Upload
others
View
4
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
CO2 Reduction: Operational Challenges
San Francisco1 October 2009
Bill LindDirector, Technology & Business Development – Ships
ABS
Sustainable Shipping
2
Current Boundary Conditions
Public demands (aircraft, railroad, ship, autos) – no tolerance for loss of life, spillage of oil, air pollution
Good intentions have unexpected consequences Dramatic environmental improvements made during difficult
economic times Need to see shipping in context of globalization December 2009 Conference of the Parties (COP15) in
Copenhagen Predictions are not always valid
June 1942 aptitude test by Stevens Institute of Technology Human Engineering Laboratory
“It is doubtful whether there is going to be as much engineering or scientific progress during the next 100 years as there has been in the last century.”
3
Shipping Follows Other Industries
TIME magazine (28 April 2008 issue) sporting a non-traditional green frame and quote “Rx for a Cooler America” Put a firm price on greenhouse gas
pollution by passing national cap-and-trade program like the Lieberman-Warner bill, and use that leverage to bring developing countries into an international carbon regimen
Offset rising power prices caused by carbon cap by priming the economy for a massive “efficiency surge” that will cut waste and improve energy productivity
Pump up research-and-development into renewable energy sources like solar and wind, and support companies bringing new technologies to market
Cap and trade
Efficiency surge
Renewable energy sources
4
Know where you are: Operational index – voyage specific:
Design index – design specific:
Various deduction allowed in numerator: • Innovative technologies that reduces fuel consumption• CO2 capture
Weather factor allowed in denominator: improving hull shape
ABS Operational CO2 Index
g of CO2 emitted (based on fuel burnt)t of cargoes carried * N-M traveled
g of CO2 emitted (based on specific fuel consumption) Design cargo capacity * Design speed
5
CO2 Reduction
Integrated Systems Approach Improve ship design
Reduce hull resistance: hull form, wave-making resistance, slamming
Reduce skin friction: coating, cleaning, air bubbles Prop and rudder design Economy of scale
6
CO2 Reduction
Integrated Systems Approach Improve machinery and propulsion
Improve engine efficiency/fuel consumption Heat recovery and electrical systems LNG, bio-diesels and nuclear
7
CO2 Reduction
Integrated Systems Approach Improve operations
Voyage planning and weather routing Reduce speed Regional trade routes Cold iron shore power
8
Improve Ship Design
Typical drag distribution (vary with ship type): Friction: 75-90% Wave: 5-20% Wind: 5-10%
9
Improve Ship Design
Source: ISOPE 2005 – Y Minami et al, National Maritime Research Institute, Japan
NMRI Super Eco-Ship
High Efficiency Marine Gas Turbine and Electric Propulsion SystemReduction of environmental impacts (NOx, Sox, CO2, noise and vibration)
Podded Propulsor with CRPEasy berthing
Optimum Hull FormHigh propulsive performance
Increase Cargo CapacityEconomical improvement
10
Improve Ship Design
Source: NYK press release
Strategies: Reduce hull weight Reduce friction LNG-based fuel cells Solar energy Wind power
NYK Super Eco-Ship 2030
11
Improve Ship Design
No ballast water – pentamaran hull, no stern propeller and no rudder
No emission – only renewables: wind, wave, current, fuel cell and hydrogen
Target: 2025
Wallenius Wilhelmsen’s
Environmentally-sound ship: Orcelle
Photovoltaic panels Sails
Fins to harness wave energy
Source: Wallenius Wilhelmsen Green Flagship
12
Improve Ship Design
Propulsors efficiency (~65-70% efficiency)
Improved propeller design Blade design, RPM, DIAM, CFD
Rudder/propeller interaction CONTRA rotating propellers Podded propellers Fins, caps, wake improvements
13
Improve Machinery & Propulsion
Engine designers: Electronically controlled engines Improved turbo charger Improved cylinder lubrication Better fuel nozzles Improved fuel/air mixture LNG burning Biodiesels (US Navy) Nuclear
Suppliers, vendors, inventors: Fuel treatment Fuel additives
14
Improve Machinery & Propulsion
Energy savings: Optimizing systems (pumps, pipings, fans) Switch-off consumer Reefer optimization: water cooled, reefer compressors Direct air intake to diesel engines
Energy audits: Present status/improvements
Consumption meters: Awareness
Alternative energy: Solar Sails
15
Improve Machinery & Propulsion
Nuclear power Need to truly get good at disposal Excellent safety record (US) Need to have ships and ports hands off
(Homeland Security) 150 ships and 12,000 reactor years of operation Submarines, aircraft carriers, ice breakers Smaller nuclear power plants possible
16
Improve Machinery & Propulsion
Source: Ecospec press conference 16 January 2009
17
Improve Machinery & Propulsion
Wind energy Wartsila’s
concepts: Wing shaped sails of composite material installed
on deck: possible efficiency gain of ~20% Flettner rotors installed on deck: provides thrusts
in direction perpendicular to wind
Source: www.wartsila.com
18
Improve Machinery & Propulsion
Skysails: weather and route dependent On trial for two feeder-size ships Michel A and
Beluga Skysails Towing force example: model SKS320 – 16 metric
tons with 25 kt wind; 133 m MPP vessel propeller thrust 23 metric tons
Annual fuel saving: 10-30% claimed
Source: www.skysails.info
19
Improve Machinery & Propulsion
Solar Energy NYK’s PCC Auriga Leader – 200 m x 32 m x 34 m;
6200 cars; 18,700 dwt 328 solar panels, US $1.68 m,
40 kW, ~0.3% of installed power
Source: www.crunchgear.com
20
Improve Operations
Scenario: move 10 million TEU 5,000 NM within 1 year (250 sailing days)
Source: BIMCO at WMTC 2009
Slow steaming will result in reduced CO2 emission, despite increase in number of ships employed
At which point this becomes uneconomical?
21
www.eagle.org
Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21