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Community Interactions. Relationships Between Organisms. Predator-Prey Relationships Predators can affect the size of prey populations in a community and determine the places prey can live and feed Ex: Fox and rabbit populations. Herbivore-Plant Relationships - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Community Interactions
Relationships Between Organisms
• Predator-Prey Relationships– Predators can affect the size of prey
populations in a community and determine the places prey can live and feed
• Ex: Fox and rabbit populations
• Herbivore-Plant Relationships– Herbivores can affect both the size and
distribution of plant populations in a community and determine the places certain plants can survive and grow
• Ex: White tailed deer and food plants
Keystone Species:– A species of great importance to a community– If it’s population changes it can cause
dramatic changes to structure of community
– Ex: • Sea Otters off Pacific Coast of North America
– Links to Sea urchins, kelp and many other species– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYpM-qDNKzs&safe=
active
• Beavers (a keystone species)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZVbKwDmr-o&safe=active
Symbiotic Relationships
• Organisms live in close association with each other and at least one benefits.
• Relationships that help one or both species to survive
• Symbiotic Relationships:• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRkWz
LzCi2U&safe=active
Mutualism:– Both species benefit
Ex: • Clown Fish and Sea Anemone• Ants and aphids• “Cleaning Stations” (Rhino and “Tick Bird”)
• Ex: Protozoa in digestive tracts of termites– Termites have cellulose digesting microorganisms in
their digestive tract– Provide food and a place to live– Termites could not get nutrients from wood without them.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiBAq2a6qjQ&safe=active
• Ant and Butterfly Symbiosis:• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/
animals/bugs-animals/ants-and-termites/ant_caterpillarsymbiosis/
• Goby and Shrimp • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKuWlB
jUFo8&safe=active
Commensalism: • One species benefits, the other species is
neither harmed nor benefitted– Ex: Remora and pilot fish and shark
– Eats scraps from sharks meal
– Barnacle and whale– Whale travels about, allowing them to get a constantly
new supply of food
Parasitism:• One organism benefits and the
other is harmed• Generally parasites weaken,
but do not kill the host
– EX: – Tapeworms in digestive tract– Mistletoe plant: sends roots into
host plant and absorbs water, minerals and nutrients
– Cowbird (brood parasite)– Leeches, Ticks, Fleas, Lice (feed
on blood and skin of animals)
• Check out this Crazy Fungal Parasite!• Cordyceps:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuKjBIBBAL8&safe=active
• Body Invaders:• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMG-LWyNcAs&safe=
active
• Symbiotic Relationships:• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F
1t81Q&safe=active
Ecological Succession
Succession in Communities
• Changes that take place to communities over time (especially after disturbances).
• Living organisms alter their environment making it more suitable for some, less suitable for others
• Original organisms slowly replaced by others until climax community is reached
• Takes decades or even centuries to develop
Islands of Hawaii
• How did they become a tropical paradise?
• Started off as volcanic rock.
• Colonization of new sites (lifeless areas)• Bare rock, new volcanic islands, sand,
stream bank (no organic material present)
– Slow process– Begins with soil formation
Primary Succession:
Soil Formation:• Starts with rocks
• Erosion by wind/rain causes pieces to break off
• Freezing/thawing of water causes cracks to form
Pioneer Organisms: first organisms to colonize barren areas
Ex: Lichens: (mutualistic symbiosis between fungus/algae)– Cling to rocks, secrete acids that help break down rock– When they die, they add layer of organic material that
starts soil formation
http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=182733
• Plants like mosses now can grow in the thin layer of soil
• When they die out the soil layer gets thicker and thicker eventually allowing plants with deeper and deeper roots to thrive.
• Eventually a climax community develops
Primary Succession
How Long Does it Take?
Note: Animal life will also change with the succession of plantsEx: grass eaters – shrub dwellers – tree livers
Climax Community: • Community at the end of line of succession that
is mature and stable
– Described in terms of dominant plant forms– Type of climax community depends on the physical
factors in environment
• Ex: – Good soil/good rainfall = forest community– Good soil/less rainfall = grassland community
– Climax Communities:– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZA5yfrzLV8&safe=active
• Examples of Climax Communities:
• Sphagnum Bog: shallow lake/pond, peat moss• Mangrove Swamp: muddy tidal flat, mangrove trees• Pine Barrens: sandy peat soil, pine trees
• Occurs in an area where the climax community has been destroyed
• However, SOIL IS STILL THERE!
• Occurs at a faster rate, soil is already present.
– Ex: – Forest fire, flood, volcanic explosion, human development
• Succession after Fire:• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2ZRe_kIRdA&safe=active
Secondary Succession
• Pine Barrens Fire
Note: some species require catastrophe to reproduce
Ex: Certain pine cones will only release seeds if heated by fire
Secondary Succession Can Happen Here
Soil is Established
Succession in Lakes and Ponds• Sediment, fallen leaves, debris gradually accumulate
on the lake bottom• Plants take root in the shallower water along edge • Pond eventually becomes a marsh• Eventually fills up becoming dry land
• Succession Summary:• http://education-portal.com/academy/
lesson/ecological-succession-from-pioneer-to-climax-communities.html
Biomes of the Earth
Biomes: large geographical regionscharacterized by a particular type of climaxcommunity
Have similar: temperature range annual precipitation sun exposuretype of soil type of plants and animals
• Temperature Differences: – Not all parts of the earth get the same amount of
sunlight– Five times stronger at equator than at the poles– Seasons change due to tilt of Earth’s axis and
amount of sunlight over course of the day
• Topography: – Mountain ranges can affect rainfall patterns
from one side of mountain to another– Can often see changes in plant communities
with increasing altitude as temperature changes
Types of Terrestrial Biomes
Tundra
• Characteristics: – Low average temp, short growing season– Long cold winters where ground is completely frozen – Only thin top layer thaws in summer, rest is permafrost– Average precipitation 10-12cm per year (mostly snow)
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/biomes-tundra-taiga-temperate-grassland-and-coastlines.html
Tundra• Vegetation:
– lichens, moss, grasses, sedges, shrubs– Almost no trees due to permafrost and short growing
season– Nutrient poor soil due to slow rate of decomposition
(nutrients recycled slowly)
Tundra• Animals:
– Reindeer, mush oxen, caribou, wolves, arctic hares, arctic foxes, lemmings, snowy owls
– During warm season: a lot of insects like flies and mosquitoes bring birds, ducks, geese to nest and breed in safety because of relative absence of certain predators
Taiga
• Characteristics:• Cold severe winters, short mild summers• Ground thaws completely in summer (no
permafrost), so can support tree growth• Precipitation 35-40cm a year with a lot of fog
http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/other-shows/videos/assignment-discovery-shorts-iii-biomes-taiga.htm
Taiga
• Vegetation: • Mostly coniferous pines, firs, spruce
(evergreens)• Soil often acidic due to pine needles
Taiga
• Animals: • Moose, wolves, bears, lynx, deer, elk,
wolverines, martens, snow shoe hares, porcupines, rodents, birds, insects
Deserts• Characteristics:• Driest biome• Sandy soil, nutrient poor• Rainfall less than 25 cm per year (arid)• Temp. varies widely during day
Deserts• Vegetation: • Special adaptations
to conserve water
• Widespread shallow roots to get maximum water when available
• Cactus, yucca, mesquite trees, sagebrush, creosote bushes
Deserts• Animals: • Many active at night,
sleep during day due to heat
• Adaptations to conserve water and radiate excess heat
• Fennec, snakes, lizards, spiders, scorpions, foxes, coyotes, hawks, owls, kangaroo rat
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Ifk9IJl0A0&safe=active
Temperate Deciduous Forests• Characteristics:• Cold winters, hot and humid summers• Growing season about 6 months of year• Rainfall 75-150cm per year
Temperate Deciduous Forests• Vegetation: • Soil: thick top layer of humus• Mostly deciduous trees• Period of plant dormancy
during winter (lose leaves)• Oak, maple, hickory, beech,
chestnut, birch, shrubs, herbaceous plants, ferns and mosses
Temperate Deciduous Forests• Animals:• Many hibernate during
winter • Wolf, fox, bobcat, deer,
raccoon, squirrel, chipmunk, rabbits, salamanders, birds (many migrate during winter)
Grasslands• Characteristics:• Prairies, steppes, pampas,
savannah • Occurs in both temperate
and tropical climates• Rainfalls is 25-75cm per
year (usually with dry season)
• Soil deep and rich, (good farmland)
•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msdY-JJilzM&safe=active
Grasslands
• Vegetation: • Many species of grass (rye, oat, wheat)
and wild flowers• Where more water present, shrubs and
some trees may develop.
Grasslands• Animals:
• North America: coyote,rattlesnake, prairie dog, jack rabbit, bison, pheasant, prairie chicken, hawk, owl
• Africa: zebras, giraffes, gazelles, lions, elephants
Tropical Rain Forests
• Characteristics:• Most biologically
diverse ecosystem• Greatest number of
species per unit area• Uniform warm wet
climate through year • Constant rainfall 200-
400cm per year
Tropical Rain Forest
• Vegetation:• Broad leaved plants, most
do not lose leaves• Little light hits lower canopy • Only shade tolerant trees,
vines and shrubs, grow below tall trees
• Little organic material in soil (poor farmland)
• Organic materials decay quickly and recycle back into living plants
Tropical Rain Forest
• Animals: • Wide variety,
many are adapted to live at a particular level of the canopy
• Monkeys, bats, parrots, snakes, lizards, tapirs, insects
Aquatic Ecosystems• Major Abiotic Factors:
– Water depth:• Photic Zone: sunlight can reach
it, photosynthesis can occur
• Aphotic Zone: deeper water, photosynthesis cannot occur
– Amount of dissolve gasses and nutrients
• Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
Aquatic Ecosystems• Marine Biomes (saltwater oceans)
– Largest most stable biome (70% of earths surface)
– Most photosynthesis on Earth is done here by algae near ocean surface
– Oceans absorbs and hold large quantities of heat and help to regulate Earth’s temp.
– Temperature very stable, changes less during the day than on land
• Marine Animals:• Ocean floor (benthic life): Sponges, corals,
barnacles, anemones, starfish, clams, snails, crabs
• Free Swimming: squid, fish, turtles, seals, whales
• Plankton: float near surface and are carried by currents
• Phytoplankton: Photosynthetic producers• Zooplankton: Consumers
• Form basis of food web for whole marine ecosystem
• Zones of the Oceans
• Intertidal Zone:– High tide: submerged– Low Tide: exposed to air & sunlight
• Coastal Ocean (Littoral Zone) – Shallow, slopes to open ocean– Contains nutrients carried into
ocean by rivers and streams
• Open Ocean – Deep water, photic & aphotic zones – Most photosynthesis happens here
• Deep Ocean– No sunlight, under high pressures– Food webs based on dead
organisms that fall from above or on chemosynthetic organisms
• Estuaries: – Saltwater meets
freshwater (where river meets the sea)
– Excellent nurseries to raise young aquatic wildlife (offers protection)
• Freshwater Biomes– Ponds, lakes,
streams, rivers, wetlands (swamps and bogs)
– Provide most land animals with fresh drinking water
– Many be nutrient rich or poor depending on amount of sediment