Commercial Geography

Capt Uday Palsule

Early European Maritime Expeditions

Magellan (1519-22)

Gama (1497-99)

Colombus (1492-93)

Cabot (1497)

Treaty of Tordesillas Line (1494)

Roman Road Network, 200 AD

500 km

AtlanticOcean

Red Sea

Black SeaAdriatic Sea

Mediterranean Ocean

The Silk Road and the Arab Sea Routes

Guangzhou

Xi’an

Lanzhou

Dunhuang

Turpan

Hotan

KashgarSamarkand

Merv Bactra

Bukhara

ReyHamadan

Baghdad

Berenike

Alexandria

Tyre

Antioch

ConstantinopleAthens

Rome

Muza

Aden

Kané

Muscat

Sur

Mogadishu

Mombasa

Barbaricon

Barygaza

Muziris

Calcutta

CHINA

INDIA

PERSIA

ARABIA

EUROPE

EGYPT

JAVA

Indian Ocean

Arabian Sea

Sout

h C

hina

Sea

Mediterranean Ocean

Black Sea

Caspian Sea

Gobi Desert

Taklimakan Desert

Atlantic O

cean

Pac

ific

Oce

anRed Sea

SOMALIA

500 Miles

Malacca

Bay of Bengal

Grand Canal System

Hangzhou

Suzhou

Yangzhou

Chuzhou

Jizhou

KaifengLuoyang

Beijing

HuaiyinBian Canal(Song)

Tongji Canal (Sui)

Jizhou Canal(Yuan)

Yangzhou Canal(Song and Yuan)

Jiangnan Canal(Sui, Song and Yuan)

Yongji Canal(Sui and Yuan)

Tonghui Canal(Yuan)

Yongji Canal(Sui)

Jiao-Lai Canal(Yuan)

400 km

Old course ofthe Yellow River(Song)

Yellow Sea

East ChinaSea

Colonial Trade Pattern, North Atlantic, 18th Century

0 1,000 2,000 3,000500Miles

North Atlantic Ocean

North America

Africa

Europe

South America

West Indies

Dominant wind

Trade Route

Slaves, Gold, Pepper

Sugar, Molasses, FruitsTobacco, Furs, Indigo, Lumber1) Sugar, Molasses, Slaves

2) Flour, Meat, Lumber

Man

ufac

ture

s

1 2

Major Global Wind PatternsJanuary

July

Early European Sailships

Clipper Ships

An Early Steamship, 1845

Bridgewater Canal, Manchester, 1767

Erie Canal, New York, 1829

Maritime Journey from Britain to Australia, 1788-1960

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1788 1852 1862 1883 1888 1909 1931 1960

DaysSpeed (Knots)

19421975Modern VLCC (305 m)

T2 Tanker (153 m)

Comparison between a Contemporary and Second World War Tanker

First Containership, Ideal-X, 1956

Pan

ama

Can

al

Gibraltar Suez

Strait of M

alacca

The Geographical Space of Maritime Transportation

The Geographical Space of Maritime Transportation

P A I P

M

Panama

MagellanGood Hope

SuezGibraltar

Malacca

Sunda

Northwest

The Great Circle Distance between New York and Moscow

New York

Moscow

40’45”N 73’59”W

55’45”N 37’36”E

Cos (D) = (Sin a Sin b) + (Cos a Cos b Cos |c|)Sin a = Sin (40.5) = 0.649Sin b = Sin (55.5) = 0.824Cos a = Cos (40.5) = 0.760Cos b = Cos (55.5) = 0.566Cos c = Cos (73.66 + 37.4) = -0.359Cos (D) = 0.535 – 0.154 = 0.381D = 67.631 degrees1 degree = 111.32 km, so D = 7528.66 km

Geographical Impact of the Suez Canal

16,000 KM

10,000 KM

Geographical Impact of the Panama Canal

NORTH AMERICA

SOUTH AMERICA

Panama Canal

21,000 KM

8,000 KM

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

World Transit Chokepoints

Bulk cargo, and in particular oil, transported by sea generally follows a fixed set of maritime routes that transit several geographic "chokepoints," or narrow channels. These include points such as the Strait of Hormuz (leading out of the Persian Gulf) and the Strait of Malacca (linking the Indian Ocean with the Pacific Ocean). Other important maritime "chokepoints" include the Panama Canal (connecting the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans), the Suez Canal (connecting the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea), and the Bab el-Mandab passage (from the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea). "Chokepoints" are critically important to world trade because so much traffic passes through them, and they should be considered as important areas for ENC coverage.

World Transit Chokepoints

Crude Oil Traffic

International Seaborne Trade and Exports of Goods, 1955-2001

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

Seaborne Trade (billions of tons of goods loaded)

Exports of Goods (trillions of $US)

Domains of Maritime Circulation

SuezHormuz

PanamaMalacca

Bosporus

Magellan

Good Hope

Gibraltar

Bab el-Mandab

St. Lawrence / Great Lakes

Mississippi

Amazon

Rhine / Ruhr / Danube

Nile Mekong

YangtzeChang JiangPerl

Types of Maritime Routes

Port-to-Port Pendulum Round-the-World

Channel Depth at Selected North American Ports, 1998 (in feet)

76

60

50

50

46

42

42

40

40

38

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175

Seattle

Halifax

Baltimore

Oakland

New York

Jacksonville

Evergreen Round-the-World Route, Westbound

Tokyo

Osaka

Pusan

HakataKaohsiung

Hong Kong

Laem Chabang

Columbo

Le HavreZeebrugge

RotterdamHamburgThamesport

New YorkNorfolk

Charleston

Colon

Los Angeles

Pendulum Route: OOCL Container Services on the North Atlantic, 1997

BostonNew YorkNorfolk

SavannahJacksonville

MiamiHouston

BremenhavenFelixstowe

Rotterdam

Le Havre

NAX-1NAX-2

Atlantic Ocean

Cabotage and Pendulum Service

A

B

C

D

E

F

Cabotage

Country 1

Country 2

Maritime Enclaves and Accessibility

Less than 700 km

More than 700 km

Maritime Enclave

Registered World Fleet, 1914-2000

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

1910 1930 1950 1970 1990

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Ave

rage

Ton

nage

(in

1,00

0 to

ns)

Number of ships

Total gross tonnage(1,000s)Average tonnage

Liner Transatlantic Crossing Times, 1838 – 1952 (in days)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1830 1855 1880 1905 1930 1955

60%

40%

15%

10%

15%

31%

13%

9%

18%

8%

3%

16%

15%

25%

15%

16%

28%

8%

8%

25%

4%

6%

Percentage of the global maritime transportper continent

Percentage of the global maritime transport per ocean

1960

1990

Maritime Traffic per Continent and Ocean, 1960-1990

Tons Shipped by Maritime Transportation, 1981-2000 (in millions)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000OtherGrainOre/coal/mineralsOil

Ton-miles Shipped by Maritime Transportation, 1970-2001 (in billions)

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000

1970

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2001

Oil

Iron Ore

Coal

Grain

Containers and other

Maritime Shipping Characteristics  Tramping Liner Shipping

  Transportation Demand

Number of shippers Few Many

Quantity Large Small

Density High (weight) Low (volume)

Unit value Low High

Regularity Low High

  Transportation Supply

Contract Vessel Freight (bill of lading)

Vessels Liquid and bulk General cargo

Frequency Low High

  Implications

Freight Liquid and main bulk commodities Minor bulk and general cargo (containerized)

Services supply / demand regulation Prior to demand

Freight elasticity Low Low

Markets Developing / developed countries Developed / developed countries

  Share in Maritime Transport (2000)

Tons 70% 30%

Value 20% 80%

Vessel Size Groups (in dead weight tons)

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 450,000 500,000

ULCC

VLCC

Suezmax

Aframax

Capesize

Panamax

Handymax

Handy

Crude Oil Tankers

Dry Bulk Carriers

Merchant Fleet of the World, Tonnage Registered per Ship Size, 1985-2000

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

1985 1990 1995 2000

Gro

ss T

ons

Over 100,00050,000- 99,99920,000- 49,99910,000- 19,9994,000-9,999500-3,999100-499

Maritime Engagement of the 15 largest Traders, 2000 (in %)

0.0% 2.0% 4.0% 6.0% 8.0% 10.0% 12.0% 14.0% 16.0%

United States

Germany

Japan

United Kingdom

France

Canada

China

Italy

Hong Kong, China

Netherlands

Belgium

Mexico

Korea, Rep. of

Taipei, Chinese

SingaporeShare of world fleet in terms of dwt

Share of world trade (exports + imports)

Tonnage by Country of Registry, 2003

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 200,000

Panama

Liberia

Greece

Bahamas

Malta

Cyprus

Singapore

Norway (NIS)

Hong Kong

China TankerDry BulkContainerOther

Length of the Major Inland Waterway Systems, 2000

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000

120,000

140,000

Russia

China

United States

Western EuropeLess than 2.75 mMore than 2.75 m

Inland Waterway Traffic, Western Europe, 1970-2000 (in billion ton-kms)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1970 1980 1990 1995 2000

UKNetherlandsGermanyFranceFinlandBelgium

Channel length (in km)

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Grand Canal

St Lawrence

Suez

Panama

River

Great Lakes

Seaway

St. Lawrence

Channel

Estuary & Gulf

Kingston Montreal Quebec

ABCD

WellandCanal

Sault Ste. Marie

1645 km 2055 km

(A) Lake Ontario(B) Lake Erie(C) Lake Huron(D) Lake Superior(E) Lake Michigan

EChicago

DetroitDuluth

The St. Lawrence / Great Lakes System

World Maritime Routes

Greenland and CanadaBirthplace of Icebergs

U.S. Eastern Seaboard

South America

West Coast North America

Artic Circle Northwest Passage

Scandinavia and the Baltic

UK and the Channel

Mediterranean Sea

Africa and WAG, India West

Far East and Australasia