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I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
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..
. Neisser (1967)
.
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. Neisser (1967). Neisser (1967) ~(Cognitive
Psycholoyg)
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.
.
(scientificinteresting)
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. .
.
.
. (Behaviorism). (Gestalt
psychology)
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. .
(Empiricism)
(Rationalism)
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(Empiricism)
(Rationalism)
100
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..
1. Wilhelm Wundt (1879)
2. (Structuralism)
3. (Functionalism)4. (Associationism)
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1. Wilhelm Wundt (1879)1. Wilhelm Wundt (1879)
Leipziq
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1. Wilhelm Wundt (1879)1. Wilhelm Wundt (1879) (introspection)Bite. Cause?
As soon as I had read the [words] the search was on. I had also apicture of a leg with a wound on it and saw nothing else. Then dog
came to me in the form of an idea, with the consciousness: dogs bite
Parson. What is an equivalent occupation?I read the words successively and with understanding. Immediately
came the consciousness that something [equivalent] was very familiar.
Then came the wordchaplain,internally speakon. Itis certain that consciousness of the familiarity of a solution precededthe, as yet, uneffected appearance of the wordchaplain
From Humphrey (1963)
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1. Wilhelm Wundt (1879)1. Wilhelm Wundt (1879)
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2.(Structuralism)2
.(Structuralism)
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
Edward Titchener (1867-1927)
(sensations)
(images)
(affections)
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3.(Functionalism)3
.(Functionalism)
William James (1842-1910)
Principles of Psychology (1890/1970)
John Dewey (1859-1952)
(pragmatic)
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4.(Associationism)4.(Associationism)
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4.(Associationism)4.(Associationism)
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)Savings Score = [(Original trials Relearning trials) / Original trials]*100
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4.(Associationism)4.(Associationism)
EdwardL. Thorndike (1874-
1949)
Law of effect
Puzzle box
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.(Behaviorism).(Behaviorism)
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
John Watson (1878-1959)
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)
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(Behaviorism)(Behaviorism)
40
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(Behaviorism)(Behaviorism)
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
John Watson (1878-1959)
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)
Skinners box
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.(Gestalt psychology).
(Gestalt psychology)
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R
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a
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(insight)
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. .
. (Cognitiverevolution) (1956)
.
.
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..
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1956MIT
George Miller---Magic number: 72
Norm Chomsky--- (transformationalgrammar)
Bruner, Goddnow, & Austin ---
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Norm Chomsky---Norm Chomsky---(deep)(surface).
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Bruner, Goddnow, & AustinBruner, Goddnow, & Austin
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Bruner, Goddnow, & AustinBruner, Goddnow, & Austin 81
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..
1. (Human engineering)
2. (Communicationengineering)(Information theory)
3. (Linguistics)
4. (Computer science)
5. (Neuroscience)
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1.
1.
(task)
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2.2
.
(channel)
(encoding)
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(Morse code)
(Morse code)
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3.
Noam Chomsky (1957)3
.
Noam Chomsky (1957)
(structure)
(language
universality)
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4.4
.
(informationprocessing)
(AI)
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5.
5.
(neuroimaging)
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..
1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.Information processing approach; Symbolic
approach
1.Information processing approach; Symbolic
approach
(symbolicmodel)
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1. Information processing approach; Symbolic
approach
1. Information processing approach; Symbolic
approach
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connectionist model(parallel-computing)(node)
nodes(weights)
2.Connectionist approach; Neural-network approach
2.Connectionist approach; Neural-network approach
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(parallel distributed processing)PDPmodel
2.Connectionist approach; Neural-network approach
2.Connectionist approach; Neural-network approach
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2.Connectionist approach; Neural-network approach
2.Connectionist approach; Neural-network approach
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vs.
vs.
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3.
Cognitive science3
.
Cognitive science
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4.Cognitive neuroscience
4.Cognitive neuroscience
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.
.
.
.
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..
(Perceptual processes)
(Memory)
(Knowledge representation)
(Categorization)
(Problem solving)(Reasoning)
(Judgment and decision making)
(Language)
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(perceptual processes)
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(perceptual processes)
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(memory)
(episodic)(semantic)
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(memory)
(Chunking)a
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(knowledge representation) (knowledge representation)
(declarative) (procedural)
(analogical) (symbolic)
Sternberg, 1994
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(categorization)
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(problem solving)
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19
15
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XO
XO
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19
15
15
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(reasoning)
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(Conditional reasoning)(Conditional reasoning)
Wason (1966)
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(judgment and decision making)
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(judgment and decision making)Kahneman & Tversky (1981)
600
A200
B
A72B28
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(judgment and decision making)
Kahneman & Tversky (1981)
C400
D600
C22D78
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(language)
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..
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(recollection)
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.
.
. . . .
.
. .
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.Nature vs. nurture.Nature vs. nurture
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.Rationalism vs. empiricism.
Rationalism vs. empiricism
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.Structure vs. processes
.Structure vs. processes
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.Validity of causal inference vs. ecological validity
.Validity of causal inference vs. ecological validity
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.Applied vs. basic research
.Applied vs. basic research
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.Biological vs. behavioral methods
.Biological vs. behavioral methods
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..
.
Sternberg (1966)Sternberg (1966)
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Memory scanning task
Sternberg (1966)Sternberg (1966)
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Sternberg (1966)Sternberg (1966)
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Sternberg (1966)Sternberg (1966)
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..
.
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..
.
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1.1.
Stroop
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2.2.
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..
.
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..
.
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1.1.
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2.2.
eyewitness testimony
Loftus & Zanni (1975)
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..
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Acta Psychologica
American Psychologist
Annual Review of Psychology
Behavioral & Brain Sciences Cognition
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Science
Journal of ExperimentalPsychology (JEP): General
JEP: Human Perception, &Performance
JEP: Learning, Memory, &Cognition
Journal of Memory andLanguage
Memory and cognition
Psychological Bulletin
Psychological Review Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
Psychological Science
The Quarterly Journal of
Experimental Psychology
Trends in Cognitive Science