Collaboration across the Paciˇc: China-U.S. partnership seeks to improveEarth system predictions at high resolution

There is a pressing need to develop a new advanced modelingframework for high-resolution multiscale Earth systempredictions.We have already seen that climate variations impactthe likelihood and intensity of extremeweather, including tropicalcyclones, heat waves, winter storms, droughts, foods, and coastalsea-level rise. Such events have profound effects on humanwell-being, particularly as it relates to agriculture, energy use,industrial activity,marine ecosystems, and coastal sustainability,with economic impacts in the billions of dollars.

In order to address this need, Qingdao National Laboratoryfor Marine Science and Technology (QNLM), Texas A&MUniversity (TAMU), and the U.S. National Center forAtmospheric Research (NCAR) are collaborating to establishthe International Laboratory for High-Resolution Earth SystemPrediction (iHESP). This international collaboration has thepotential to yield enormous social, economic, and environmentalbenefts, making it an extremely valuable effort for policymakersand stakeholders. The new laboratory will play a fundamentalrole in moving Earth System science and prediction forwardby combining the expertise of these three renowned researchinstitutions to pursue transformational efforts in the developmentof high resolution Earth System models.

The newmodeling framework and products that iHESP intendsto develop will be critical to formulating solutions for risksassociated with rapidly changing environmental conditionsacross the planet, including those associated with climatevariability on subseasonal to decadal timescales. iHESP seeks toprovide reliable information at both global and regional levels,thereby helping decision makers around theworld to implementmore effective policies.

QNLM, a hitherto unique national laboratory, was launched in2015with Professor, LixinWu, Fellow of theChineseAcademyof Sciences, as its director.Acomprehensive,world-classmarinescience institution,QNLM pools innovative resources and teamsfor original research, to boost the nationís capacity for innovationand to take the lead in marine science and technology. Jointlysupported by national and local government, QNLM focuses

on basic and applied research, and especially the developmentof cutting-edge technology. The research areas cover oceandynamics and climate change, marine life processes andbioresource utilization, benthic processes andmineral resources,evolution and protection of marine ecological environments,extreme environments and resources in deep sea and polaroceans, and marine technologies and equipment. QNLM haslaunched one of the worldís fastest marine research computers,and created a research vessel sharing system, including themanned submersible Jiaolong. Sticking to the principles ofìopenness, mobility, collaboration, sharing,î and as part ofits internationalization strategy, QNLM vigorously advancesthe construction of a global collaborative innovation network.In cooperation with Australiaís Commonwealth Scientificand Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), QNLM hasestablished theCentre forSouthernHemisphereOceansResearch(CSHOR), to collaborate on the southern hemisphere oceansand Antarctic observation and research. To respond to themany challenges facing ocean science today, QNLM activelyparticipates in building the international network for cooperationand exchange, holding theGlobalOcean Summit to promote thesharing of knowledge, experience, and infrastructure.

LixinWu,Director of QNLM

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TAMU, located in College Station, Texas, and established in1876, is the fagship school of the Texas A&M system. Thefourth-largest university in the U.S. and the largest in Texas, itis one of 17 U.S. universities to be designated a land-grant, sea-grant, and space-grant university. TAMU is also one of the fewuniversities in theUnited States to have a college of geosciencesthat encompasses a broad range of disciplines in Earth systemscience, including oceanography, atmospheric sciences, geologyand geophysics, and geography, as well as the InternationalOcean Discovery Program (IODP)óa U.S. National ScienceFoundationñfunded internationalmarine research collaborationdedicated to advancing scientifc understanding of the Earththrough drilling, coring, and monitoring the subsea floor.Together, these academic departments and research centershave brought TAMU a wide range of talents and capabilities inEarth system science, positioning it extremely well to deal withchallenges in integrated research.

NCAR, which is the U.S. National Science Foundationís oldestand largest federally funded research and development center, isone ofworldís premiere centers in atmospheric andEarth systemscience. Established in 1960, NCARís mission is to understandthe behavior of the atmosphere and related Earth and geospacesystems; to support, enhance, and extend the capabilities of theuniversity community and the broader scientifc community,nationally and internationally; and to foster the transfer ofknowledge and technology for the betterment of human life.NCAR is committed to the continued advancement of Earthsystem modeling, improved predictive capabilities, and moreeffective applications of these advances to societal needs.Through this new international laboratory, and in collaborationwith the broader research community, NCAR will be able toaccelerate its progress on these strategic objectives, therebyenhancing its ability to bring relevant and objective informationto national and international decisions onmitigation, adaptation,resiliency, and sustainability.

iHESP is anticipated to begin operations in January 2018.Its overarching objective is to accelerate efforts in: (1) high-resolution ocean andEarth systemmodel development; (2) high-resolution ocean and Earth system simulation and prediction;and (3) advancing scientifc understanding of interactions amongdifferent Earth System components across different space andtimescales.

The specifc science goals of iHESP for the next fve years areas follows:

1) Assess and quantify the role of mesoscale ocean eddiesand their interactions with the atmosphere and sea-ice inclimate variability, predictability, and prediction by carryingout an unprecedented ensemble of present and future climatesimulations at high resolution;

2) Develop a new advanced modeling framework for high-resolution regional and global Earth system predictions atsubseasonal to decadal timescales by focusing on:

ï Advancing ocean component of Earth system models withimproved upper-ocean mixing processes, including surfacewave and tidal effects, as well as other unresolved small-scaledynamics;

ï Developing a new online coupled data assimilation capabilityfor high-resolution regional and globalEarth systemmodels; and

ï Enhancing the Community Earth System Model (CESM)coupling software framework by developing a set of onlinenesting tools for dynamical downscaling through nesting of aregional CESM version within the global CESM.

Today, as innovative resources are actively exchanged amongthe global marine science community at an unprecedentedrate, open science and collaboration have become an importantmode for international science and technology innovation anddevelopment. It is believed that iHESP will quickly developinto a world-class research center for Earth system modelingand prediction, greatly benefting the global marine sciencecommunity and all humanity, through gathering high-calibertalent, pooling complementary resources, and carrying outinnovative research. It is also expected that iHESP will workwith such international programs and initiatives as Future Earth,the InternationalGeosphereBiosphere Program (IGBP), and theWorld Climate Research Program (WCRP) to provide scientifcguidance and management strategies for climate prediction.

QNLM, TAMU, and NCAR representatives signingthe iHESPmemorandum of agreement.

A snapshot taken from a 9-km coupled regional climate modelsimulation of North Pacifc storm systems interacting with theKuroshio Current and its eddies, conducted as a collaborationbetween TAMU and QNLM scientists. The top panel showssimulated outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) (Wm-2); lower-left and lower-right panels show the net surface heat flux(SHF)(Wm-2) and sea-surface temperature (SST)(C) over theKuroshio Extension region.Ocean mesoscale eddies are clearlyvisible in the SHF, indicative of strong feedbacks between oceanmesoscale eddies and atmosphere. Wm-2, watts per squaremeter; C, centigrade.

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