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Comet ISON November 17
November 19
Triton
Discussion
Triton, unlike all the other large satellites of the outer planets, orbits retrograde in the opposite direction as the rotation of Neptune. What does this tell you about the origin of Triton?
Kuiper belt
Discussion
What is the effect of tidal friction on a satellite that orbits retrograde?
Discussion
What will happen when Triton reaches Neptune’s Roche limit?
Triton
Discussion
What does the previous picture tell you about the surface of Triton?
Triton
A greenhouse solid?
Nitrogen ice is transparent to visible light, but not to infrared. Thus when the Sun shines on the polar ice cap laid down during the previous winter, ice underneath can heat up, causing fountains or eruptive plumes or geysers.
Discussion
What do you think causes the strong winds on Triton? Hint: The winds are directed away from the south pole.
Cantaloupe terrain
Spitsbergen Island
Mars Pathfinder
Cryovolcanism
Nitrogen geyser on Triton
The Search for planet X
Soon after Neptune’s discovery it was found that it did not seem to be following Kepler’s laws either.
Early calculations indicated a planet 50 to 80 times the mass of Earth must exist beyond the orbit of Neptune.
Percival Lowell – 1905
Discussion
How would you go about searching for a new planet? Where in the sky would you look and why? How could you tell a faint planet from the millions of stars?
Clyde Tombaugh
1929-1930 used an 11-inch telescope to image the zodiacal constellation directly overhead (at the meridian) at midnight. He took two images several days apart and compared them to see if any of the points of light moved between the time the two plates were taken.
Discussion
Why image the point at the zenith at midnight?
Pluto discovery photos
Pluto’s orbit
Highly eccentric orbit, 0.25, is actually closer to the Sun at perihelion than Neptune.
Angle of inclination is 17 degrees, the highest of any of the planets.
3-to-2 resonance with Neptune – Neptune orbits the Sun three times for every two orbits of Pluto.
Pluto never gets close to Neptune
Because of Pluto’s large inclination angle and the 3-2 resonance, Pluto never gets closer to Neptune than 17 AU. On the other hand Pluto gets as close as 11 AU to Uranus.
Discussion
Pluto’s rotation period was measured in 1954 to be 6.4 days. How was this done?
Pluto’s size
Size estimated using its brightness and assumed a reflectivity
Mass estimated using the orbital residuals from Uranus and Neptune
Discussion
Why was Pluto assumed to have a very low reflectivity?
The incredible shrinking planet
As the orbit of Neptune was followed over the years, the size of the residuals got smaller and smaller.
1930 mass estimated at 8-10 Earth masses and
1970 mass estimated to be no bigger than Mars.
Charon discovery photo
Discussion
What is the significance of the discovery that Pluto has a satellite?
Discussion
What is the significance of Charon passing in front of and behind Pluto?
Discussion
How could we get a spectrum of Charon alone, before we could resolve the two?
HST Image
Discussion
How do you think Pluto might have acquired such a large satellite as Charon? What evidence should you look for to either support or contradict your theory?
Discussion
Pluto has an atmosphere, while Charon does not. How do you think we figured this out?
Discussion
Charon doesn’t have an atmosphere. Why do you think it doesn’t?
Discussion
Why is Pluto so bright, with an albedo of 0.6? Why does the methane ice, at least in some spots, stay bright?
Kerberos
Styx