Coal Imports Countries

7/24/2019 Coal Imports Countries

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Contents

Introduction

Market & opertunity the growth of the economies of the

indian sub coninents, commercial stratergies of the mainshipping lines

Coal Imports Countries

Rank Country Imports (Thousand Short Tons)

1China 318,465.47

2Japan 203,469.05

3Korea, Republic Of 135,702.25

4n!ia 97,181.98

5"ai#an, $ro%ince Of

China 71,500.82

6&er'an( 53,405.88

7)ni*e! Kin+!o' 49,612.83

8Ruian -e!era*ion 34,768.00

9"ure( 31,775.2310 *al( 26,614.21

11/pain 24,892.39

12 ala(ia 24,251.95

13 rail 19,926.48

14 "hailan! 18,625.76

15 -rance 18,588.28
http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=cn&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=jp&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=kr&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=in&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=tw&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=tw&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=de&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=gb&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ru&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=tr&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=it&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=es&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=my&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=br&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=th&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=fr&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=jp&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=kr&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=in&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=tw&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=tw&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=de&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=gb&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ru&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=tr&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=it&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=es&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=my&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=br&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=th&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=fr&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=cn&product=coal&graph=imports


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16 rael 15,983.51

17 )raine 15,167.80

18 on+ Kon+ 13,614.36

19 $hilippine 13,567.25

20e*herlan! 12,531.08

21 Cana!a 11,196.18

22 Chile 11,176.33

23 $olan! 10,890.84

24 )ni*e! /*a*e 10,294.00

25 eico 8,632.20

26 $or*u+al 5,706.67

27 el+iu' 5,686.82

28 u*ria 5,410.14

29 /lo%aia 5,317.55

30 orocco 5,045.28

31 -inlan! 4,711.28

32 en'ar 4,327.67

33 $ai*an 3,605.66

34 )ni*e! rab 'ira*e 3,031.36

35 Cech Republic 2,901.28

36 /#e!en 2,615.78

37 ul+aria 2,560.67

38 +(p* 2,482.41

39 /ou*h frica 2,452.64

40 Ro'ania 2,451.54

41 relan! 2,451.54

42 un+ar( 2,016.13

43 $uer*o Rico 1,653.47

44 r+en*ina 1,627.01

45 ie* a' 1,584.02

46 Croa*ia 1,473.79

47ran, la'ic Republic

Of 1,446.23

48 /erbia 1,433.00

49

Korea, e'ocra*ic

$eople: Republic Of 1,420.8850or#a( 1,359.15

51onia an!ere+o%ina

1,294.11

52 K(r+(*an 1,167.35

53 an+la!eh 1,102.31

54 /ri ;ana 1,060.42
http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=il&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ua&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=hk&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ph&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=nl&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ca&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=cl&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=pl&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=us&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=mx&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=pt&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=be&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=at&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=sk&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ma&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=fi&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=dk&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=pk&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ae&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=cz&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=se&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=bg&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=eg&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=za&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ro&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ie&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=hu&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=pr&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ar&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=vn&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=hr&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ir&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ir&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=rs&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=kp&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=kp&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=no&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ba&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ba&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=kg&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=bd&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=lk&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=il&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ua&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=hk&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ph&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=nl&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ca&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=cl&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=pl&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=us&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=mx&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=pt&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=be&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=at&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=sk&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ma&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=fi&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=dk&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=pk&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ae&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=cz&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=se&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=bg&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=eg&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=za&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ro&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ie&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=hu&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=pr&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ar&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=vn&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=hr&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ir&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ir&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=rs&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=kp&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=kp&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=no&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ba&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ba&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=kg&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=bd&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=lk&product=coal&graph=imports


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55 Kaah*an 1,047.20

56 /lo%enia 736.34

57 &ua*e'ala 734.14

58 auri*iu 728.63

59 $eru 698.87

60 o'inican Republic 641.20

61epal 529.11

62 Ken(a 529.11

63 l+eria 482.81

64 /ene+al 444.23

65 ;a*%ia 435.41

66 ;i*huania 373.68

67 ;ebanon 345.02

68e# Cale!onia 330.69

69

Con+o, "he

e'ocra*ic RepublicOf "he

288.81

70 &reece 264.55

71 lbania 257.94

72 /#i*erlan! 237.00

73

ace!onia, "he

-or'er


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93 C(pru 15.43

94 "a>ii*an 14.33

95a'ibia 13.23

96 /(rian rab Republic 9.92

97 &eor+ia 8.82

98 o*#ana 3.31

99 )ru+ua( 2.69

100 $ara+ua( 1.10

101e# =ealan! 1.10

Source:United States Energy Information Administration

http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?

product=coal&graph=imports&display=rank

Main Coal Exporting Countries

Exports of Coal by Country and year (million short tons) [1][2][3]

Country 2003 200 200! 200" 200# 200$ 200% 20&0 Share

Australia 238.1 247.6 2.! 2.! 268. 278.! 288. 328.1 26."

Indonesia 1!7.8 131.4 142.! 1#2.2 221.# 228.2 261.4 316.2$ 24.!"

%ussia 41.! .7 #8.6 1!3.4 112.2 11.4 13!.# 122.1 12.!"

&olom'ia !.4 6.4 #.2 68.3 74. 74.7 7.7 76.4 6.#"

Sout( Afri)a 78.7 74.# 78.8 7.8 72.6 68.2 73.8 76.7 6.8"

USA 43.! 48.! 1.7 1.2 6!.6 83. 6!.4 83.2 ."

&(ina 1!3.4 #. #3.1 8.6 7.4 68.8 38.4 22.7 3."

&anada 27.7 28.8 31.2 31.2 33.4 36. 31.# 36.# 2.#"

*ietnam 6.# 11.7 1#.8 23. 3.1 21.3 28.2 24.7 2.6"

+a,a-(stan 3!.3 27.4 28.3 3!. 32.8 47.6 2.7 36.3 2.4"

oland 28.! 27. 26. 2.4 2!.1 16.1 14.6 18.1 1.3"

'otal (global) #&3% #"0 %3"0 &000" &0#3 &0$#3 &0%0$ &2&2$ &00*

Note: 1 metric ton (tonne) = 1.10231 short tons

http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Coal_exports
http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=cy&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=tj&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=na&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=sy&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ge&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=bw&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=uy&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=py&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=nz&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.eia.doe.gov/http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?product=coal&graph=imports&display=rankhttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?product=coal&graph=imports&display=rankhttp://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Coal_exports#cite_note-1http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Coal_exports#cite_note-2http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Coal_exports#cite_note-3http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Coal_exportshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=cy&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=tj&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=na&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=sy&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=ge&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=bw&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=uy&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=py&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?country=nz&product=coal&graph=importshttp://www.eia.doe.gov/http://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?product=coal&graph=imports&display=rankhttp://www.indexmundi.com/energy.aspx?product=coal&graph=imports&display=rankhttp://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Coal_exports#cite_note-1http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Coal_exports#cite_note-2http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Coal_exports#cite_note-3http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Coal_exports


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http://www.ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2!"/#/$%.png
http://www.ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/SNL.pnghttp://www.ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/SNL.png


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http://news.monga'ay.com/2!(/!!/mining-the-heart-of-'orneo-coal-production-in-

indonesia/

Coal is the world's most-used fossil fuel. It's relatively abundant, with depositsfound just about everywhere in the world, except the Middle East.

ut proven, recoverable reserves and coal production are fairly concentrated.

!eventy-five percent of the world's annual production comes from just the topfive coal-producin" nations.

# decade a"o, China produced about the same amount of coal as the $nited

!tates, or about %.& billion short tons per year.

#s you can see from the "raph below, Chinese coal productionmore than

tripled in the last decade, while $.!. coal production remained relatively flat.
http://www.investmentu.com/2011/May/chinas-coal-industry-reform.htmlhttp://www.investmentu.com/2011/May/chinas-coal-industry-reform.html


7/17

China mined nearly half of the coal produced in the world in &(%(. Its

production was three times that of the $nited !tates, and nearly e)ualed thatof the next %( hi"hest-producin" nations combined.

*ver the last decade, China's coal production increased %++ percent. hile the

top %( coal producers remained relatively the same since &(((, there weresome si"nificant moves within the "roup.

Indonesia's coal production over the last decade increased a whoppin" +

percent. /hat moved it from tenth to fifth "lobally, bumpin" 0ussia to sixthplace. Chec1 out the pie chart below to see who the world's lar"est coal

producers are.

http://www.in)estmentu.com/article/detail/2"(*2/worlds-fastest-growing-coal-

producer+.,lr*rcs
http://www.investmentu.com/article/detail/24392/worlds-fastest-growing-coal-producer#.Vl5rj9IrLcshttp://www.investmentu.com/article/detail/24392/worlds-fastest-growing-coal-producer#.Vl5rj9IrLcshttp://www.investmentu.com/article/detail/24392/worlds-fastest-growing-coal-producer#.Vl5rj9IrLcshttp://www.investmentu.com/article/detail/24392/worlds-fastest-growing-coal-producer#.Vl5rj9IrLcs


8/17

India Coal market

Although India is one of the worlds largest coal producing countries, it cannot keep up with its own

demand for coal. Indian coal producers are under steadily-increasing pressure to import more coal per

year, a pressure being increased by the threat of government fines. For years its primary sources of

imported coal have been Indonesia, Australia and South Africa. The last two years have seen Indian coal

buyers working with U.S. producers in an effort to tie up about 67 million tons.

U.S. coal producers wishing to learn about shipping coal to India may want to know where their coal might

be unloaded. Its a fair question, since that country has a coastline of about 4,700 miles, and lists about

200 terminals. Most of them are located in relatively shallow waters, and cannot accommodate Panamax

or Capesize coal vessels. Ports of India, the government-controlled organization that oversees most of the

ports, identifies 12 ports as major ports, but they are not all suitable for coal importing. In recent years, a

few semi-private terminals have been built that are focused on loading/unloading Panamax or Capesize

vessels.

Leading Indian steel producer, ArcelorMittal, acquired Central Appalachian region mining company Mid

Vol Coal Groups metallurgical coal assets in June 2008. In July, the company agreed to acquire the

Concept Group mine and reserves adjacent to the Mid Vol Coal Group operations it had just purchased.

Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL) and Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd. (RINL) are organizations under the

Ministry of Steel. The procurement of imported coking coal is a commercial decision of the companies

and procurement is done through-long term agreements and global tenders. Quantities under long-term

agreements are settled annually by the Empowered Joint Committee (EJC), comprising representatives of

both SAIL and RINL. EJC, while negotiating quantities and prices with long term suppliers, takes the FOB

prices settled by Japanese Steel Mills and others as reported in the international coal journals as thebenchmark. The annual requirement is tied up at the beginning of the year and the same is confirmed and

received quarter-wise throughout the year. As compared to 2009-10, the prices of imported coking coal in

2010-11 increased by 75%, for steel companies all over the world. Depending on the quantity of imported

coal and other strategic raw materials, profit margin of these steel companies was adversely affected by

this rise in the coking coal prices.

Locating the Major Coal Terminals

The country of India may be visualized as a large triangle set on its point. The east coast runsnortheasterly from Kanyakumari to Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) in Bengal state. The west coast runs from

the point (Kanyakumari) to Gujarat state in northwestern India. Historically, the location of terminals has

been influenced by two basic factors: the location of exportable natural resources (coal and iron ore), and

by availability of hinterlands transportation. Coking coals are primarily imported through Vizag, Paradip,

Kolkota, Krishnapatnam, New Mangalore and Mormugao. While there is a vast railroad network within

India, it is insufficient to meet the needs of transporting coal from the mines to the plants and utilities that


9/17

need it. Historically, little consideration has been given to vessel draft, but that is rapidly changing as the

need for minimizing coal import costs becomes paramount. While the broad gauge rail distance is much

less than the sea distance, a steel producer in Goa state believes the rail complications are so great that

his company ships iron ore by sea to the steel mills in northeastern India. The coal terminals that are deep

enough to accommodate Panamax or larger vessels are:

East Coast Terminals

Ennore Port was originally conceived as a satellite port to theChennai Port,primarily to handle thermal

coal to meet the requirement of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). The primary objectives were to

move the so-called dirty cargoes out of the city limits of Chennai (Madras), and to receive Indian-

produced steam coal from coastal vessels and rail departing northeastern ports Haldia, Paradip and

Vizag. However, the Indian mines cannot keep up with TANGEDCO requirements, so it is necessary to

import steam coal at Ennore Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corp. (TANGEDCO) consumes

approximately 16 million tons per year in its existing power plants, of which about 13.5 million tons is

supplied by Indian mines and2.5 million tons is imported, primarily from Indonesia. The port has two coal

berths capable of handling Panamax vessels in 13.5 m of water. Berth No. 1 can handle both geared and

gearless vessels and has an annual capacity of 8 million tons. Berth No. 2 can handle only geared

vessels, and has a capacity of 4 million tons.

Vizag is a major port city on the southeast coast of India. With a population of 1.4 million, it is the second

largest city in the State of Andhra Pradesh and the third largest city on the east coast of India after

Kolkata and Chennai. Visakhapatnam is home to several state-owned heavy industries, a major steel

plant, and has one of Indias largest sea ports and its oldest shipyard. It has the only natural harbor on the

east coast of India. Imported coal has steadily grown over the years from a total of 5.7 million metric tons

in 2001-2 to an estimated 11.1 million metric tons in 2011-12. In 2001-2, the terminal could take coal

imports in Handymax vessels only, but has since deepened its approaches and coal berths to 21 m, and

can now accommodate Capesize vessels of the 200,000 DWT class. Roughly two-thirds of the coal

unloaded at Vizag is metallurgical coal headed for the steel plants of SAIL at Bhilial and RINL at Vizag.

The Port of Paradips two coal berths are a total of 520 m long with alongside depth of 15 m. Handling

thermal coal, the berths can accommodate vessels to 260 m long and up to 60,000-75,000 DWT. The two

coal berths have capacity to handle 20 million tons of cargo per year. Paradip received the most coal

shipments in July 2011, totaling 1.52 million tons.

Dhamra Port lies north of Paradip, and is one of Eastern Indias deepest ports. Commissioned in

December 2011, the port has a draft of 18 m and can accommodate super Capesize vessels up to

180,000 DWT. It is a 50:50 joint venture project of Tata Steel and Larson & Toubro. It is designed to export

iron ore and to import coking coal and limestone.


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With a vessel draft of 18.5 m, Krishnapatnam is one of the deepest ports of India. In November 2011, it

handled a shipload cargo of 166,060 metric tons of South African coal. Coal is by far the greatest import

cargo, while iron ore is the greatest export cargo. However, the ban on iron ore mining at the Obulapuram

mine has cut exports significantly, resulting in a 40% loss in revenue.

The coal berth at Gangavaram has a depth of 19.5 m. It is equipped with two shiploaders, each having a

capacity 2,400 tph. The first Capesize vessel to call at any Indian port carrying imported coking coal for

RINL was the MV Ocean Dragon, a vessel of 151,049 DWT capacity.

West Coast Terminals

About a third of the way up the west coast is New Mangalore, followed by Mormugao on the Goa coast,

and the newest in terms of modern development, Mundra.

The New Mangalore Port is situated on the West Coast of India in the state of Karnataka almost midway

between the Ports of Mormugao and Kochi. The port is 170 nautical miles south of Mormugao Port and

191 nautical miles north of Kochi Port. Coal imports typically average less than 300,000 metric tons per

year, chiefly for the account of Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd. While this level is expected to

stay constant, total coal imports are projected to reach 6.2 million metric tons by 2013, based on the

construction of a new 1,000 mw power plant.

Mormugao is the largest iron ore exporting port of India, accounting for 40% of the total volume of iron ore

exported from the country. Iron ore is mined by various private companies like Sesa Goa, Fomento,

Chowgules, Salgaocar and Dempo. The port also imports about 2 million tons of coking coal for the steel

plants at Bhadravan (SAIL) and Hospet (Jindal). The minimum depth of the entrance channel is 13.1 m,

and the minimum width is 250 m.

The new coal terminal, which is 8 km from Mundra, has two conveyor belts to feed the new mega-power

projects being set up by Adani Power and Tata Power. The Adani power project is projected to produce

4,600 mw, while the Tata Power project will be only slightly less at 4,000 mw. Two of the Adani units are

already operational and producing 1,980 mw. The three-berth terminal with 22 m draft already has a

capacity of 50 million tons. It is expected that this will become Indias largest port in two-three years.

http://www.coalage.com/departments/transportation-tips/!*!!-the-coal-terminals-

of-india.html+.,ltwtrcs

There are many terminals that can unload coal in India; our interest is focused on terminals that service

the major existing coal-fired power stations, those that generate 1,000 megawatts (MW) or greater. There

are 17 such thermal stations on the West Coast (Arabian Sea), and another 16 on the East Coast (Bay of

Bengal) (See Table 1). West Coast power stations receive coal through five different major terminals, and

East Coast stations receive coal from nine different major terminals.
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The West Coast terminals can all

handle Panamax vessels, and one of them can also handle a Capesize vessel. The East Coast terminals

can accommodate Panamax vessels, and two of them can also handle Capesize. Capesize vessels

usually have the cheapest rates per ton, which is very important for U.S. shippers. At many terminals,

there is a complication that charterers should be aware of because it has the potential to extend berth

time and cause demurrage: inefficient off-load equipment and end-user connectivity.

In its 4,671-mile coastline, India is home to 12 major ports as well as 200 non-major ports. The 200 non-

major ports are in the following states: Gujarat (42); Maharashtra (48); Tamil Nadu (15); Karnataka (10);

Kerala (17); Andhra Pradesh (12); Odisha (13); Goa (5); West Bengal (1); Daman and Diu (2);

Lakshadweep (10); Pondicherry (2); and Andaman and Nicobar (23). Many of these are either non-coal

ports or too small to accommodate the minimum-sized vessel that can compete carrying U.S. coal, the

Panamax vessel. We only regard a coal terminal as major if it can receive and unload a Panamax vessel

or larger.

Right now, there are only three Indian coal ports that are capesize-capable: Mundra (West Coast),

Gangavarum (East Coast) and Krishnapatnam (East Coast). Looking into the future a few years, it is also


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possible to draw a bead on the next generation of coastal power plants, those that are based on super-

critical technology, the Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPP). Presumably, these will be served by existing

or new terminals that can accommodate the larger vessels. Table 3 shows those terminals that can

accommodate both Capesize and

Panamax vessels, and lists some of the coal consumers importing at those terminals.

Indian terminal operators use the term connectivity to refer to the road or railway delivery system to the

power station or other coal user, as well as the conveyor systems or intensive labor systems for moving

coal from the dockside to the stockpile and then to the final delivery system. For example, in June 2014,

half of the 27 stranded ships in the Paradip port were each carrying 90,000 metric tons (mt) of coal and

taking up to six days to unload with inefficient clamshell cranes. In India, it is still commonplace to see

men working the coal piles by hand or loading coal by hand and shovel into trucks or coal cars, the

natural result of having a large population.

Groups of coal cars in India are called rakes. Bulk freight transport rates also vary based on the numberof times a rake may be loaded or unloaded. A so-called two-point rake is one that can be loaded or

unloaded at two points, usually a half-rake at a time, at approved combinations of two loading or

unloading locations. Some freight rakes are used continuously in dedicated operations over a closed-loop

journey. These are known as closed-circuit rakes, and typically consist of 66-ton BOXN wagons. The

BOXN is a high-sided open rail car with pneumatic brakes and high-tensile couplers. Perhaps the most

common wagon, there are around 64,000 or more of them in use. These rakes are often also subjected to

a more rigorous maintenance regime, known as the super-intensive examination, and have brake power

certificates issued for 6,000 km, or 35 days at a time.

ULTRA MEGA POWER PROJECTS

UMPP is a series of ambitious power stations planned by the government of India. They would entail the

creation of an additional capacity of at least 100,000 MW by 2022. UMPP, each with a capacity of 4,000

MW or above, are being developed with the aim of bridging this gap. Of the 12 stations planned for the

project, seven are coastal plants requiring imported coal and five require local coal. Currently, only two

UMPPs have been commissioned, Mundra (imported coal) and Sasan (local coal). Mundra is already

taking imported coal, some of it from the USA.


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Coal producers are not the only ones interested in the speed of UMPP development. Indian port operators

such as Krishnapatnam (KCPL) have an intense interest. Midway through 2010, iron ore exports were

banned, leaving the KCPL port no choice but to focus on coal and other bulk commodities. KCPL has

responded like a true entrepreneur, expanding their bulk importing facilities. However, we learn that power

plants commissioned since April 2014, aggregating to 13,900 MW, face financial uncertainties due to the

lack of sufficient off-take agreements and transmission constraints, according to Fitch Groups company

India Ratings & Research. Keep an eye on the UMPP.

Based on supercritical technology, 16,000 MW of capacity have been contracted through the competitive

bidding process for UMPPs. The average tariff for these projects is in the range of 2-3 rupees per kWh,

which is much lower than the recent cost-plus tariffs. The first UMPP, developed by Tata Power at Mundra,

Gujarat has been commissioned and contributes 4,150 MW in power to the western grid. For comparison,

Americas largest coal-fired power plant, Southern Co.s Scherer plant, generates 3,564 MW.

The UMPPs are seen as an expansion of the MPP (Mega Power Projects) that the government of India

undertook in the 1990s, but met with limited success. The Ministry of Power, in association with the

Central Electricity Authority and Power Finance Corporation Ltd., has launched an initiative for the

development of coal-based UMPPs in India. These projects will be awarded to developers on the basis of

competitive bidding. One should not only watch the website, www.pfcindia.com/home.aspx, and the

government-based power company NTPC, but watch private power generation companies as well to stay

abreast of new coal import needs. These include two major Indian companies that are privately owned:

ADANI POWER

On May 11, Adani Power announced the completion of the acquisition of Udupi Power Corp. Ltd. and with


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this, Adani Power has a total commissioned capacity of 10,440 MW, making it the largest private power

producer in India.

Mundra Thermal Power Station. A 4,620-MW (4 x 330, 5 x 660 MW) coal-based thermal power

plant at Mundra, Kutch district, Gujarat. This plant is fully functional. It operates a first power transmission

project of 400-kV Double Circuit Transmission System from the Mundra plant to Dehgam (430 km).

Kawai Thermal Power Station. A 1,320-MW (2 x 660 MW) coal-based thermal power plant at

Kawai village, Baran district, Rajasthan. This plant is fully functional.

Tiroda Thermal Power Station. A 3,300-MW (5 x 660 MW) coal-based thermal power plant at

Tiroda, Gondia district, Maharashtra. All units are fully functional.

Udupi Power Plant. A 1,200-MW (2 x 600 MW) coal-based thermal power plant at Padubidri,

Udupi district, Karnataka. Both units are fully functional and have been since September 2012. Adani

Power acquired this power plant from Lanco Infratech in August 2014. As of January 2011, the company had 16,500 MW under implementation and planning stage. A

few of them were 3,300-MW coal-based TPP at Bhadreswar in Gujarat, 2,640-MW TPP at Dahej in

Gujarat, 1,320-MW TPP at Chhindwara in Madhya Pradesh, 2,000-MW TPP at Anugul in Orissa, and

2,000-MW gas-based power project at Mundra in Gujarat. The company is also bidding for 1,000 MW of

lignite coal-based power plant at Kosovo showing its international projects.

In the second week of August 2014, Adani power had acquired Lanco Infratechs Udipi thermal power

plant. This would add another 1,200 MW of installed capacity, taking the group capacity to 10,480 MW.

ESSAR ENERGY

Essar Energy has an installed power generation capacity of 3,910 MW across six plants, and is a very

progressive company. However, they purchased two Siwertell unloaders two years ago for dust-free

unloading of coal, and have been struggling to use them. They need to acquire land for the placement of

transport conveyors that are needed to move coal from the unloaders to the power plant, so the Siwertells

have not yet been put into service.

Essar Vadinar Power Plant, Vadinar, Gujarat. It is a 1,010-MW (1 x 120, 1 x 380 MW, 1 x 510

MW) captive thermal power plant. The plant is fully functional.

Essar Salaya Power Plant, Salaya, Gujarat. It is a 1,200-MW (2 x 600 MW) coal-based thermal

power plant. The plant is fully functional.

Essar Mahan Power Plant, Mahan, Singrauli district Madhya Pradesh. It is a 1,200-MW (2 x 600

MW) coal-based thermal power plant. One unit is functional.

Essar Hazira-2 Power Plant, Hazira, Gujarat. It is a 270-MW (1 x 135 MW) thermal power plant.

This plant is yet to become operational.


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Essar Tori Power Plant, Tori, Jharkhand. It is an 1,800-MW (3 x 600 MW) coal-based thermal

power plant. This plant is yet to become operational.

Essar Paradip Power Plant, Paradip, Odisha. It is a 120-MW (4 x 30 MW) coal-based thermal

power plant. This plant is yet to become operational.http://www.coalage.com/departments/transportation-tips/"0*2-india-coal-logistics-

perspecti)e.html+.,lw1trcs
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