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Community vs Industrial Scale Wind Energy Production
Design,
Implementation
&
Employment Opportunities
(View PPT in “Normal” view to see slide notes)
Sean G. O’ReillyE-mail: [email protected]
Green Group Boston
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Wind Energy StatusDivisions of Wind Generation:
Residential 0-100 KW
Community 100 KW-1 MW
Industrial wind 1MW+(currently 1-7 MW range)
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Topic List
• Site assessment• Permitting and environmental hurdles• Turbine technologies• Materials issues in design• Infrastructure to construct• O&M - Operation and maintenance• Pain points in development• Industry needs and job opportunities
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Site Assessment• Wind conditions (Met towers, Sodar, Lidar)• Terrain (local obstacles and turbulence factors)• Footprint and foundation (space needed, anchoring)• Onshore vs offshore (industrial only, considerations)
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Permitting and Environmental Hurdles
• Time scale
• Government and state bodies involved
• General points on the process
• Environmental hurdles
• Small (community) wind process, vs
• Large (industrial) wind process
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Basic Anatomy of a Wind Turbine (HAWT)
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• Note: The coming era of direct drive for large turbines, may eliminate gearboxes
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Turbine Technologies
• Styles (Vertical horizontal, Cycloidal, shrouds & multi-rotor)
• Upwind or downwind orientation for HAWT’s
• Gearbox or direct drive• “Smart” turbines (self
protection, energy optimization)
• Energy storage
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Turbine Technologies
• Shrouded turbine with multiple rotors
• Typical small wind turbine
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Who Are the Top Players? Large Wind HAWT:
1 Vestas Denmark
2 Enercon Germany
3 Gamesa Spain
4 GE Energy Germany/ US
5 Siemens Denmark/Germany
6 Suzlon India
7 Sinovel China
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Examples of Small Wind Companies, Design Variety:Company Name Turbine Type
1 FloDesign HAWT Shrouded
2 Mariah Power “Windspire” VAWT
3 Southwest Windpower HAWT
4 URwind VAWT
5 Cascade Eng. Inc. “Swift” HAWT
6 Enflo HAWT Shrouded
7 Optiwind HAWT Shrouded
8 Bergey Windpower HAWT
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Materials Issues in Design
• Blade scale-up• Composite materials• Testing and
qualification• Automated
production• Tooling• Superconductors
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Infrastructure for Assembly and Erection
• Trucks, barges, cranes, airlift cranes
• Double wide roads• General terrain• Handling issues (dock
transfer, skill level and risk)
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Operation and Maintenance• Performance: SCADA network• Damage from lightning, wildlife,
snipers, various• Component life: Not all 20 yrs• Lubrication: Vital• Coatings and corrosion: Wind is
abrasive• Repair and replacement: Do at
height where possible• Reality of operation: Always
need O&M staff on site at large farms 24/7
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Environmental Impact Studies
• Contentious issues• Birds / bats / fish -
positives and negatives
• Some realities from industry findings
• Design for low noise
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Industry Pain Points, Large Wind
Large wind:• HAWT blade size limitation (cost versus
physics)• Production scale-up difficult for massive blades• Need increased quality at lower cost• Need to store power to offset down time• Grid integration varies and relies on utility co-
operation• Max. wind land sites will fast become scarce
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Industry Pain Points, Small Wind
• Not as cost effective, bigger is better• Less corporate sponsorship /tougher
financing• NIMBY issues in urban areas• Grid intertie not standardized between states• Duplication of grid interconnect effort vs once
for a large wind farm• Cruder turbine protection technology• Need UL approved generators for grid intertie
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Lrg Wind Industry, Needs = Job Opportunities
• Custom composite ply kitting for blades• Automation machinery for blade production• Full scale static and dynamic testing of blades• Auxiliary repair materials and tooling• Specialized coatings for ice, oils & corrosion• Transport and handling logistics & equipment• O&M subcontracting• Project management of wind energy contracts• Feasibility analysts, wind resource specialists• Federal permitting experts• Health and safety engineers
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Sml Wind Industry, Needs=Job Opportunities
• Safety products and practices• Small, high efficiency, cheap, quiet turbines• Local permitting and incentives experts• Recycling/ refurbishing of used turbines• Custom build O&M• Building integrated wind turbines/ urban feasibility • Portable MET towers (products and service)• Hybrid use of cell phone/other towers for metrology• Portable SODAR, & LIDAR (affordable)• Home PC/ Mac software (SCADA-lite?)• Financiers for novel turbine / hybrid systems
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Links to more Information• AWEA: www.awea.org• NREL : www.nrel.gov/wind• State Incentives Database: www.dsireusa.org• Bergey Payback Calculator
www.bergey.com/Channels/1F2.htm• Legal and Safety Issues – U.S. DOE Small Wind
System Installation Reference Briefwww.eren.doe.gov/consumerinfo/refbriefs/ja2.html
• AWEA Advice: www.awea.org/faq/sagrillo- Tribulations, Hearings, Zoning, Perceptions
• “Connecting a Small-Scale Renewable Energy System to an Electric Transmission System” U.S. DoE : www.eren.doe.gov/consumerinfo/refbriefs/ja7.html
• “Connecting to the Grid” Interstate Renewable Energy Council: www.irecusa.org
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Gov’t Funding Program Links:• U.S. Dept. of Treasury: Renewable energy
grants (ARRA) (Enacted 2-’09)• 30%+ funding available• www.treas.gov/recovery/1603.shtml
• USDA: Rural energy for America Program (REAP) (Enacted 5-’02)
• 25% of project cost• www.rurdev.usda.gov/rbs/busp/bprogs.htm
• Clean Renewable Energy Bonds (CREB’s) (Latest version enacted 10-’08)
• Federal loans, amount varies• www.irs.gov/irb/2007-14_IRB/ar17.html
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References / Credits
• Slide 2: 2005 Chart from NEI International Energy Agency’s key world energy statistics 2007, updated 1/08
• Slide 4: From a NREL report for DOE, entitled “Small Wind Electric Systems, a Minnesota Consumer’s Guide”
• Slide 5: Appalachian State University, Office of Sustainability, Boone, NC• Slide 7: Anatomy picture source unknown. Scout Moor gearbox picture:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Scout_moor_gearbox%2C_rotor_shaft_and_brake_assembly.jpg
• Slide 8: Darrius picture : http://deppenschmidt.wordpress.com/2009/02/11/energy-saving-now/. Cycloidal picture: “Aerocam”, Broadstar Wind Systems
• Slide 9: Open type: Bergey Windpower, Shrouded type: Windtamer Turbines Corp.
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References / Credits (Cont’d)
• Slide 12: Blade test picture: LM Glasfiber, preform layup picture: Vien Tek• Slide 13: Source unknown, Google web images• Slide 14: Source unknown, Google web images• Slide 15: Bat image: Google web, copyright free. Fish image: Google web,
copyright free