkGreaves; ...(?) Topics: Applications in Healthcare and Life Science, e-Science,

Mathematics, AI, Education, ... – panelists to brief the participants on the "what," "why" and "how" of their semantic wiki project/implementations

Session 5 on Februar 2009Semantic Wiki Applications & Use Cases (2): horizontal applications Panelists: SebastianSchaffert and/or PeterDolog; ...; PeterYim;

MikeDean; ...(?) Topics: applications in Knowledge Management, software

engineering, collaboration and community support, open ontology repository, ... - panelists to brief the participants on the "what," "why" and "how" of their semantic wiki project/implementations

63

Planning

Semantic Wiki Mini Series Plan & Dates

Session 6 in March 2009The Future of Semantic Wiki: Trends, Challenges and Outlook (Panel Discussion) Co-chair: candidates - DeborahMcGuinness, RudiStuder,

MarkMusen Panelists: hopefully, all panelists from previous session

can join us in this discussion and to answer questions as well

looking for as many panelists as we can, 5-minute briefs from each, and an extensive moderated discussion segment

issues relating to scope, KR, Reasoning, HCI, access control, adoption, ...

Planning