European Exploration and Colonization

Early Map of World

Why Exploration? Search for spices and profits

Crusades, Italian monopoly Desire to spread Christianity

Crusades= legacy of hatred Ability to use technology

compass, caravel, triangular sails, astrolabe

Why Exploration? Renaissance spirit of curiosity

MA- no need for excitement, adventure

Prince Henry the NavigatorPortuguese, spread Christianity

African slavesPortuguese first to buy

Hazards of Colonization Diseases and epidemics

Natives lacked immunityNatives died by the millions1650 population of central

Mexico declined by 85% Slavery

Exchange guns for slavesEuropeans refused to do work

Benefits of Colonization Farm animals & new plants

brought by EuropeansVice versa Potatoes & cornPeople’s diet was enriched

Portuguese Exploration First nation to explore Prince Henry the Navigator

Motive: economic, religionFounded naval station

Trading posts and plantationsWestern AfricaTraded for slaves, ivory, goldPlantations important for

development of slave trade

Portuguese Exploration cont… A route around Africa to India

Bartholomew Dias Journey to India

De Gama Control of the spice trade

Europeans had little Asians wantedTraded bullion

Cheaper than land trade with Arabs

Vasco da Gama

Vasco da Gama

Vasco da Gama’s Voyage

Indian Ocean

King Ferdinandand

Queen Isabellaof

Spain

Columbus sails for Spain Ferdinand and Isabella sponsor Looking for the Indies (Southeast

Asia) Landed in San Salvador Caribbean becomes known as West

Indies Europeans are motivated by his

discoveries

Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus’ Ship

Nina

Pinta

Santa Maria

Christopher Columbus’

Landing

Columbus’ First Voyage

Columbus’ Second Voyage

Columbus’ Third Voyage

Columbus’ Fourth Voyage

Landing Location of Christopher Columbus

Division of the World Line of Demarcation

Prevent disputes between Spain and Portugal

Imaginary line in Atlantic OceanSpain= west of linePortugal= east of line

1494 Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty of Tordesillas Portugal not happy with Line of

DemarcationDid not get much land

Portugal is given claims to Brazil Spain gets the rest of the

Americas

Other Spanish Explorers Amerigo Vespucci Juan Ponce de Leon

Florida and the Fountain of Youth

Vasco Nunez de BalboaFirst to see Pacific Ocean1513 Crossed Isthmus of Panama

Amerigo Vespucci

Tomb of Ponce de Leon

Magellan’s Voyage Portuguese Explorer Journey paid for by Spanish King Circumnavigated globe Significance

Pacific Ocean separated Americas from Asia

All oceans are connected and winds follow consistent pattern

Magellan

Magellan’s Voyage

Straits of Magellan

Conquest of the Aztecs, Incans Conquistadors attracted by gold

Conquerors were sons of aristocratic families

Other motives:FameLandAdventureReligion

Aztecs found in Mexico, Incans in Peru

Aztec Warrior

The Incas

Hernando Cortes Aztecs thought Spaniards gods or

messengers of QuetzalcoatalHorsesWeapons

Montezuma gave Spaniards gifts hoping they’d leave, Spanish push inland

Aztecs die in war and from smallpox People kill Montezuma

Hernando Cortez

Montezuma

Cortez and

Montezuma

Francisco Pizarro Sent by Charles V Welcomed by Atahualpa who is

taken prisonerNo Spaniard is killedLeader would be released in

exchange for a room full of goldAtahualpa was still killed

Francisco Pizarro

Charles V

Later Spanish Explorers Spain established basis for

claiming land in US Hernando de Soto

1541 Reaches Mississippi Francisco de Coronado

1540 Reaches Colorado, Kansas

The Journey of Coronado

Spanish Rule of the New World

Centralized Government Viceroys appointed to carry out

Spanish policy Colonies existed for Spanish profit Colonies forced to buy finished

goods from Spain Spain controlled trade, encouraged

export of raw materials, discouraged manufacturing

Indian Laborers Conquistadors given land Encomiendas- Grants entitled

them to land and taxes from peons (2nd son of nobility)Type of system of slavery even

though laws protected IndiansReplaced by haciendasEncouraged settlementGiven by viceroys

Spanish Missionaries Indians’ suffering bothered

Catholic missionaries De Las Casas- work with Indians

resulted in King passing laws in 1542 forbidding further enslavement

Counter-Reformation- missionaries abroad

“Black Legend” B. De Las Casas Read Write up 397 Spain destroys indigenous

people 7 million reduced to 1 million

Disease, war, slavery

King claimed absolute power Council of Indies- officials made laws for

new landsLaws made in Spain and sent to 2 capitals

Mexico City (Tenochtitlan) and Lima, Peru Goal: Profit for the crown

Viceroy (royal agent)- mattered little to nativesMexico City- ruled Spain’s land in N. AmericaLima- ruled Spain’s land in S. America

The Officials No American-born could hold high office Spanish born planned to return to Spain Conquistadors- those who seized native

landSearch for God, glory, goldMany willing to take chances- no middle

class Goal: Gain money for themselves and

crown

Class Structure of New World

Europeans (stay was temporary)Wives returned to Spain for childbirth

Creoles (Europeans who live, stay and marry only Europeans)

Mestizo and Mulattos (mixed race) Indians

What was taken? 750,000 pounds of gold 16,000 tons of silver 1/5 – 1/3 went to Spanish king **Spain’s importance in Europe

grew** Inflation- value of money decreases

Portuguese Colonization of Brazil Missionaries sent Cabral claims Brazil Settlement by wealthy nobles

who received land Colonies attracted settlers

from all classes (unlike Spanish)

Dutch and English Exploration Looking for route to Asia Northwest Passage- waterway

through North America to Asia 1497 Henry VII (England) sends

John Cabot to Americas Henry Hudson sails for Dutch

merchants

John Cabot Italian Reaches Newfoundland Describes different land than

Columbus

Cabot’s Voyages

John Cabot

Henry Hudson1609English explorer Establishes colony on New

Netherland for the Dutch

Henry Hudson

Henry Hudson

Hudson

Dutch Trading Empire Dutch East India Company 1602

gained control of Portuguese ports in Asia

Only country allowed to trade with Japan

Dutch West India Company 1621Controlled most of slave tradeNo missionariesTrade for profit

English Trading Empire English East India Company 1600

Est. by Queen Elizabeth IFought French for trading posts in

IndiaPrivateers- private ships

authorized by govt. to attack enemy shippingUsed to capture Spanish treasure ships

England’s American Colonies

Reasons for settlement:Religious persecution (Puritans)

Economic opportunity

French in North America Early explorers sent by King Frances I

Jacques Cartier 1535- reached St. Lawrence and claims Eastern Canada for France (New France)

Samuel de Champlain 1608- est. Quebec as first permanent French colony in North Americabuilt fur trade

French in North America Later explorers- second half of 1600’s Louis Joliet (fur trader) and Jacques

Marquette (priest)Travel by boat through Great Lakes,

Wisconsin, Mississippi River La Salle (French nobleman) 1682-

Explored lower MississippiClaimed entire Mississippi River

Valley for Louis XIV Louisiana

French Economic Activities Fur trade was primary source of

wealth Farming was unsuccessful

Shortage of labor- only Catholic peasants could emigrate

People went to plantations in West Indies

Conflicts Over French Colonies 4 wars fought over North American

continent French and Indian War 1754

Both sides had Indian allies1763 Treaty of Paris signed as France

surrendersFrench lose most of their land- keep

CaliiforniaEngland gains Canadian landSpain gains land west of MississippiFrench power in America broken

Nature of the Rule of Philip II

Philip II background 16th century (1156-1598) Trade and Expansion Champion of Catholicism Charles V gives Spain to son

Religion and Philip II Spain strongest supporter of

Catholicism Enemy of Protestants (Ottomans,

Dutch, English) Hundred Years War- France and

Spain sign treaty ending (religious) conflict over Italy

The Battle of Lepanto Philip organized united force of

Spanish, Genovese, and Venetians to fight TurksPope had urged action

Turkish naval force defeated at Lepanto, October 1571

Last great Spanish naval victory Turkish power in Mediterranean

weakened

Philip’s Empire Spain Duchy of Milan Kingdom of Naples Netherlands Portugal (land seized when king

dies without heir)Portuguese land in Africa, India,

East Indies

Wealth and Power Grow Military expanded

Late 1500’s- strongest and largest military in Europe

Escorial- became center of Spanish empireFunctions- palace and monasteryMassive fort, castle,

conservative, power

Hardworking King Demanded report from advisors Agonized over decisions- slowed

empire down Allowed no help (suspicious) Rivalry with England- seadogs,

religion

Spanish Golden Age El Greco- religious and dramatic

art***demonstrated strength of

Spanish Catholicism Velazquez- artist

Themes showed pride in royal family

Cervantes- writerSatires of Middle Ages