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Colonizing North AmericaColonizing North America
Roman Catholic ReligionUntil the 1500’s, the Roman Catholic Church
was the only church in Western Europe.
Protestant ReligionIn 1517, German monk Martin Lutherpublicly challenged many practicesof the Catholic Church.
Soon after, he split with the Church.
Believed Church had become too worldly.
He opposed the power of popes.
He objected to the Catholic teaching that believers couldgain eternal life by performing good works.
Luther argued that people could be saved only by faithin God.
The Protestant Reformation divided Europe.
Jacques Cartier
During the 1530’s,traveled more thanhalfway up the rivernow known as theSt. Lawrence.
Sailed for the French
Henry HudsonEnglish explorer.
In 1609 sailed for the Dutch.
Entered present-day New York harbor.
Continued to sail some 150 miles up the river thatnow bears his name.
In 1610, sailing for the English, he spent a harsh winterin present-day Hudson Bay.
His crew rebelled and set Hudson, his son, and sevenloyal sailors adrift in a small boat, never to be seen again.
Samuel De Champlain
In 1605, founded Port Royal,the first permanent Frenchsettlement in North America.
Three years later, he ledanother group of settlers alongthe route Cartier had pioneered.
On a rocky cliff high above theSt. Lawrence River, Champlainbuilt trading post of Quebec.
Peter MinuitIn 1626, led a group of Dutch settlers tothe mouth of the Hudson River.
Bought Manhattan Island from the local Indians.
Called his settlement New Amsterdam.
Quebec
Three years later, Samuel De Champlain led anothergroup of settlers along the route Cartier had pioneered.
On a rocky cliff high above the St. Lawrence River,Champlain built a trading post known as Quebec.
New Amsterdam
Dutch settlement established by Peter Minuit.
From a tiny group of 30 houses, grew into a busy port.
With little gold or silver,focused on fishing,trapping, & tradingUnlike Spain’s American empire.
Coureurs de bois:French colonists who lived &worked in the woods.Runners of the Woods
The French brought knives,kettles, cloth.
Indians traded beaver skinsand other furs.
Trading ports and goodbusiness sense
The Dutch also built trading posts along the Hudson River.
Most important port was Fort Orange, today Albany.
Dutch merchants became known for good business sense.
Friendly relationships withNative Americans
Unlike the Spanish, the French did not attempt toconquer the Indians.
Because coureurs de bois did not build farms, they did notinterfere with Indian lands.
Many Indians taughtthe French trappingand survival skills,such as how to makesnowshoes and canoes.
Many coureursmarried Indian women.
National & Religious Diversity
The Dutch welcomedpeople of many nations& religions to their colony.
Expanded to Mississippifrom Great Lakes to LouisianaFrench trappers followed St. Lawrence River into N America.
Led by Indian guides, they reached the Great Lakes.
Marquette and Joliet set out toreach the Mississippi in 1673.
9 years later, Robert de La Sallecompleted the journey to the Gulfof Mexico, naming the regionLouisiana in honor of the Frenchking, King Louis XIV.
To keep Spain and England outof Louisiana, the French builtforts in the north along theGreat Lakes & New Orleans.
Acquired New Sweden(Along Delaware River)
The Dutch enlarged New Netherland in 1655by taking over the colony of New Sweden.
The Swedes had established New Sweden alongthe Delaware River some 15 years earlier.
Influenced by Africanslave trade
French colonists imported thousands of Africans towork as slaves on nearby plantations.
In Louisiana, free and enslaved Africans together madeup the majority of settlers.
Influenced by traditions likeice skating, St. Nick, & words
The Dutch brought many oftheir customs from Europeto New Netherland.
In winter, frozen rivers andponds filled with skaters.
Every year on Saint Nicholas’s birthday, Dutch childrenput out their shoes to be filled with all sorts of presents.
boss, yachts, cookies, sleighs
The Search for aNorthwest Passage
Throughout the 1500’s, European nations continuedto look for new ways to reach the riches of Asia.
They wanted to discover a northwest passage: ashorter waterway through or around North America.
Missionary WorkCatholic missionaries often traveled with fur traders.
A missionary is a person who goes to another land towin converts for a religion.
French missionaries worked toteach Native Americansabout Christianity.
The arrival of Europeans affectedNative Americans in other ways:missionaries tried to convertIndians to Christianity.
Fur Trade / RivalryDutch traders sent furs to the Netherlands.
The Dutch and the French became rivals in the fur trade.
Both sought alliances with Native Americans.
Alliances with NativeAmericans
Because the Dutch and the French became rivals in thefur trade, both sought alliances with Native Americans.
Alliance: An agreement between nations to aid and protect one another.
Dutch: Made friends with the Iroquois
French: Helped by the Hurons
Diseases
As in New Spain, European diseaseskilled thousands of Indians.
Overtrapping
The scramble for fursalso led to overtrapping.
By 1640, trappers hadalmost wiped out thebeavers on Iroquois landsin upstate New York.
Trade goods adopted byNative Americans
Indians eagerly adoptedEuropean trade goods,such as copper kettlesand knives.
They also boughtmuskets & gunpowderfor hunting & warfare.
Alcohol sold by European traders hada harsh effect on Native American life.
Native AmericanWarfare
Fighting raged for yearsamong the Europeans andtheir Native American allies.
Rivalry over the fur tradeincreased Indian warfare asEuropean settlers encouragedtheir Native Americanallies to attack one another.
