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Cold War Cold War Across Across
The DecadesThe Decades35 More Years of 35 More Years of
Ideological ConflictIdeological Conflict
The Cold War The Cold War 50’s50’s
• Race for the H-BombRace for the H-Bomb
--US vs. Soviets in nuclear weapons (arms) raceUS vs. Soviets in nuclear weapons (arms) race
““BrinkmanshipBrinkmanship”” – Threat of mutual – Threat of mutual destruction to destruction to keep the peace.keep the peace.
• Covert Actions Begin
- US’s CIA conduct secret spy missions to change foreign governments to make them friendly. Middle East – Iran Central America – Guatemala
The Cold War The Cold War 50’s50’s• World CrisesWorld Crises
Egypt – US faces off vs. Soviets over Suez Canal.
Eisenhower Doctrine – US will defend Middle East
Hungary – Soviets back less repressive leader so
the country remains friendly with them
• Space RaceSpace RaceSoviets reach space first - Sputnik – 1958Soviets reach space first - Sputnik – 1958Threat to US was nukes launched in spaceThreat to US was nukes launched in space
Sputnik
Leaders Face-Leaders Face-OffOff
• Pres. Dwight Eisenhower Pres. Dwight Eisenhower vs. Nikita Khrushchevvs. Nikita Khrushchev
• Eisenhower DoctrineEisenhower Doctrine
US will defend Middle Eastern countries attacked by any and all Communist ones.
• Khrushchev blasts Eisenhower on May 1960 U-2 Spy plane incident. Eisenhower admits it - CAUGHT
- Khrushchev views it as boasting.- Continued bad relations - misunderstandings
U-2 Spy Plane
World Leaders’ World Leaders’ StatusStatus
• Basically a tie – US & Soviets were both Basically a tie – US & Soviets were both growing more powerful every year.growing more powerful every year.
• Dominant influence in the world could Dominant influence in the world could have gone either way in the ‘60s.have gone either way in the ‘60s.
• Eastern Europe was Communist. Eastern Europe was Communist.
Western Europe was Democratic.Western Europe was Democratic.
The Middle East was The Middle East was “up for grabs”.“up for grabs”.
Both sides protected their “backyards” Both sides protected their “backyards” vigorously.vigorously.
The Cold War The Cold War 60’s60’s• Kennedy vs. KhrushchevKennedy vs. Khrushchev
- - Hard Line vs. SovietsHard Line vs. Soviets- Big conventional army - Big conventional army would allow would allow “Flexible Response“Flexible Response””- - Rise of Military/Industrial Complex Rise of Military/Industrial Complex
• Problems in Cuba, Berlin again & S/E Asia Problems in Cuba, Berlin again & S/E Asia
againagain- Communist Fidel Castro - Communist Fidel Castro revolts in Cubarevolts in Cuba- Seeks aid from Soviets- Seeks aid from Soviets
- Bay of Pigs Attempts to - Bay of Pigs Attempts to Overthrow Castro - FailedOverthrow Castro - Failed
Cuban Missile Cuban Missile CrisisCrisis• 1962 - Soviet Aid to Cuba expands nuclear
missiles & advisors arrive and build launch pads.
- U-2 Spy planes take photos
- US blockades Cuba w/ships & subs
- Prepares 200,000 man invasion force in Florida.
- Khrushchev orders Soviet ships on the way,
stopped.
-Agrees to bring missiles home if US doesn’t invade.
Progress From Progress From CrisisCrisis
• ““Hot Line”Hot Line” between Kremlin and between Kremlin and White House – a direct phone line - White House – a direct phone line - so leaders can talk before crises so leaders can talk before crises escalate.escalate.
• Limited Test Ban TreatyLimited Test Ban Treaty – Forbids – Forbids nuclear testing in the atmosphere.nuclear testing in the atmosphere.
• But as our But as our “backyard crises” eased, “backyard crises” eased, a new threat arose in Southeast a new threat arose in Southeast Asia…Vietnam.Asia…Vietnam.
Berlin CrisisBerlin Crisis• Since Marshall Plan & Berlin Airlift, West
Germany prospered & East Germany failed
• 3 Million East Germans fled to the West.- Lost educated people who could help
- Bad PR for the Communists- Khrushchev tries to get Germans to agree to
seal out the Western nations. Kennedy resists
- 1961 – Berlin Wall built to keep E. Germans in
Building Berlin Building Berlin WallWall
Domino Theory & SE Domino Theory & SE AsiaAsia
• Mao Zedong’s Communist Mao Zedong’s Communist Ideology spreads to Vietnam.Ideology spreads to Vietnam.
• Ho Chi Minh leadsHo Chi Minh leads
North Viet Nam to North Viet Nam to
unite with the South unite with the South
under Communism.under Communism.
• US aids the SouthUS aids the South
SoutheasSoutheast t
AsiaAsia
VietnamVietnam Laos Laos
CambodiaCambodia
Containing Containing Communism in Communism in Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia
• French occupied the area until 1954, when French occupied the area until 1954, when the Viet Minh drove them out. Eisenhower the Viet Minh drove them out. Eisenhower aided the non-communist south after aided the non-communist south after French.French.
• In 1961 Kennedy continued military aid to In 1961 Kennedy continued military aid to South amidst a civil war vs. North VietnamSouth amidst a civil war vs. North Vietnam
• 1965 President Johnson, Kennedy’s 1965 President Johnson, Kennedy’s successor vows contain Communism & not successor vows contain Communism & not to to “…lose Southeast Asia.”“…lose Southeast Asia.”
President
Lyndon Baines Johnson
Assumes presidency on
November 22, 1963, the
day President Kennedy
was shot.
• North Vietnamese North Vietnamese torpedo boats torpedo boats supposedly supposedly attacked the USS attacked the USS Maddox in the Gulf Maddox in the Gulf of Tonkin, off of Tonkin, off Vietnam, in a pair Vietnam, in a pair of assaults on of assaults on August 2 and 4 of August 2 and 4 of 1964.1964.
• Congress passes Congress passes the the Gulf of Tonkin Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionResolution in in 1965.1965.
“…“…take all necessary take all necessary
actions to repel actions to repel any armed attack any armed attack on the forces of on the forces of the US…the US…
Pres. Richard Pres. Richard NixonNixon
• NVA’s “Tet” offensive changes the war – 1968 - North Vietnam takes command.
• Ends the war in Vietnam through policy of “Vietnamization” – turning over the war to the people of South Vietnam.
• 1969 – First troops come home
• 1972 – South cannot fight off the North &…
Saigon Falls Saigon Falls
to Viet Congto Viet Cong
• On the last day of the Vietnam On the last day of the Vietnam War…War…
• When Saigon fell to the North When Saigon fell to the North Vietnamese Army…Vietnamese Army…
The Fall of The Fall of SaigonSaigon
South Vietnamse civilians try to climb South Vietnamse civilians try to climb the the wall of the U.S. Embassy In a wall of the U.S. Embassy In a desperate bid desperate bid to board one of the last evacuation to board one of the last evacuation flights out flights out of Saigon. August 29, 1975of Saigon. August 29, 1975
Ideological Ideological ChangesChanges
After Vietnam After Vietnam • Nixon sees the problems of intervention. Nixon sees the problems of intervention. • Changes the “approach” toward the Changes the “approach” toward the
Soviets and the Chinese Communists.Soviets and the Chinese Communists.
• Seeks to Seeks to ‘engage’ ‘engage’ enemiesenemies
• ““Keep friends close & enemies closer.”Keep friends close & enemies closer.”
Cold War in the Cold War in the 70s70s• Nixon, Kissinger and “Nixon, Kissinger and “Realpolitik”Realpolitik”
-Be practical in negotiations Be practical in negotiations with nations.with nations.
-Evaluate the power of nations &-Evaluate the power of nations & ignore them if they are weak.ignore them if they are weak.
-Confront strong nations, Confront strong nations, recognize strength, negotiate and recognize strength, negotiate and engageengage
militarily militarily
China and RussiaChina and Russia• Successfully opened relations with Successfully opened relations with
Communist China for the first time since the Communist China for the first time since the Cold War beganCold War began
- Agrees that Taiwan is part of - Agrees that Taiwan is part of mainland China.mainland China.
- SALT I Treaty with Soviets- SALT I Treaty with Soviets Limit Numbers of ICBMsLimit Numbers of ICBMs
- Cold War still on, but now - Cold War still on, but now begins to engage rivals.begins to engage rivals.
- Sets stage for SALT II talks to - Sets stage for SALT II talks to further reduce nukesfurther reduce nukes
Nixon the Nixon the DiplomatDiplomat
Détente – Be in contact with enemies to better understand them. Tries to ease Cold War tensions.
With Zhao En LaiWith Zhao En Lai With Leonid BreznhevWith Leonid Breznhev
To Whose To Whose Advantage Advantage
was Détente?was Détente?• Soviet View Soviet View of Détente is contact to delay of Détente is contact to delay
agreements until they achieve their goal of agreements until they achieve their goal of expanding Communism worldwide.expanding Communism worldwide.
• American View American View of Détente is contact to look of Détente is contact to look for Soviet weaknesses so as to gain for Soviet weaknesses so as to gain agreements that allow democratically agreements that allow democratically elected governments to exist.elected governments to exist.
President CarterPresident Carter• Hard lineHard line on human rights on human rights set set détentedétente back 4 years back 4 years
- Rejected “Realpolitik”- Rejected “Realpolitik”
- Soviet dissidents mistreated - Soviet dissidents mistreated
- Salt II stalled when Soviets - Salt II stalled when Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979invaded Afghanistan in 1979
- Boycotts Moscow Olympics- Boycotts Moscow Olympics
Carter’s Great Carter’s Great SuccessSuccess
Camp David AccordsCamp David Accords
• Since 1948 Jews and Arabs Since 1948 Jews and Arabs
have fought over the land have fought over the land
known as Palestine. Both known as Palestine. Both
claim it as their birthright.claim it as their birthright.
• President Carter and Henry President Carter and Henry
Kissinger’s efforts - Kissinger’s efforts - “Shuttle “Shuttle
Diplomacy”Diplomacy” - brokered an - brokered an
agreement, signed at Campagreement, signed at Camp David, Maryland.David, Maryland.
Anwar Sadat, President Carter and Menachem Anwar Sadat, President Carter and Menachem BeginBegin
Carter’s Great Carter’s Great FailureFailure
•Iran Hostage CrisisIran Hostage Crisis 1979 – Islamic Revolution1979 – Islamic Revolution led by Ayatollah led by Ayatollah KhomeiniKhomeini
•Demands former ruler,Demands former ruler, Shah be returned Shah be returned
•Takes US Embassy and 52Takes US Embassy and 52 Americans – holds themAmericans – holds them for 444 daysfor 444 days
Ronald Reagan – Ronald Reagan – The Ultimate Cold The Ultimate Cold
WarriorWarrior• Increases military Increases military spending – revives two old spending – revives two old weapons systems – MX weapons systems – MX missile & B-1 Bomber.missile & B-1 Bomber.
• Sees an opportunity to re-Sees an opportunity to re-open détente with the open détente with the Soviets – based on military Soviets – based on military strength.strength.
• Reverses Carter’s policiesReverses Carter’s policies fights communism.fights communism.
Cold War in Cold War in Central AmericaCentral America
• Nicaraguan Sandinistas - Communists according to Reagan, overthrow US backed government.
- Contras – - Contras – based in Honduras, resist based in Honduras, resist Sandinistas with US aidSandinistas with US aid
• GranadaGranada – Reagan sends troops to stop a – Reagan sends troops to stop a Cuba friendly gov’t. from taking over & Cuba friendly gov’t. from taking over & protect US Medical students there.protect US Medical students there.
Reagan’s Reagan’s DetenteDetente
• Convinces Europe Convinces Europe notnot to help build Soviet pipeline to help build Soviet pipeline – – would would
have enabled Soviets to fund their expansion.have enabled Soviets to fund their expansion.
• ““Outspends” the SovietsOutspends” the Soviets – Their economy collapses – Their economy collapses
• Strategic Defense InitiativeStrategic Defense Initiative – (Star Wars) – (Star Wars)A missile System to destroy incoming ICBM’sA missile System to destroy incoming ICBM’s
• INF (Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces) TreatyINF (Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces) Treaty – – Drops 2 types of nuclear weapons from the arsenals of Drops 2 types of nuclear weapons from the arsenals of US & Soviet Union – Allows inspectionsUS & Soviet Union – Allows inspections!!
Reagan & Reagan & GorbachevGorbachev• Reagan’s stand resulted Reagan’s stand resulted
in Soviets’ not being in Soviets’ not being able to “spend” with us.able to “spend” with us.
• Gorbachev makes Gorbachev makes changes to Soviet changes to Soviet society and economy society and economy
– – PerestroikaPerestroika- Glasnost- Glasnost
• Berlin Wall Comes downBerlin Wall Comes down(November 1989 under (November 1989 under 11stst
President BushPresident Bush
• Cold War EndsCold War Ends
