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Colonization to Reconstruction: Early U.S. History Review. Columbus’s Arrival. 1492 Landed on an island in the Carribean . Thought he was in India Called the people Indios Claimed the island he Landed on and named it San Salvador -Died thinking he had found India. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
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REASONS FOR
EUROPEAN EXPANSION
MOREWEALTH
SPREADCHRISTIANITY
MORE TERRITORY
EXPANDTRADE
EXPLORE THE WORLD
Columbus’s Arrival
• 1492• Landed on an island in the Carribean.• Thought he was in India• Called the people Indios• Claimed the island he Landed on and named itSan Salvador-Died thinking he had foundIndia 4
His impact on natives:
• Enslaved them• Disease (mumps, measles, chicken pox,
small pox, typhus)• His presence led to the downfall of many
tribes
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Columbus’s Impact on Africans?
• Loss of native work force led to settlers bringing in Africans to help
• Led to slavery and 10 millions slaves being brought over.
• Civil War
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His Impact on Europeans?
• Started mass migrations• Started Columbian Exchange
– Transfer of goods between Europe and the Americas
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EUROPE RECEIVED
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
AMERICAS RECEIVED
FOOD CORN, WHITE POTATOES,
PUMPKINS, TOMATOES, CACAO, STRAWBERRIES, QUININE,
TOBACCO
FOODSUGAR, WHEAT, RICE, CITRUS
FRUITS, TEA, COFFEE, BANANAS, OKRA, BARLEY,
OATS, WINE GRAPES
ANIMALSTURKEYS, GUINEA PIGS,
RATTLESNAKES, BUFFALO, RACCOONS
ANIMALSHORSES, CHICKENS, PIGS,
COWS, GOATS, SHEEP, RATS, OXEN
DISEASESSYPHILIS
DISEASESSMALLPOX, MEASLES,
INFLUENZA
RELIGIONCHRISTIANITY
WEAPONS AND TOOLSGUNS AND IRON TOOLS
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SPAIN LED THE EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS
HERNAN CORTES CONQUERED THE AZTECS OF MEXICO
FRANCISCO PIZARRO CONQUERED THE INCAS OF PERU
THE QUEST FOR RICHES DROVE THE SPANISH TO ENSLAVE THE NATIVE POPULATION TO MINE FOR GOLD AND SILVER, WHILE A DESIRE TO CONVERT NATIVES TO CATHOLICISM LED TO THE BUILDING OF MISSIONS
Why were Spanish unstoppable?
• Guns• Germs (killed as many as 90% of people)• Steel• Horses• Had only 508 men, 16 horses, and 10
cannons• How then were they able to take Mexico?
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THE FIRST ENGLISH ARRIVED IN THE “NEW WORLD” AND ESTABLISHED A COLONY
Jamestown 16071st permanent settlement in U.S.
Captain John Smith and Pocohontas
John Smith’s Mistakes
• Built town on a swamp• No women• No food• Bad water• Unlike Spanish there policy was total
defeat of natives• How was it saved?
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ECONOMIC, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTORS
TOBACCO PLAYED A TREMENDOUS ROLE IN THE SUCCESS OF THE COLONY AS IT YIELDED HUGE PROFITS WHEN SOLD IN EUROPE
LAND WAS USED AS AN INCENTIVE TO ATTRACT SETTLERSRELIGIOUS STRIFE BETWEEN CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS
LED TO MASS MIGRATIONS OF BOTH GROUPS TO DIFFERENT COLONIES
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS FOR THE AVERAGE ENGLISHMAN BECAME EVEN TOUGHER WITH THE INFUSION OF NEW RICHES INTO THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY BY THE SPANISH
HOW DID THE ENGLISH COLONIES BECOME SO successful?
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The First!!!!!!!!!!THE PILGRIMS, RELIGIOUS SEPARATISTS FROM THE CHURCH OF
ENGLAND, SAILED ON THE MAYFLOWER AND LANDED AT PLYMOUTH ROCK IN MASSACHUSETTS IN 1620
ThanksgivingUnderstand why they left Europe?
Wanted to break away from the Church of England
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THE PURITANS ARRIVED SHORTLY AFTER THE MORE RADICAL PILGRIMS. THEY WANTED TO “PURIFY” THE
CHURCH OF ENGLAND (RATHER THAN SEPARATE LIKE THE PILGRIMS) TO REMOVE ALL TRACES OF CATHOLICISM. THEY PLANNED TO ESTABLISH CHURCHES IN THE “NEW WORLD”
*knew they could be punished severely for thisWith the help of Puritans the New England Colonies were
formed: Mass, New Hampshire, Conn, Rhode Island
Took 125 years to found 13 colonies
• They existed primarily to benefit England• A lot of materials were exported to Europe
from the Colonies.
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Homework!
• Do the Unit map on the 13 colonies and vocab words 1-14 next time.
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•CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION•PROTESTS ESCALATED•FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS•THE WAR BEGAN
Slide 3
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CAUSES OF AMERICAN
INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT
MERCANTILISM
ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS
RESTRICTIVE LAWS
PASSEDBY BRITISH
GREAT AWAKENING
POPULATION EXPLOSION AND
EXPERIENCESOF COLONIAL
SELF-RULE
FRENCH ANDINDIAN WAR
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1. MERCANTILISMBASED ON THE BELIEF THAT THERE WAS A LIMITED
AMOUNT OF WEALTH IN THE WORLD AND THE WAY TO GET THE MOST GOLD AND SILVER WAS TO HEAVILY REGULATE MANUFACTURING, TRADE, AND PRODUCTION WITHIN A COUNTRY AND ITS COLONIES.GREAT BRITAIN, FOR EXAMPLE, WOULD PURCHASE RAW
MATERIALS FROM THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES AT A LOW PRICE DETERMINED BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. THEN THE COLONIES WERE REQUIRED TO PURCHASE THE FINISHED GOODS MANUFACTURED IN BRITAIN AT HIGH PRICES ALSO SET BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES WERE ONLY ALLOWED TO TRADE WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE. Gov sets pricesTHIS SYSTEM LED TO BITTERNESS ON THE PART OF THE
COLONISTS WHO HAD VERY LITTLE INPUT IN THEIR ECONOMIC POLICIES.
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2. THE ENLIGHTENMENT INFLUENCED THE COLONISTS
JOHN LOCKE ARGUED THAT PEOPLE POSSESSED NATURAL RIGHTS SUCH AS LIFE, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY. HE BELIEVED THE PURPOSE OF GOVERNMENT WAS TO PROTECT THOSE RIGHTS.
Believed that a social contract existed between people and gov.
People gave consent to be governed, in return people had right to overturn gov.
COLONIAL LEADERS BELIEVED THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT VIOLATED THESE IDEALS AND DISCUSSED STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME THE OPPRESSION OF KING GEORGE III
LOCKE
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3. THE GREAT AWAKENINGRELIGIOUS MOVEMENT THROUGHOUT THE
COLONIES IN THE EARLY 1700s. IT WAS BASED ON REVIVALISM WHICH STRESSED INDIVIDUAL RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE RATHER THAN NEEDING CHURCH LEADERS TO CONNECT WITH GOD.
Challenged the authority of established churches.New churches popping up everywhere
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4. POPULATION EXPLOSION AND COLONIAL SELF-RULE
THE COLONIAL POPULATION INCREASED AT AN EXTREMELY FAST PACE AFTER 1700NEW ARRIVALS MADE UP OF: INDENTURED
SERVANTS FROM EUROPE, SLAVES FROM AFRICA, AND BIRTHS FROM COLONISTSCLEAN DRINKING WATER, PLENTY OF FOOD,
AND GOOD CLIMATE WERE MAJOR CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO THE SPIKE IN BIRTHS BETWEEN 1680-1776 Happy people = more peopleDid not want to be run by a gov. across the
ocean.
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5. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 1754-1763FOR OVER 100 YEARS THE FRENCH AND BRITISH HAD
STRUGGLED FOR CONTROL OF NORTH AMERICA WHICH HAD RESULTED IN THREE EARLIER WARS
BOTH FRANCE AND ENGLAND WANTED TO EXPAND THEIR TERRITORY WEST OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS INTO THE OHIO VALLEY
French built a fort on British landThe British tried to evict them but failed.A 22 yr old G. Washington led a militia to evict them
but failed. Was crushedHe went in again with 1500 soldiers and were
ambushed by French and Indians.2 horses shot out from him and 4 bullet holes through his clothes
FRENCH POWDER
HORN WITH
RIVERS ENGRAVED
ON IT
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THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR FUELED THE DESIRE FOR INDEPENDENCE
COLONISTS UNIFIED FOR THE FIRST TIME BEHIND THE BRITISH TO DEFEAT THE FRENCH. THIS LED TO A SENSE OF PRIDE AND UNITY NOT EXPERIENCED PRIOR TO THE CONFLICT.
A new General led the way William Pitt.Started winning victories therefore the natives joined
the British because they wanted to be on the winning side.
War ends in 1763 with a British victory (what would of happened if the British would have lost?)
Terms of treaty: Britain claims all lands East of Miss. And Canada. And took Florida from Spain. France lost everything. Look at map on Pg 38
What did the natives do?
• British were not as kind to the natives• Pontiac the great Ottowa leader realized
they were bad and attempted to fight back.• British offered blankets with small pox and
this destroyed them.• To avoid further conflict the British ordered
all colonists to not cross the Appalachians.Proclamation of 1763
So how does the French and Indian war help lead to the Revolution? 26
6. Taxes
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THE BRITISH IMPOSED MANY TAXES ON THE COLONISTS TO PAY FOR THE WAR EFFORT WITHOUT ANY COLONIAL INPUT OR REPRESENTATION IN PARLIAMENT.
THE BRITISH RESTRICTED FURTHER WESTERN SETTLEMENT WITH THE PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763. THE COLONISTS FELT ENTITLED TO THE LANDS GAINED DURING THE WAR THEY HAD HELPED WIN.
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GREAT BRITAIN PASSED MANY RESTRICTIVE LAWS THAT SPARKED PROTEST ON THE PART
OF THE COLONISTS SUGAR ACT OF 1764 WHICH ACTUALLY LOWERED THE TAX ON
SUGAR BUT TIGHTENED ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAW AND CRACKED DOWN ON SMUGGLING
STAMP ACT OF 1765 WHICH TAXED ALL PRINTED MATERIALS FROM NEWSPAPERS TO COLLEGE DIPLOMAS
TOWNSEND ACTS OF 1767 TAXED imported GOODS from britain AND CREATED A CUSTOMS BOARD TO DESTROY SMUGGLING
TEA ACT 1773 TAX TO PROTECT THE MONOPOLISTIC EAST INDIA TEA COMPANY
INTOLERABLE/COERCIVE ACTS 1774 WERE DESIGNED TO PUNISH COLONISTS FOR BOSTON TEA PARTY AND MAKE THEM SUBMIT TO THE WILL OF THE BRITISH KING (quartering act)
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PROTESTS OVER THE NEW TAXES LED TO THE CREATION OF GROUPS SUCH AS
THE SONS OF LIBERTY WHO WERE
WILLING TO USE VIOLENCE IF
NECESSARY TO CONVINCE THE
BRITISH GOVERNMENT TO REPEAL THE LAWS
MADE WITHOUT REPRESENTATION THE TAX COLLECTOR TARRED,
FEATHERED, AND FORCED TO DRINK STEAMING HOT TEA
What events led to the start of the war?
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BOSTON MASSACRE
1770THE BRITISH SENT
TROOPS TO BOSTON IN AN ATTEMPT TO RESTORE ORDER,
HOWEVER A CLASH BETWEEN SOLDIERS AND TOWNSPEOPLE
RESULTED IN 5 COLONISTS’ DEATHS. THE TROOPS WERE
BASICALLY ACQUITTED IN A TRIAL, WHICH
FUELED THE ANGER OF THE COLONISTS.
ENGRAVING OF THE
EVENT BY PAUL REVERE
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BOSTON TEA PARTY 1773THE MOST FAMOUS OF MANY PROTESTS AGAINST THE TEA ACT
OF 1773, A TAX DESIGNED TO PROTECT THE BRITISH TEA MONOPOLY. ABOUT 50 MEMBERS OF THE SONS OF LIBERTY
ORGANIZATION DRESSED UP AS MOHAWK INDIANS AND DUMPED THOUSANDS OF POUNDS OF TEA FROM 3 SHIPS INTO
THE BOSTON HARBOR.
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FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
1774 FIFTY SIX MEN FROM TWELVE COLONIES. MET TO DISCUSS
THE INTOLERABLE ACTS PASSED BY PARLIAMENT TO
PUNISH THE COLONISTS FOR THE BOSTON TEA PARTY. THEY DRAFTED THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS AND GRIEVANCES TO BE SENT TO KING GEORGE.
Stated that if British used force against the colonies. The
Colonies should fight back..
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BRITISH TROOPS WERE SENT TO ARREST SAMUEL ADAMS AND JOHN HANCOCK IN
LEXINGTON. COLONISTS WERE WAITING WITH WEAPONS AND FIGHTING BROKE OUT, WHICH
STARTED THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION IN LEXINGTON AND CONCORD IN APRIL OF 1775.
JOHN HANCOCK
SAMUEL ADAMS
IN LEXINGTON 8 COLONISTS WERE KILLED. IN CONCORD 73 BRITISH TROOPS WERE KILLED AND 93 COLONISTS WERE
KILLED.
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IN RESPONSE TO THE BLOODSHED THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS WAS CALLED IN PHILADELPHIA IN MAY 1775. THEY SENT
A PETITION TO THE KING THAT BLAMED PARLIAMENT FOR THE PROBLEMS IN THE COLONIES AND ASKED HIM FOR RESOLUTION. THE CONGRESS RAISED AN ARMY OF 20,000 MEN AND ELECTED GEORGE WASHINGTON AS THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF THE
MILITARY.
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THOMAS PAINE AND COMMON SENSE
WIDELY READ PAMPHLET PUBLISHED IN JANUARY
OF 1776 THAT
OUTLINED THE
REASONS TO SEPARATE
FROM GREAT BRITAIN
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THE CONGRESS MET AGAIN IN JUNE
1776 AND COMMISSIONED
THOMAS JEFFERSON TO
DRAFT A DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. THE DOCUMENT
HAD THREE PARTS: THE PURPOSE OF A GOVERNMENT, 27
REASONS FOR SEPARATION, AND
THE OFFICIAL DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
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56 MEN SIGNED THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OVER SEVERAL MONTHS, WITH
THE ADOPTION ON JULY 4, 1776
The War Begins
• With the Declaration, the colonists were asking for war.– Colonists had to choose a side.
• Loyalists-those still loyal to Britain and opposed Independence.
– Most thought British would win, and wanted to avoid punishment
– Some Africans because British promised Freedom to those who fought.
– Natives also supported• Patriots-supporters of Independence
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COLONISTS BRITISHSTRENGTHS STRENGTHS
STRONG MILITARY LEADERS LARGE NUMBER OF TROOPS
FOREIGN AID PROFESSIONAL ARMYMORAL ADVANTAGE WEALTHY
AGRICULTURALLY SELF-SUFFICIENT
ABILITY TO HIRE MORE TROOPS
LARGE AREA fighting on home ground
WEAKNESSES WEAKNESSESDISORGANIZED,untrained,
Weak navy3,000 MILES AWAY: DIFFICULT TO GET
SUPPLIES, ORDERS
LACK OF UNITY WEAK GENERALSECONOMIC PROBLEMS FRANCE WANTED REVENGE
BOTH SIDES HAD STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
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BATTLE OF SARATOGAWASHINGTON CROSSED THE
DELAWARE RIVER
THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE LASTED UNTIL 1783 WITH MANY PIVOTAL
MOMENTS FOR EACH SIDE
The War
• U.S. Led by Washington, – Idolized, acted like soldier, lived with them– Suffered a lot of early defeats.– Saratoga, Valley Forge
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Life during war
• Problems with paying soldiers. • Solution for getting more money.
– Just make it– Problem?
• Women’s roles
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THE COLONISTS, WITH THE HELP OF THE FRENCH, FINALLY DEFEATED THE BRITISH AT
THE BATTLE OF YORKTOWN 1781
The End
• British Surrender at Yorktown– Were completely surrounded
• Treaty of Paris 1783– Colonies were now independent– Controlled everything to Miss. River.
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A new Gov.
• The citizens of U.S. Had to create a new gov.– Many favored a republic
• Were citizens rule through elected rep– Many wanted democracy
• Gov. directly by people
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IN 1777 THE ARTICLES OF
CONFEDERATION WERE WRITTEN BY
THE SECOND CONTINENTAL
CONGRESS AS THE FIRST
INDEPENDENT GOVERNMENT IN
THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA. IT WAS OFFICIALLY
ADOPTED IN 1781.
Laws
• Each state had only one vote• Powers divided between state and nat.
gov.• Nat. government had power to declare
war, make peace, sign treaties– Could borrow money, set standard for money
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THE ARTICLES REFLECTED THE FEAR OF A STRONG EXECUTIVE BRANCH AND LACKED THE ABILITY TO
FUNCTION IN SEVERAL IMPORTANT AREAS
WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLES
OF CONFEDERATION
NO POWER TO TAX
COULD NOT ENFORCE
LAWS
COULD NOT REGULATE
TRADE
COULD NOTBE CHANGED
WITHOUT CONSENT OF ALL
13 STATES
NO DIRECTPOWER OVER
CITIZENS
50Slide 3
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55 DELEGATES MET IN PHILADELPHIA IN SEPTEMBER 1787 AND DECIDED TO DRAFT A
NEW CONSTITUTION RATHER THAN REVISE THE ARTICLES
GEORGE WASHINGTON WAS CHOSEN
AS THE PRESIDENT OF
THE CONVENTION
SOME OF THE DELEGATES FROM VARIOUS STATES
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DIFFERENT FACTIONS AT THE CONVENTIONFACTIONS ARE GROUPS OF PEOPLE UNITED BY A COMMON BELIEF, LIKE AN INTEREST GROUPSMALL STATES VERSUS LARGE STATESSLAVE HOLDERS VERSUS ANTISLAVERY ADVOCATESSTRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT VERSUS WEAK
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DEBATE OVER REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS
VIRGINIA PLAN• LARGE STATE
•FAVORED NUMBER OF
REPRESENTATIVES ALLOTTED BASED ON POPULATION
NEW JERSEY PLAN
• SMALL STATE• EQUAL NUMBER
OF REPRESENTATIVES FOR EACH STATE
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THE GREAT COMPROMISETHE DELEGATES AGREED ON TWO HOUSES IN CONGRESS,
THE SENATE AND THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
THE SENATE WOULD HAVE EQUAL REPRESENTATION,
MEANING EVERY STATE WAS ALLOTTED 2 SENATORS.
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES WOULD BE BASED ON POPULATION AND
THEREFORE THE NUMBER WOULD VARY FROM STATE TO
STATE.
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SLAVERY: Do You count a slave as part of population?
DSOUTHERN DELEGATES INSISTED THAT SLAVES SHOULD COUNT AS PART OF A STATE’S POPULATIONTHIS WOULD HAVE GIVEN THEM THE ADVANTAGE IN CONGRESS AS THEIR POPULATION WOULD HAVE BEEN GREATER AS A REGION NORTHERN DELEGATES DISAGREED AND REFUSED TO COUNT SLAVES AS PART OF THE STATE’S POPULATION FOR PURPOSES OF REPRESENTATION
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THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE, SLAVE TRADE, AND FUGITIVE SLAVES
THE SOUTHERN STATES WERE ALLOWED TO COUNT SLAVES AS
3/5 OF A PERSON FOR REPRESENTATION PURPOSES IN
THE HOUSE. SLAVES WERE ALSO COUNTED TO DETERMINE
THE AMOUNT OF FEDERAL TAXES OWED BY EACH OF THE
SOUTHERN STATES. THE SLAVE TRADE WAS
ALLOWED TO CONTINUE UNTIL 1808, HOWEVER ALL OF THE NEW STATE CONSTITUTIONS EXCEPT GEORGIA’S BANNED
OVERSEAS SLAVE TRADE.
ARTICLE I Section 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to
admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand
eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such
Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.
ARTICLE IV SECTION 2 No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under
the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or
Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be
delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be
due.
ARTICLE I SECTION 2 Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned
among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be
determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those
bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three
fifths of all other Persons.
CLAUSE ON ESCAPED SLAVES
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A FORM OF GOVERNMENT WHERE POWER IS SHARED BETWEEN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF
GOVERNMENT. IN THE UNITED STATES THIS TRANSLATES TO A FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN WASHINGTON D.C.,
STATE GOVERNMENTS, AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS. IN THE U.S. THE FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT IS MORE POWERFUL THAN THE STATE GOVERNMENTS, ALSO KNOWN AS
NATIONAL SUPREMACY.
THE DELEGATES AGREED THE BEST FORM OF GOVERNMENT WOULD BE FEDERALISM
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•ENFORCES THE LAWS•HEADED BY THE PRESIDENT
•MAKES THE LAWS•CONGRESS DIVIDED INTO TWO HOUSES: SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
•INTERPRETS THE LAWS•SUPREME COURT HIGHEST COURT
THE DELEGATES AGREED ON SEPARATION OF POWERS
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DEBATE OVER RATIFICATION
FEDERALISTSSupporters of constitution
ADVOCATED A STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENTNATIONAL SUPREMACY
IN FAVOR OF RATIFICATION
BILL OF RIGHTS UNNECESSARY SINCE GOVERNMENT HAD LIMITED POWERS
ANTIFEDERALISTSIN FAVOR OF STRONG STATE GOVERNMENTS
STATE SUPREMACYAGAINST RATIFICATION
BILL OF RIGHTS ESSENTIAL TO
GUARANTEE CITIZEN’S RIGHTS
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IN ORDER TO RATIFY THE CONSTITUTION TWO-THIRDS OF THE STATES, NINE, HAD TO APPROVE IT. THE PROCESS
BEGAN IN DECEMBER OF 1787 WITH STATE CONVENTIONS SOME OF WHICH WERE HEATED DEBATES AND OTHERS
WERE UNANIMOUSLY IN FAVOR.
STATE DATE VOTE IN CONVENTIONDELAWARE DECEMBER 7, 1787 UNANIMOUS
PENNSYLVANIA DECEMBER 12, 1787 46 TO 23NEW JERSEY DECEMBER 18, 1787 UNANIMOUS
GEORGIA JANUARY 2, 1788 UNANIMOUSCONNECTICUT JANUARY 9, 1788 128 TO 40
MASSACHUSETTS FEBRUARY 7, 1788 187 TO 168MARYLAND APRIL 28, 1788 63 TO 11
SOUTH CAROLINA MAY 23, 1788 149 TO 73NEW HAMPSHIRE JUNE 21, 1788 57 TO 46
VIRGINIA JUNE 26, 1788 89 TO 79NEW YORK JULY 26, 1788 30 TO 27
NORTH CAROLINA NOVEMBER 21, 1789 195 TO 77RHODE ISLAND MAY 29, 1790 34 TO 32
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THE BILL OF RIGHTSIN THE BATTLEGROUND
STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS THERE WAS MUCH SKEPTICISM
ABOUT THE CONSTITUTION. ANTI-FEDERALISTS LOBBIED
HARD AT THE CONVENTION TO REQUIRE
A BILL OF RIGHTS BE ADDED IN ORDER TO
GUARANTEE RATIFICATION. THIS
STARTED A MOMENTUM WHICH LED TO THE
EVENTUAL ADDITION OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS, WRITTEN IN 1789 BY
MADISON AND RATIFIED BY THE STATES OVER THE
NEXT TWO YEARS.
Turn to page 96
• Read through the “Bill of Rights”, find one that affects you the most.– For the one that affects you the most write 1
page explaining why It is so important to you. Explain why and how different your life would be w/o it.
– What one should be changed and why?– Also if you could write your own amendment
what would it be.• Should be at least a page in length.• Be serious 62
63
JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT 1796-1800
FEDERALISTSIGNED INTO LAW ALIEN ACT WHICH GAVE HIM THE POWER TO DEPORT ALIENS OR “DISLOYAL” FOREIGN-BORN RESIDENTS DURING THE WAR BETWEEN EUROPEAN POWERSSIGNED INTO LAW THE SEDITION ACT WHICH MADE IT A CRIME TO “WRITE, PRINT, UTTER, OR PUBLISH…ANY FALSE, SCANDALOUS, AND MALICIOUS WRITING” ABOUT THE PRESIDENT OR THE GOVERNMENTSERVED ONE TERM
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JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY: THOMAS JEFFERSON 1801-1809
ELECTION OF 1800 SPURRED THE 12TH AMENDMENT WHICH REQUIRED SEPARATE BALLOTS FOR PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENTLOUISIANA PURCHASE
Jeffersons theory of Government
• Called Jeffersonian Democracy– People should control gov. – Tried to reduce gov to cut costs
• Smaller military• Eliminating internal taxes
65
66
THE LOUISIANA TERRITORYINCLUDED PARTS OF LOUISIANA, ARKANSAS, MISSOURI,
IOWA, MINNESOTA, NORTH DAKOTA, SOUTH DAKOTA, NEBRASKA, KANSAS, OKLAHOMA, COLORADO, WYOMING,
TEXAS, NEW MEXICO, AND MONTANA
The Purchase 1803• Napoleon sold for 15
Million• To reduce his war
debt• 524,800,000 acres
(640 acres in a square mile)= .03 cents an acre
• 820,000 sq. miles = $18.29 (approx.) per sq. mile
67
68
EXPLORING THE NEW LANDSPRESIDENT JEFFERSON SENT MERIWETHER LEWIS AND WILLIAM CLARK ON A JOURNEY OF DISCOVERY TO MAP AND INVESTIGATE
ON THE NEW WESTERN LANDS
CONFIDENTIAL LETTER FROM PRESIDENT JEFFERSON TO LEWIS AND CLARK ON THE
PURPOSE OF THEIR EXPLORATORY JOURNEY
MAP THEY TOOK WITH THEM
69
MAP OF LEWIS AND CLARK’S JOURNEY OF EXPLORATION
70
WHAT DID LEWIS AND CLARK ACCOMPLISH?THE EXPEDITION’S MAIN GOAL WAS TO FIND AN ALL-WATER ROUTE ACROSS THE CONTINENT. EVEN THOUGH THE WATER ROUTE WAS NEVER FOUND IT HAD A MAJOR IMPACT ON THE
FUTURE COURSE OF U.S. HISTORY. THE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION RETURNED SHOWED THE GREAT POTENTIAL OF THE CONTINENT AND SET THE STAGE FOR INCREASED EXPLORATION,
TRADE, SETTLEMENT AND ANNEXATION.
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WILLIAM ASHLEY, A ST. LOUIS TRADER, PLACED AN ADVERTISEMENT IN THE ST. LOUIS GAZETTE (1822) ASKING FOR "ONE HUNDRED ENTERPRISING YOUNG MEN" TO JOIN HIM IN A TRAPPING AND TRADING VENTURE IN THE TRANS-MISSISSIPPI
WEST. THIS SIGNALED THE BEGINNING OF THE "MOUNTAIN MAN ERA." ($200 IN 2003 DOLLARS WOULD BE WORTH $2637.00)
72
THEY WERE FUR TRAPPERS WHO VENTURED INTO THE RUGGED, UNCIVILIZED ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION OF NORTH AMERICA IN SEARCH OF
BEAVER AND OTHER FUR BEARING ANIMALS. AFTER THE BEAVER WERE NEARLY EXTERMINATED AND THE FUR HAT WENT OUT OF STYLE MANY
REMAINED IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS AND GREAT PLAINS. THEY BECAME EXPLORERS, GUIDES AND EVEN GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS.
WHO WERE THE MOUNTAIN MEN AND WHAT DID THEY DO?
THE MOUNTAIN MEN BECAME NATIONAL HEROES. THERE WAS
GREAT INTEREST IN THEIR ADVENTURES AND EXPLOITS.
Fur Trappers in this area• Jim Bridger• Peter Skeen Ogden• Jeremiah “Liver
Eating” Johnson
• Marriage• Rendevoux• Indians• Life span
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JAMES MONROE, PRESIDENT 1817-1825
MOVED INTO THE NEWLY RESTORED WHITE HOUSE THAT HAD BEEN BURNED BY THE BRITISH IN THE WAR OF 1812OBTAINED FLORIDA FROM SPAIN NEGOTIATED A BOUNDARY LINE WITH CANADA (49th parallel)THE MONROE DOCTRINE
The Monroe Doctrine
• When Napoleon was defeated, Portugal and Spain wanted their land back. Russia was also staking claim.
• U.S. was being surrounded• Doctrine states:
– All European Powers shall not create new colonies or try to overthrow existing ones. To do so would be an act of war
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The Missouri Compromise
• American politics was continuing to split nation.
• 1818 settlers in Missouri wanted to be admitted as a state in Union.– Issue was to decide if it should be a slave
state or not.– Only be allowed in if Maine could enter as a
free state– WHY?
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JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY: ANDREW JACKSON 1829-1837
WAR HERO FROM THE WAR OF 1812At age of 13 fought in Revolutionary War. (OLD HICKORY)No college educationSlave holderSought to give the common people a chance to participate in gov.Spoils System-new administrations hire their own supporters
Giving jobs to friends and whoever gives you most money
78
NATIVE AMERICAN REMOVAL, 1830sTHE INDIAN REMOVAL ACT WAS PASSED MAY 1830 AFTER HEATED
AND BITTER ARGUMENTS IN
CONGRESS. THIS LAW MOVED MOST OF THE NATIONS OF TRIBES IN THE EASTERN PORTION OF THE UNITED STATES
INTO “INDIAN COUNTRY”, WHICH
TODAY IS OKLAHOMA. THE MOST TRAGIC
REMOVAL INVOLVED THE CHEROKEE WHO TRIED TO FIGHT IT IN COURT, HOWEVER THEY WERE FORCED THE DEPART
THEIR LAND. THOUSANDS DIED ON THE LONG JOURNEY
FROM WEATHER, STARVATION, AND
ILLNESS. THAT JOURNEY IS REMEMBERED AS THE
TRAIL OF TEARS.
Manifest Destiny
• U.S. was ordained to expand to the Pacific and into Mexican and Native American Territory.
• Reasons people moved:– Abundance of free and cheap land.– Personal economic problems
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MANIFEST DESTINY WAS THE BELIEF THAT THE U.S. HAD A GOD GIVEN MISSION TO SPREAD ITS CIVILIZATION BY CONQUEST TO THE ENTIRE WESTERN HEMISPHERE
NO MATTER WHO IT HARMED.
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REASONS FOR MANIFEST DESTINY
BELIEF THAT THE DEMOCRACY MUST CONTINUE TO GROW IN ORDER TO SURVIVE AND A DESIRE TO EXPAND THE BENEFITS OF AMERICANS
SOUTHERNERS WERE ANXIOUS TO ACQUIRE NEW LANDS FOR ADDITIONAL SLAVE STATES
A NEED TO DEVELOP NEW MARKETS MADE THE ACQUISITION OF THE PACIFIC PORTS A PRIORITY
FEAR THAT GREAT BRITAIN WOULD TRY AND BLOCK AMERICAN ANNEXATION OF TEXAS AND MIGHT EXPAND HER OWN HOLDINGS IN NORTH AMERICA