by

Hari Kaskoyo & Prof. Makoto INOUE

1

Community forestry (Hutan Kemasyarakatan/HKm) Program

Implementation and Local Community Participation on

Protection Forest Management in Decentralization Era:

The Case of Lampung Province, Indonesia

IASC 2013 Kitafuji, Japan

Background information about Indonesia forest governance

Indonesia Forest

(Forest Act no. 41/1999)

Classification based on

status

Classification

based on function

Production Forest

(Hutan Produksi)

Community Forest Plantation

(Hutan Tanaman Rakyat)

Village Forest

(Hutan Desa)

Community Forest

(Hutan Kemasyarakatan)

Conservation Forest

(Hutan Konservasi)

Protection Forest

(Hutan Lindung)

Customary Forest

(Hutan Adat)

Urban Forest

(Hutan Kota)

Private Forest

(Hutan Rakyat

Collaboration Forest

(Hutan Kemitraan)

State ForestForest under the

Right

Special Purposes

Forest

Community

Empowerment

Government Regulation

no. 6/2007

Introduction

3

Hutan Kemasyarakatan (HKm) Program has been implemented inprotection forest of Indonesia since 1995 by involvingcommunities in forest management in collaboration with forestrycompanies (Colchester 2001; Fay and de Foresta 1998).

The program has continued after the 1998 reform that gavepivotal role for decentralization policy. The objectives of theprogram are to improve the protection forest, develop localgovernment capacity and increase community participation inforest management.

Protection forests are those which have a strategic value because inaddition to protecting life-support systems, they are a source oflivelihood for the nearby communities. These forests are managedby provincial and district governments.

Introduction

4

Protection forest in Lampung Province covers about 317.615 ha

(31.61% of the total forest area in Lampung).

Despite being vital for its shield for the life supporting systems as

well as livelihoods of local people, until 2010 the level of

deforestation and degradation of this protection forest in Lampung

province is very high (82.05 %).

In 2011, HKm program has been implemented in 5 district and

the total area is 35,718.61 ha.

Although community forestry has been studied under production

and conservation forest, there are still scarce works in protection

forest in general, in Indonesia in particular.

Research Objective

5

To investigates the implementation process of HKm by

the local government and communities participation in

protection forest.

Methodology

6

.

Bina Wana and Jaya Lestari HKm farmers groups areas werepurposively selected after preliminary discussions with Lampung

Province Forestry officers as well as both areas had high levels of

deforestation and forest degradation since the fall of the Suharto

government. Both study sites are in the Way Besay catchment

area, which is useful for hydroelectric power and as an irrigation

water source for five lower-lying districts.

Methodology

7

Primmary data was collected by open ended interview with selected key informant and semi structured questionnaire interview with 10 % (108 farmers households). Literature and relevant document review was used as secondary data.

The questionnaire aimed at collecting information regarding farmers' socioeconomic condition, farming institutions, vegetation on the HKm farmer's land, the reasons of their participation, and HKm management systems. The data on vegetation was also confirmed by direct observation of the HKm field.

The data was analyzed qualitatively and using descriptive statistics.

Map of

Study site

8

Site A

Register 45b Bukit Rigis (8,295 ha),West Lampung District

HKm farmer group: Bina Wana

Site B

Register 24 Bukit Punggur (20,851 ha),Way Kanan District

HKm farmer group: Jaya Lestari

Description of the study Hkms

9

Site A Site B

HKm Farmer Group Bina Wana Jaya Lestari

District West Lampung Way Kanan

Sub District Kebun Tebu Banjit

Village Tribudisyukur, Tribudi

makmur

Menangajaya

Register 45 B Bukit Rigis 24 Bukit Punggur

HKm Area, Total (ha) 645 1,295.0

Cultivation Block (ha) 470 1,003.5

Protection Block (ha) 175 291.5

Number of Subgroup 15 9

Number of Farmer

Household

478 600

Results and Discussions

10

Site A Site B

Name of HKm farmer group Bina Wana Jaya Lestari

HKm management (demarcating

working-area boundaries, preparing

a work plan, planting, maintenance

and security, paying forest resources

royalties, and submitting yearly

reports to the district government

head.

Most of them by

HKm farmer

group

Some by HKm

farmer group,

some by a

consultant and

local governance

Management Cost Rp 25,000

( 250)

Rp 650,000

( 6500)

Protection Block Many of them

know and protect

Only administrator

group know and

protect

Poor local people capacity & priority

11

Poor staffing and budgeting for implementation

of the policy

Site A Site B

Protection Forest Area (ha) 48,923.37 22,289.10

No of HKm farmer groups :

- definit (already permitted)

- in verification process

- in group process

26

0

24

1

4

8

No of HKM section Staff 4 2

Average Yearly Budget Rp 100,000,000

( 1,000,000)

Rp 32,500,000

( 325,000)

frequent change of regulation by central government

12

No Year Law

Number

Type of

Law

Title Change on

1. 1995 622/KPTS

-II/1995

Decision of

Forestry

Ministry

Community

Forest

Guidance

-

2. 1998 677/Kpts-

II/1998

Decision of

Plantation

and Forestry

Ministry

Community

Forest

Protection, production and

particular zones of

Conservation forests,

institutional cooperation,

Master Plan, Five-Year

Plan, and an Annual Plan,

within 35 years, traditional

forest management

frequent change in regulation cont,,,,

13

No Year Law

Number

Type of

Law

Title Change on

3. 1999 865/Kpts-

II/1999

Decision of

Plantation

and Forestry

Ministry

Community

Forest

right to optimally use of

state forest for social &

econ. benefits jeopardizing

the Environment

4. 2001 31/Kpts-

II/2001

Decision of

Forestry

Ministry

Community

Forest

Management

only in protection and

production forests, 5 years

temporary permits (farmer

group) and 25 years

permanent permits

(cooperative)

frequent change in regulation cont,,,,

14

No Year Law

Number

Type of

Law

Title Change on

5. 2007 P.37/Menh

ut-II/2007

Regulation

of Forestry

Ministry

Community

Forest

In production forests,

communities are allowed to

harvest timber; no

temporary permits;

unnecessary make

cooperative, more detailed

provisions for HKm

activities; agroforestry; no

block divisions; master

plans (35-year) and

operational plans (each

one-year periods)

15

No Year Law

Number

Type of

Law

Title Change on

6. 2009 P.18/Menh

ut-II/2009

Regulation

of Forestry

Ministry

The 1st

Change of

P.37/Menhut

-II/2007

coordinator of verification

team, scope of verification,

more detailed explanation

of the rights that HKm

participants have.

7. 2010 P.13/Menh

ut-II/2010

Regulation

of Forestry

Ministry

The 2nd

Change of

P.37/Menhut

-II/2007

areas other than those

proposed by the district

may file as a candidate

location HKm

8. 2011 P.52/Menh

ut-II/2011

Regulation

of Forestry

Ministry

The 3rd

Change of

P.37/Menhut

-II/2007

additional prerequisite in

HKm proposals

frequent change in regulation cont,,,,

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different interpretation of central goverments

regulations by local governmemts

Regulation In respect to Local

government in

site A

Local

government in

site B

677/Kpts-II/1998;

865/Kpts-II/1999;

31/Kpts-II/2001

HKm program

begins

1999 2007

P.37/Menhut-II/2007;

P.18/Menhut-II/2009;

P.13/Menhut-II/2010;

P.52/Menhut-II/2011

Limitation of

HKm Area of

each farmer

no yes

Forest resource

royalti (PSDH)

Not yet Already

HKm farmer

organization

HKm farmer

group

HKm farmer

group and

cooperative

17

community preference for economic benefits over the

environment and social

Plant Site A Site B

Timber Species No of species 14 17

No of stem 112,393 38,568

Non timber

species (include

Coffee and

Rubber)

No of species 20 7

No of stem 925,376 2,363,401

Coffee Stem 888,572 1,314,060

% of the total NT stems 85.6 54.7

Rubber Stem 0 876,040

% of the total NT stems 0 36.4

Total Species 34 14

Stem 1,037,769 2,401,969

Conclusions and Policy implications

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The program was found to lag in achieving it objective for

the following reasons:

frequent change in regulation by central government;

different interpretation of regulation by local

government;

poor staffing and budgeting;

community preference for economic benefits over the

environment and social.

The implementation of the policy can be improved by

optimizing forest management unit, local community

institutions and extension officer in local government

administration.

Conclusions and Policy implications

19

Facilitation of local community institutions,

comprehension of the economic value calculation

of environmental services and implementation of

its trading such as water and carbon should give

due emphasis for balanced economic as well as

social and environmental issues.

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