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Coastal Structures in Kagoshima Coastline, Japan
Ejria Binti Saleh Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia
Report for International Training Program to improve the study ability in biodiversity
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Kagoshima is located at the southwestern tip of the Kyushu Island, Japan (Figure 1).
It is home of 180000 population. Kagoshima total area is estimated about 546.71 km²
form of 2,643km long of picturesque coastline. Generally this area is experience hot
climate and its famous land mark is the impressive straovolcano, Sakurajima.
Figure 1: Location of the study area
Recently scientists predicted that the number and intensity of natural
disasters has increased in many places in the world. Numbers of natural disasters were
affected Kagoshima in the past. Kagoshima prefecture is surrounding by many active
volcanoes such as Sakurajima which contribute to air pollution within these area (Iino,
et al. 2006). Kagoshima has experienced on typhoon (Takata et al, 2004), heavy
rainfall (Takahashi, 1996) and landslide and flood (Moriwaki, et. al. 1995). Other
potential natural disasters are severe storms and tsunami from earthquake or landslide.
Severe storm could contribute to shoreline erosion. Natural disasters contributed to
the lost of life and properties, damage of public properties and ecosystems which
affect to economy. The main purpose of this study is to identify how Kagoshima
protects their coastline from natural disasters. The coastal assessments were
conducted through the following activities;
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1. Determine development a long the coastline
2. Identify coastal protection
3. Evaluate existing coastal adaptation
2.0 METHODOLOGY
Site visits were conducted from 17 July 2010 to 12 August 2010 (Table 1). During the
visit, coastal development were determined based on the types of public facilities,
historical places and housings a long the coastline. Existing coastal protection were
also identified. Evaluate of existing coastal adaptation were carried out based on the
published information (secondary data) such as evacuation areas, shelters scheme,
effective warning and precaution, and hazards mitigating system.
Table 1: Program schedule between 12 July 2010 to 12 August 2010
No Activities Date (8/7-12/8/2010
1 Literature reviews 8-16 July
2. Field surveys
a. Shibushi Bay
b. Sakurajima
c. Kagoshima city
d. Ibusuki/Nagasakibana
e. Miyazaki bay
17-10 August
17 July
19 July
25 July
10 August
12 August
3. Data analysis 26-30 July
4. Results and discussion 2-12 August
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3.0 RESULTS
Site Visit I: Shibushi Bay, Kagoshima Prefecture- 17 July 2010
1.0 Introduction
Shibushi Bay is located at eastern part of Kagoshima Prefecture. It takes about 2.5
hour from Kagoshima City (Figure 1). The bay formed sandy beach of about 14.2km
of Kashiwabara coast. Southern part of the area is located the artificial island
(approximately 22.5 km2). Detail information of the coastal processes related to the
artificial island has been explained by Nishi et al. (1998). There are numbers of
important structures along the shoreline. Southern part of the Bay located a fishermen
port and estuary of Kimotsuki River. This area is shaded by the artificial island and is
the most affected by sedimentation processes. Littoral drift from the north
accumulated the sediment in the southern part. Beautiful pine trees planted behind the
sandy beach is important as natural habitats and as protection of inland area from
strong wind. Shibushi bay is experiencing strong wind directly from the Pacific Ocean.
The objective of this site visit was to observe the shoreline protections and investigate
environment condition in that area (Figure 2).
2.0 Shoreline protection
Development of an artificial island in 1985 with size of 1.5km long to 1.5 km wide
has changed the marine environment in Shibushi Bay. The size of the bay is about
16.8km long where 14.2km is a sandy beach. Some are is developed for small
industries (dry fish industry) and public facilities (e.g ports and hospital). Northern
part of the bay is Shibushi Port which is importance for the sea transportation in
Shibushi city.
The Littoral drift from north to south of the bay has accumulated the sediment
sheltered area created by the artificial island and other human activities (e.g
development of ports and reduced of sediment supply from river. To solve this
problem, number of shoreline protections has been set up along the bay as following;
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1. 1 T shape groin
Groin has been developed to reduce the longshore sediment transport into
sheltered area in the southwest. The groin block would prevent additional coastal
erosion along the non sheltered beach. The groin has control about 60% of the
sediment transport to the south of the area. Another groin is built near the estuary of
Tabaru River located at northeast side of the bay. The groin is build to protect
sediment accumulated in the river mouth especially strong waves. Sediment may
prevent the water from river flow to the sea and create flood in the hinterland. During
the site visit, small amount of sediment accumulated near the river mouth.
2. Submerge breakwaters
There were 4 submerge breakwaters installed in Shibushi Bay. The breakwater
is important to reduce the wave energy to reach the shoreline. The wave energy will
be slowed down in front of the breakwater and accumulation of sediment occurred in
that shade area. Sandy beach is important as recreational area for local communities.
Therefore submerge breakwaters were built to preserve the nature beauty of the area.
3. Beach nourishment
Beach nourishment in Shibushi Bay was the biggest in Japan. The sediment
accumulated at sheltered area was transferred to erosion area in the north. The beach
nourishment was conducted before the groins built to slow down the sediment
transport to the south. Groin has reduced the littoral drift in Kashiwabara coast and
reducing sedimentation processes in the south.
4. Revetments
Strong erosion is occurred almost along the sandy beach of Kashiwabara
Coast. The local authorities did the best the can do to reduce the lost of sediment in
that area such as built a beach revetment near the fish industry. Revetment consists of
small rocks and nicely arranged inside the gabions. The revetment is arranged into 3
different layers to respond the different wave energy attacked the area. Soil planted by
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grass is field up behind the gabion to form natural dune. The gabions are designed to
protect the dry fish industry. During the site visit toe scouring is occurred at southern
part of the gabion. Therefore, another stone structures is pleased in that area to
prevent continuously the sediment loss in that area.
Revetments were placed along the Tabaru river bank. The shoreline
protections are built in such way to defence the variable wave energy throughout the
year. Wave energy is higher during the typhoons of the peak of summer (June-
August) compared to winter. In the that time, wave direction is slightly southward
direction with seaward wind direction. This area experience high waves from open
sea. Tidal range is about 2.5m.
5. Coastal Trees Re-plantation
Re-plantation of trees is made in some areas of Shibushi bay. The small and
new trees (mainly casuarinas trees) are protected with fences. The trees are essential
to reduce strong wind from open sea of Pacific Ocean. Vegetated area is important to
hold sediment of along the beach and reduce coastal erosion.
The beach of Kashiwabara coast is continuously maintained from natural
disasters. No coastal development is observed immediately to the coastline except the
Dry Fish Industry and the ports. The coastline is protected by man made structures
from the sea (breakers), or built along the shoreline (revetment). Agriculture activities
are separated with forested dune formed parallel to the beach.
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Site Visit II: Sakurajima, Kagoshima Prefecture - 19 July 2010
Introduction
Sakurajima also literally means Cherry Blossom Island is symbol of Kagoshima Prefecture in
Kyushu, Japan (Figure 3). It take about 15 minutes by ferry from Kagoshima ferry terminal
(Kagoshima side) to Sakurajima port. Sakurajima was a small island with a circumference of
52 km in Kagoshima Bay. In 1914 eruption of Sakurajima was the most powerful in
twentieth-century Japan. The lava gushed out from the volcano for about a month and
connected the island about 400m wide with Osumi Peninsula. This year, the volcanic fumes
rising from Sakurajima can be seen almost everyday.
Shoreline protection in Sakurajima
During the Sakurajima eruption 1914, lave was accumulated in the shoreline.
Volcanic sediment and ash descends to the beach. Shoreline protection in Sakurajima
has specially designed both to minimize wave action from sea and future eruptions.
West side of the island is well protected by revetments. Sheltered area (embayment)
are developed for ports facilities. Aquaculture activities such floating cages can be
seen along the beach. Seawall was built at soft beach (e.g sandy beach), road or
developed areas (e.g port and recreational area) and toe protection sometime place
near the seawalls to protect scouring processes.
Coastal Development a long the coastline
Most of the Sakurajima shoreline consists of cliffs and narrow rocky shores. Development of
fishing port and aquaculture activities conducted at sheltered area such as small bay. Most
development is located near the Sakurajima Port to Kagoshima. The plan areas were mainly
developed to support the tourist’s activities such as hotels, schools and tourist information
centre. Most agriculture and publics facilities are located in this area.
People reside in Sakurajima has responded and adapt to a major hazard from volcano
eruption. Disaster prevention activities such as regular evacuation drills and Training of
school children to use mask and bright hat for self protection has been introduce to the local
community. Strong shelters are built along the main road or villages for people to take refuge
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from falling volcanic debris. Precaution measures such as monitoring and prediction of
Sakurajima large eruption are conducted as part of precaution program for the tourist visiting
this area and for 680,000 residents of Kagoshima just a few kilometers from the volcano area.
Some time the streets in Kagoshima city is covered with a thin layer of ash. The distribution
of the volcanic ash is depending on the direction of the wind.
Site Visit III: Kagoshima City, Kagoshima Prefecture- 25 July 2010
Kagoshima is southern Kyushu’s major city facing the Kagoshima bay. It is about 4 km
separated from Sakurajiama (Figure 4). Good economic development need more space to
support the increasing coastal population. Therefore, most of the Kagoshima coastline was
extended into Kagoshima bay. The reclamation was carried out a few decades ago to build
public facilities such as parks, transportation and ports. Most of the existing coastline now is
protected by hard structures such as seawalls or revetments. Many of the original residence
areas built near the foot of the hill or in the heart of the city. All river (e.g Kotsuki River and
Inari River) and drainages banks within the Kagoshima city are also protected by revetment.
Most of the man made structures along the river and shoreline are well maintained by local
authorities.
Site Visit IV: Coastal area of Ibusuki- 8 August 2010
Ibusuki is located at entrance of Kagoshima Bay. The Ibusuki hot spring is famous
tourists destination situated along the 5km coast on the southern eastern tip of the
Satsuma Peninsula (Figure 5). That area is received windier and strong waves
compared to Kagoshima city. Nagasakibana is a cape at the southernmost end of the
Satsuma Peninsular in the southern part of Kagoshima Prefecture.
The shoreline from Kagoshima down to Nagasakibana is mainly protected by
hard structures. Various shapes of revetments and breakwaters are found along the
journey. The shoreline protections are built to protect the roads and some houses
which are build along the narrow plan areas. During the strong wind and high waves,
the water from sea flesh into the road or damaged the existing hard structures
supporting the road. Therefore, wave breakers are built along the beach to reduce
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wave energy reach the shoreline. Fisherman ports and other facilities were also
protected by breakwaters.
Nagasakibana located at the most southern part of Kagoshima Prefecture.
Lighthouse is built at the tip of the Nagasakibana to guide the ships to Kagoshima city.
Beautiful beach is located in the right side. Rocky beach and cliff found facing the
Kagoshima bay in the left. The beach is protected by submerge breakwaters. During
the site visit, the existing revetment is built on the beach were coved by sediment.
Site Visit V: Miyazaki Beaches-12 August 2010
Miyazaki bay is located at Miyazaki Prefectures (Figure 6). It is located on the eastern
coast of the island of Kyushu. The beach area is facing directly to the Pacific Ocean.
Therefore, typhoon, waves and tsunami are some of the natural disaster affects this
area. However, coastal construction such as port and dam are also contributing to the
beach erosion. Many types of coastal protections have been built along the shoreline
such as groin, beach nourishment and underwater breaker has been place on the beach
to protect the beach from erosion.
The beach protection structures were designed based on the interest of both
local communities and coastal engineers. The mild slope revetments were built in the
recreational area so that the utilities of the beach can easily asses the area. The are
numbers of groin placed perpendicular to the beach to reduce the littoral drift and
transportation of the sediment to the south. The submerge breakwater are placed on
the beach to reduce beach erosion and lost of sediment in between the two groins.
Furthermore the is surfing activities would not affected by the submerge breakwater.
Special designs of revetments are located in the certain part to support the turtle
nesting area.
The northern part of the bay is Miyazaki port while the southern part is
protected by Aoshima Island. It is about 1.5km circumference and play an important
role to protect the Aoshima beach. Marine sports such as swimming, surfing, sailing
and yachting are popular in this area especially in summer time.
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Conclusion Generally Kagoshima City and Sakurajima shoreline is located inside the Kagoshima bay and well protected by Osumi and Satsuma peninsulars. However, coastal reclamation were conducted in the Kagoshima city to support the demand of increasing development in this area. Therefore most of the shoreline is protected by seawalls. In the eastern part of the city is Iso swimming beach. It is beach nourishment to support the beach recreation areas. Some areas are protected by revetment to asses the waterline. All estuaries of the rivers are also protected by the stone revetment. Groins and breakwaters are built a long the beach to Nagasakibana to protect the roads, housing and fishing port. Shibushi and Miyazaki bays are located at the western side of the Kagoshima Prefecture. These areas affected directly by the waves and wind from Pacific Ocean. The main problem of the beach in this area is coastal erosion but it is well maintained by the local government through beach protections. Acknowledgments This program is supported by the Japanese Society for The Promotion of Science (JSPS) under International Training Program to improve the study ability in biodiversity at Kagoshima University. Special thanks to Prof. Ryuichiro Nishi for his help and guidance during my stay in Kagoshima. Also, all of the members of Physical Oceanography Laboratory (Lusia Manu, Tommy Jensen and Arthur Thambas), Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University for their accompany and help during fieldtrip to various places in Kagoshima Prefecture. References Matchell, J. K. 1993. Natural hazard predictions and responses in very large cities In J. Nemec et al. (et al). Predictions and perceptions of Natural Hazards. Kluwer Academic Publisher. Nishi, R., Uda, T., Sato, M., Wakita, M. Ohtani, Y. and Horiguchi, T., 1998. Coastal erosion caused by construction of an artificial island and performance of beach nourishment. Coastal engineering. 1679-1692. Takata, H., Nakamaura, H. and Hachio, T. 2004. On prediction of electric power damage by thpoons in each districts in Kagoshima prefecture Via A Second-order polynomial model and NN. Takahashi, K., Abiru, S. and Mieno K, 1996. A study on revision of local plan for disaster preventions and countermeasures of voluntary organization for Disaster prevention in Kagoshima City after the Disaster in Kagishima due to Heavy Rainfall on August 6, 1993. Japan Society for Natural Disaster Science. (J.JSNDS 15-2 125-138 (1996).
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Moriwaki, et. al. 1995. Report on the landslide and flood disasters caused by the heavy rainfall in August, 1993, Kagoshima, Japan. The national Research Institute for earth science and disaster prevention science and technology agency, Japan. Iino, N. Kinoshita, K. and Kakagaki, C. 2006. Satellite images of air pollution and land cover for environmental education and Disaster prevention. International archives of the photogrmmetry, remote sensing and spatial information science, Vol XXXVI (6):102-107.
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Figure 3: Sakurajima
Eruption of Sakurajima
Some of tourists facilities in Sakurajima
Beautiful shoreline protection Seawall toe protection
Rocky shore at certain part of Sakurajima
Aquaculture activities near at sheltered area
Shoreline protection near the port
Housing area in Sakurajima
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Figure 4: Kagoshima
Kagoshima city from Sakurajima
Kagoshima from Shyroyama observation centre
Popular beach nourishment area in Iso beach
Shoreline protection at southern part of Kagoshima City
Rocky beach next to seawall
Shoreline protection of reclaimed Kagoshima area
Formation of tombolo behind the wave breaker
Beautiful design of protection
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Figure 5: Ibusuki
Underwater breaker
Sedimentation on revertment
Breaking wave on underwater breaker
Seawall at southern part of Kagoshima
Lighthouse at the tip of Nagasakibana
Cliff and rocky shore at entrance of Kagoshima bay.
Shoreline at entrance of Kagoshima Bay
Agriculture activities at low land area of Southernpart of Kagoshima
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Figure 2: Shibushi bay
Groin at southern part of Shibushi Bay
Shoreline at Shibushi bay
Fence protected the young vegetation from strong wind
Artificial Island
Revetment to protect the dry fish industry
River banks protection
Revetments in front the dry fish building
Shoreline protection at Shibushi port
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Figure 6: Miyazaki bay
Aoshima Island Aoshima Beach
Submerge breakwater on beach Beach revetment
Groin in Miyazaki beach High waves important of surfing
Mild slope revetment to asses the beach
Coastal villages protected by shoreline structures
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