CO S d LY LUAN GIAO HOC PHAP CHO L 6 P CIT N H A N

NGOAI NGir CHAT LlTONG CAO

GVC Nguyen Bd Ngoc

Khoa NN&VH Anh-MT - DHNN - DHQGHN

Trong nbO-ng nam gan day, thuc hien ehu truang cua nha nuoc, Bp Giao due va dao

tao, cong tac dao tao cu nhan tai nang hay chat lupng cao dang la tarn di^m duac dk\x tu,

ehu y cua nbieu truang dai hoe, cao dang trong ca nuae. So vai truuy^n tb6ng va kinb

nghiem dao tao cua moi truang thi binb tbue dao tao nay con rat mai la. Cho du eac lap cu

nhan nay dupe danh gia rat cao a mot so truang, song van con nhleu y kien kbac nhau cua

dpi ngu giao vien, sinb vien eac he chinb qui binb thuang va cua xa hoi trude su dau tu rat

Idn ve vat chat, thai gian, cong sue doi vai mot nhom nho sinb vien dupe lira chpn ky

lu5ng va dao tao de tra tbanh 'ga noi".

Tinh den nam hpc 2003-2004 Truang Dai hpc Ngoai ngu - Dai hpc Quoe gia Ha Noi

da tuyen sinh ba khoa sinb vien he dao tao cu nhan chat lupng cao cho eac ngoai ngO" chinb

dupe dao tao trong truang la tieng Anh, Nga, Trung va Pbap. Sinh vien khoa dau tien hien

nay da hpc nam thu 3, qua giai doan hpc tieng ca ban, dang giai doan nang cao ve eac ITnh

vuc ly tbuyet tieng va ngbiep vu su pham. Theo du luan chung. eac lop ibupc he dao tao

nay a mot so khoa da thu dupe eac ket qua nhat dinb ve chat lupng dao tao, hpc tap that

xuat sac, tra tbanh muc tieu phan dau vuon len cua eac sinb vien he thuang de tra tbanh eac

sinb vien tbay the cho eac tbanh vien khong dat yeu cau sau moi nam hpc cua eac lap chat

lupng cao (CLC) nay. Tuy nhien, sir tbanh cong tren khong my man a tat ca eac lap CLC

cua eac khoa. Nbu vay, ro rang con c6 nbCrng van de can thao luan de tien tai boan thien ve

phuang pbap giang day eung nbu noi dung cbuong trinb cua be dao tao nay khong chi cho

truang Dai hpc Ngoai ngix, Dai hpc Quoe gia Ha Noi ma con cho tat ca eac truang dai hoc,

cao dang kbac eo eung nbiem vu dao tao cu nhan ngoai ngO" chat lupng cao cho dat nuac.

Can cu vao muc dich cua hoi thao nay la "nham thong nhat nhan thuc va tbay ro nbung

van de ca ban ve ly luan va thuc tien cua viee dao tao cu nhan ngoai ngu phue vu su nghiep

cong nghiep boa, hien d^i boa dat nuac, tu do xay dung nbung phuang huong, noi dung va

giai pbap bieu qua cho loai binb dao tao nay'\ bai viet tap trung vao mot so ITnb vuc giao

hpc phap ngoai ngu" nbu: muc lieu, phuang pbap, noi dung chuang trinb. giao trinh nham

phan nao giup eac cap quan ly, eac tbay c6, sinh vien trong he dao tao nay nhan r5 eac van

d^ CO lien quan tirdo c6 the tu eai tien, boan tbien cong tac dieu hanh. day va hoc cua minh

dedat ket qua cao ban.

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1. Muc tieu dao tao

Mpi hoat dpng ciia nha truang deu xuat phat va phuc vu cho muc tieu dao tao cua minh. Muc tieu cang duqc xac dinb ro thi noi dung cbuong trinh, giao trinh va phuang phap thuc thi nhu dieu hanh. day va hpc moi c6 ket qua cao. Muc tieu ciia he dao tao chat lupng cao la dao tao cu nhan ngoai ngu gioi cho dat nuac. Song can phai cu the boa muc tieu na\ ban nua: gioi toan dien hay cbi gioi ngoai ngu don ihuan va doi vai he su pham hay he bien. phien dich, cu nhan ngoai ngu kbi ra truang c6 the dich tot nbung van ban thupc eac ITnh vuc nhu kinh te. chinh iri. khoa hpc ... Vai he su pham, ngoai viec xac djnh trinh dp tieng va kha nang giao ticp cho lung nam va ca khoa hpc cho sinh vien - tat nhien muc dp na) phai cao hern nhieu so vai sinh vien he thuang - con phai dau tu. dao tao so sinh vien nay thanh eac nha su pham gioi cho dat nuac. Muc tieu neu tren can tinh den viee hpc ngoai ngu yeu cau a nguai hpc nhijng kha nang vdi nhtjng dac diem ricng biet. kbac vol vice hpc eac mon hpc kbac.

Nhu vay. muc tieu dao tao cua eac lap cu nhan chat luang cao phai dupe xac dinh r5. cu the cho lung giai doan \a ca khoa tren ca so nghien cuu ky dau ra cua eac sinb vien thupc he na>.

2. Cae van de ^iao hoc phap cho IcVp chat lu'o'ng cao

Sau khi xac dinh ro muc tieu cuoi eung va timg giai doan cho lap CLC. tren ca so hicu ro doi lupng sinh \ien (dupe lira ehon k> qua eac k> thi tu>en ngat ngheo ciia eac khoa. eac sinh vien thuc su c6 nang khicu. say me hpc tap, c6 kien thuc, ket qua lot trong hpc tap) c6 the xeni \cl eac \an de giao hpc phap khae cho doi lupng nay. Do la phuang hudng, phuang phiip. tien trinh. chuang trinh. giao trinh dung cho doi tupng nay.

Ve mat ly thu\et giao hoc phap ngoai ngij. theo Jack C. Richards va Theodore S. Koddgers - cae nha giao hpc phap noi lieng cua nuac Anh - mpi phuang phap day ngoai Wj^it deu dupe xac djnh tren eo so xac dinh phuang huong ha\ quan diC'm va theo mpt ihiel ke va lien trinh phu hap. Sau da> chung ta hay ban ky ve nhung van de nay.

2.L Phiro-ns hir(rnj; - quan diem

Phuang huang hay quan diem la Is ihuyet hay each nhin nhan ve ban chat ngon ngu va ban chat vice day, hpc ngon ngiJ. Ve ly lhu\el ngon ngij, phuang huang mo ta ban chat cua dp hoan hao ciia ngon ngir. eac thanh phan ca ban ciia cau true ngon ngij. Ve ban chat vice das hoe ngon ngu. phuang huang mo ta qua trinh tarn l\ ngon ngij. tu duy trong hpc ngon ngu \a dieu kien cho phcp thuc thi thanh cong qua trinh nay. Co nhieu phuang hudng hay quan diem \e ngon ngu va da> hpc ngon ngir. nhung noi bat la ba phuang huang sau;

Phuang hudng cau tnjc, coi ngon ng^ la h? thong eac thanh t6 lien ket vdi nhau vc

cau true de m3 hoa y nghTa. Muc dich ciia day hpc ngon ngiJ la nguai hpc phai \km chii

d\.t(^c hp thong ngon ngu \c mat ngu am. lu v^ng. ngu phap. Tat ca cic phuang phip.

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chuang trinh, giao trinh, thu thuat xuat phat tu phuang phap nay d^u tap trung cho muc dich tren. Ket qua la nguai hpc cbi biet tao ra cae cau noi dung ve binh thuc ngon ngij nhung bp khong biet dung chung trong giao tiep nhu the nao.

Phuang hudng chue nang, coi ngon ngij la phuang tien dien ta y nghTa theo chue nang giao tiep. No ehu trpng nhieu tai y nghTa, each dung ngon ngij trong giao ti^p han la sir chuan muc ve binh thuc ngij am, tu vung, ngir phap. Muc tieu ciia day hpc ngon ngu la lam cho nguai hpc c6 kha nang giao tiep tot, phu hap vai d6i tupng, tinh hu6ng xa hoi. ngon canh, eo nghTa la nguai hpc hpc dupe kien thire ngon ngu (ngir am. tir vung. ngij phap) va biet sir dung no thanh thao trong giao ti^p. Phuang huang nay dang dupe nhieu nude ap dung rpng rai bang nhieu phuang phap kbac nhau dua tren nhu c^u, muc dich ciia nguai hpc.

Phuang hudng tuang tac, coi ngon ngij la phuang tien thuc hien cae moi quan he, hay giao djcb xa hoi giija nguai vdi nguai. Ngon ngu la cong cu tao ra va duy tri eac m6i quan he xa hoi. Day, hpc ngon ngir theo phuang huang nay bao gom phan tieh eac mo hinh luang tac, cae mau hoi thoai, dieu bp, cu" cbi, hanh dpng ciia nguai ban ngir trong giao tiep \d\ noi. Npi dung giang day khong do tbay djnh truac ma do tro de xuat vai cirang vi la nguai tuang tac.

Ba phuang huang ca ban nay ciing eac bien the ciia chung da tao nen ca so ly tbuyet, phuang chain cbi dao chung cho eac phuang phap day hpc ngoai ngij kbac nhau. Nhung trong thuc te khong eo phuang huang, phuang phap nao boan bao va tot cho mpi doi tupng, mpi hoan canh cho nen khuynb huang chung hien nay la nbirng nha thiet ke cbuong trinb can tinh den viee xay dung chuang trinh, giao trinb, thii thuat mang tinh dac thii tren ca sa nghien eiru ky muc dich hpc tap, dieu kien hpc tap va tan dung toi da nhung uu diem ciia cae phuang hudng, phuang phap kbac nhau de dat dupe muc dich de ra. Phuang huang chiet trung trong tieng Anh gpi la Eclectic approach. Doi tupng sinh vien ciia eac lap CLC cua cbiing ta c6 dii dieu kien chii quan, khach quan thuan Ipi de hpc ngoai ngu, mot khi muc tieu dao tao dupe djnh ro, cu the thi phuang huang chiet trung hay da nang tren la each lira chp tot nhat, bien dai nhat.

Vay phuang huang nay eo dac diem gi ?

Day la cau hoi kho tra loi.Cac tbay c6 va sinh vien ciia cae lap CLC phai mat nhieu nam mdi c6 the tra lai dupe bang ket qua thuc te day hoc ciia minh. Nhung theo Brown, H.D trong cuon "Teaching by Principles" thi phuang huang hien dai trong day, hpc ngon ngu CO 6 dac diem sau:

Day theo nguyen tac lay nguai hpc lam trung tam. Dae diem nay hien nay c6 rat nhieu each hi6u kbac nhau tir nhieu goe dp. Theo chiing toi no dupe the hien a cae thii thuat tren lap va d npi dung chuang trinh, giao trinh, chiing toi se ban a eac phan sau;

Hpc sinh hap tac vai nhau trong hpc tap giao tiep trong cap, nhom tren lap va ngoai

Idp.

Hpc sinh hpc ti^ng theo huang giao tiep tuang tac vai nguai kbac chir khong hpc

tham, mot minh lam mat tinh giao tiep va xa hoi ciia ngon ngij. khong hinh thanh dupe kha

nSng giao tiep ciia minh.

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Day va hpc hien tupng ngon ngi? mdi phai day va hpc trong ngu canh tong the e6 lien quan tdi cae mat ngu lieu kbac va trong 4 ky nSng giao tiep, khong day va hpc ricng le, tach rai.

Day theo nguyen tac lay npi dung la trung tam. ket hop npi dung hpc vdi muc dich day, giiip nguai hpc bieu y nghTa va diing dupe hien tupng ngon ngu mdi trong giao tiep that.

Hpc ngon ngij thong qua cae thao tac giao tiep giai quyel cae van de'cu the. Dieu nay c6 nghTa la nguai hpc ket hop hpc y nghTa. hinh thire ngon ngir mdi vdi viee sir dung ngon ngu de dien dat lu duy trong cae tinh huong giao tiep cu the trong dai song .

Theo chiing toi phuang hudng da nang danh cho cae lap thupc h^ dao tao cir nhan ngoai ngu CLC a Viet Nam eung nen c6 eac dac diem chung ke tren c6 tinh den cae djc thii cua he dao tao nay.

2.2. Van de xay dirng phinrng phap cho lorp CLC

De xay dung dupe mot phuang phap phii hop cho lap CLC theo phuang hudng tren, can phai thiet ke be thong giang day gom cae diem sau:

Muc tieu ciia phuang pbap.

Chuang trinh lua ebon, sap xep npi dung ngon ngu doi tupng va cae chii diem, tinh huong. chire nang giao tiep phuc vu cho phuang phap,

Cae boat dpng cho nguai hpc va nguai day ma phuang phap ehu chuang.

Vai trd ciia nguai hpc, nguai day va giao trinh.

Bay gia chiing ta tim bieu ky cae tim hieu cae diem nay.

M^c tieu cua phuang phap

Cach nhin nhan ban chat ngon ngCr va ban chat viee day hpc ngon ngij cua moi phuang hudng xac dinh tam diem hay muc tieu ciia phuang phap. Cae phuang pbap tao tir phuang hudng cau iriic chi tap trung day nguai hpc cau triic ngiJ phap va tir vung ciia ngon ngu doi tupng, bupe bp phai dat dupe mire chuan muc ve eac mat nay, con cae phuang phap tir phuang hudng chire nang giao tiep lai lap trung day eac ky nang giao tiep ca ban, uu tien phat tricn cho ngudi hpc kha nang giao tiep hon la dai d\soc dp chuan muc vc hinh thuc ngu lieu.

Sinh vien eac lap cir nhan ngoai ngu CLC phai hieu biet sau kien thire ngon ngu vi c6 kha nang giao tiep bang ngon thanh thao. Nhu vay, viec djnh ro va cu ih^ muc tieu nhu ndi a phan tren la v6 eiing can thiet.

Chirung trinh

Mpi phuang phap giang day ngoai ngir deu phai c6 chuang trinh phii hpp tren cae nguyen tic, each thire lua chpn, sap xep cae dan vj ngu li?u ciia ngon ngu doi tupng (nhu ngi am, tir, cau true ngi phap) v^ cae ehu diem, tinh huong, nhu cAu giao tiep can ihict ciia nguai hpc.

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Thong thuang eo cae each lira chpn, sap xip pho bien sau:

Lira chpn va xep ngu lieu theo dp phire tap ciia cau triic ngon ngu, theo trat tu tir dan gian den phiire tap (phuang hudng cau triic).

Lira chpn va sap xep theo chire nang, khai niem ciia ngon ngir trong giao tiep (phuang hudng chire nang giao tiep).

Ket hap chire nang, khai niem va cau triic ngon ngu (phuang hudng da nang).

Hpc sinh tu de xuat (phuang huang tuang tac).

Neu chpn phuang huang da nang cho cae lap CLC de xay dung phuang pbap thi eung nen xay dung chuang trinh vdi nbu-ng ngu lieu, chii di^m, tinh huong theo hudng do. uu tien nhieu cho phat trien ky nang giao tiep chuan muc tren ca so nghien eiru ky nguyen vpng, nhu cau, muc tieu cho tirng nam hpc. ca khoa cua sinh vien, tranh vay mupn, thieu tinh khoa hpc va he thong.

Cae hogt dong cho ngir&i hpc, ngir&i day

Muc tieu ciia mot phuang phap day hpc ngoai ngir se dupe thuc thi qua qua trinh tuang tac.giira tbay, tro va giao trinh. Cae phuang phap kbac nhau doi hoi cae boat dpng day va hpc kbac nhau. Co the tbay su kbac nhau nay dupe the hien ro ngay tir cap dp phuang hudng. Vi du, phuang phap nghe noi cua phuang hudng cau true sir dung rpng rai cae thii thuat luyen tap mot each may moc cae doan bpi thoai, mau cau, con phuang phap 'yen lang' (silent way) ciia phuang hudng tuong tac lai lay cae boat dpng gfai quyct van de dieu khien bang que mau va bieu bang lam boat dpng chinh, trong khi do. cae phuang phap ciia phuang huang chire nang giao tiep lai giao cho nguai hpc thuc thi cae nhiem vu giao tiep nhu tranh luan, dong vai, trao doi kinh nghiem trong cap, nhom lam cae boat dpng chinh.

Vdi sinh vien a eac lap CLC, cae boat dpng day va hoc nen da dang, pbong phii, lay sinh vien lam trung tam nham phat huy tinh tieh cue chii dpng, sang tao cua bp trong luyen tap, sir dung ngon ngO' trong cap, nhom tren lap va ngoai lap, tranh giang giai. lam tbay hay ap dat tir tbay c6. Cae boat dpng, thii thuat trong hpc tap phai hap dan de loi keo nguai hpc vao eac boat dpng giao tiep. Day la eac boat dpng day va hpc theo phuang hudng da nang.

Vai tro ciia ngirdi hpc, ngudi day vd giao trinh

Vai tro cua ngvo'i hoc:

Vai tro ciia nguai hpc la mot van de ma mpi phuang phap phai ehu y den. Do la mu'c dp dong gop ciia nguai hpc vao qua trinh hpc tap. eac loai boat dpng luyen tap giao tiep ciia bp, mire dp quan ly va each to chire ho vao cae boat dpng do.

Sinh vien ciia lap ngoai ngir C.L.C phai tu lap ke hoaeh hpc tap cua minh va tu chiu Iraeh nhiem ve cae boat dpng hpc tap, eac lien bp va that bai ciia minh. Hp phai tieh cue tham gia vao cae boat dpng hpc tap trong nhom, cap, lu giac hpc tir tbay, tir ban va tir eac ngudn kbac nhu thu vien, dai, T.V, cupe song. v.v.

Vai tro ciia ngiroi day:

Trong phuang phap day hpc ngoai ngu, vai tro ciia nguai day dupe the hien a 2 diem

sau: 195

- Chire nang, Iracb nhiem tren lap

- Mire dp quan ly hpc sinh va mo hinh tuang lac giura giao vien va hpc sinh

Giao vien a cae lap CLC chi nen thuc thi eac vai tro ciia nguai gpi ma. c6 van, dong

vien, eung cap tinh huong. ngu lieu mdi, to chire sinh vien vao cae boat dong luyen tap,

giao tiep trong ngoai lap sao cho phat huy toi da kha nang hpc ngoai ngfl- cua hp. Day thuc

sir la mpi thach thire Idn, doi hoi moi giao vien phai dau tu suy nghT, tim loi rat nhieu.

Vai tro cua giao trinh, tai lieu:

Giao trinh. tai lieu la san pham vat chat the hien y do cua chuang trinh. Neu chuang

trinh dupe bien soan khoa hpc he thong thi giao trinh mdi dupe bien soan. irich dan khoa

hpc. he thong.

Trong tirng phuang phap. giao trinh c6 cae vai tro kbac nhau. Mot so phuang phap coi

giao trinh la tai lieu bat bupe. chuan muc de nguai day. nguai hoc theo. tranh eac loi ve

ngon ngu va dam bao quan diem giao hoc phap the hien trong no. Mot so phuang phap lai

khong can giao trinh cu the. c6 dinh. npi dung day hpc se do hoc sinh gpi y. giao vien giiip

hp hpc eac ngir lieu can thiet de thuc thi giao tiep theo noi dung lira chpn. Cae phuong phap

thupc phuang huang chire nang giao ticp sir dung nhieu loai tai lieu:

Giao trinh cho nguai hpc (saeh giao khoa, sach bai tap, sach huang dan cho hpc

sinb tu hpc. sach giao vien. bang, dTa).

Siich tao, luyen tinh huong giao tiep (sach tro choi ngon ngu. .sach bai tap giao

ticp. v.v)

Cae nguon tir cupe song thuc: lap chi, tranh anh, bao, do vat. sir viee, nguai that)

Giao vien phai xo ly tai lieu cho phii hpp vdi doi lupng va niiie tieu ciia nguai hpc, eo

the thay the. loai bo. tha> doi. them bot, vay mupn, trieh. vv..

Theo chung toi, giao trinh. lai lieu cho ciic lap CLC eung nen da dang nhu vay de sinh

vien CO nhieu tiep xiie vdi van pbong chinh thong, md rpng kien thire. tang kha nang giao

tiep. tao nhieu ca hoi cho moi sinh viC-n tu hoe theo nhjp dp, phuang pjiap ricng ciia minh,

phat huy tinh tu giac. tieh cue cua hp trong hpc lap va lam cho npi dung gia hpc tieng

phong phii tren eo so eiia mot ehuong trinh hop ly. khoa hpc.

c. Tien trinh Jiiang day

LTnh vuc cuoi eiing ciia mot phuang phap day ngoai ngir la lien trinb giang da>. gom

eac giai doan. eac buoc. eac thii thuat. thao lac. bai tap, boat dpng trong lap de gidi ihicu,

ren luyen ngu lieu, ky nang cho hpc sinh. Trong gia day. su thanh bai ciia ngucyi day phu

thupc vao tien trinh nay. hay noi each khae. phu thupc vao so lupng eac thii thuat. thao tac.

bai tap hay. diing linh boat de thu hiil toi da hpc sinh vao eac hoat dpng luyen tap giao ticp

trong cap. nhom. ca nhan. Giao vien ed nhieu thii thuat va luon tao ra eac ibii thuat mdi iheo

nguyen lac: ngon ngir cu thi diing ihii thuat mdi. ngon ngu mdi thi diing thii ihual cu. ihii

thuat hay tao ra ciie Icn noi di dom mang nhieu noi dung giao lidp sinh dpng. thi bai day c6

nhieu thanh eong. loi cuon hoc sinh \a ngirpc lai giao vien ngheo ihu ihual tao ra eac gia

d;i\ nham elian.

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Trong cae lap CI-C. giao vien cang phai dau tu tim toi. tieh luy. sang tao ra nhieu cae thu thuat. bai lap, bai luyen phong phu, hap dan c6 tinh giao ticp cao nhu phdng van. tranh luan. dam thoai. trao doi kinh nghiem. tu duy, dong kich. dong vai. tro chai ngon ngir. ke ehuyen. doe lau. dien ihuyel theo de tai, chii diem, mo ta. tuang thuat, v.v.. Dong thai hp eung phai lira chpn dupe npi dung ngon ngu phii hpp. bap dan vdi cae thii thuat nay vi sinh vien d day eo y tbirc. dpng ca, kien thire. nang khieu ngoai ngu cao.

Tren day chung loi da trinh hay chi ticl cae van de ly luan ca ban ve giao hpc phap ngoai ngu noi chung. eo lien be chat ebe vdi cae yeu cau thuc tien cho cae tap cir nhan ngoai ngu CLC. Do la phucTng hudng. thiet ke phuong pbap va tien trinh ihiie thi phuong phap. Ily vpng rang bai viet nay se la lai lieu tham khao cho cae nha quan ly. cae tba\ c6 va sinh vien cae lap CLC a cae khoa, cae truang dai hpc va cao dang trong nuac eo be dao tao nay, tir do c6 the xay dung cho minh mot phuong hudng. phuang phap da nang vdi nhieu thii thuat phong phii, hieu qua.

TAI LIEU THAM KMAO

1. Anthony I'.. M 1%3- Approach, Method and Techniques

2. Asher James 1977 - Learning another Language through Actions

3. Brown, li.D 1904 Teaching by Principles An Interactive Approach to Language

I*cdagogy

4. Jack C. Richards and Ibcodorc S. Rodgcrs 1986 Approaches and Methods in

Language Teaching 5. Savignon, 2001 Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language

6. Giao trinh giao hoc phap va tai lieu cho lap CLC ciia Dai hpc ngoai ngir, DHQG Ha

Noi

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