COMPETITIVENESS, STRATEGY, AND PRODUCTIVITY Chapter 2 MIS 373:
Basic Operations Management
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES After this lecture, students will be able
to 1.List several ways that business organizations compete.
2.Discuss and compare organization strategy and operations strategy
and explain why it is important to link the two. 3.Define the term
productivity and explain why it is important to organizations and
to countries. 4.Describe several factors that affect productivity.
MIS 373: Basic Operations Management2
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OVERVIEW Three separate, but related concepts that are vitally
important to business organizations: Competitiveness Strategy
Productivity MIS 373: Basic Operations Management3
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COMPETITIVENESS Competitiveness: How effectively an
organization meets the needs of customers relative to others that
offer similar goods or services Organizations compete over: Price
(Cost): WAL-MART Quality: BMW Response-time: UPS Variety
(Flexibility): DELL MIS 373: Basic Operations Management4
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OPERATIONS INFLUENCE ON COMPETITIVENESS Product and service
design Cost Location Quality Quick response Flexibility Inventory
management Supply chain management Service Managers and workers
Competitiveness MIS 373: Basic Operations Management5
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WHY SOME ORGANIZATIONS FAIL Neglecting operations strategy.
Failing to take advantage of strengths and opportunities, and/or
failing to recognize competitive threats. Putting too much emphasis
on short-term financial performance at the expense of research and
development. Placing too much emphasis on product and service
design and not enough on process design and improvement. Neglecting
investments in capital and human resources. Failing to establish
good internal communications and cooperation among different
functional areas. Failing to consider customer needs. MIS 373:
Basic Operations Management6
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EXERCISE Name 10 ways that banks compete for customers. Hint:
consider operations influence on competitiveness Product and
service design Cost Location Quality Quick response Flexibility
Inventory management Supply chain management Service Managers and
workers
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HIERARCHICAL PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING MIS 373: Basic
Operations Management Mission Goals Organizational Strategies
Functional Goals Finance Strategies Marketing Strategies Operations
Strategies Tactics Operating procedures 8
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WAL-MART DELIVERY SERVICE SAYS TO AMAZON: 'BRING IT' wsj.com
10/19/2012 In its latest bid to take on Amazon.com this holiday
season, Wal-Mart is promising same-day delivery in some cities for
orders placed online. Called Wal-Mart To Go, the service costs $10
regardless of the size of the order. The products will be shipped
from the company's stores, not from a warehouse or distribution
center. Wal-Mart is betting that its network of thousands of
stores, combined with an improved online presence can help it
compete head to head with Amazon, which has increasingly stressed
fast, free or low-cost deliveries. UPS will pick up the goods and
deliver them to customers Nearly half of Wal-Mart's online sales
now come from purchases customers make online and pick up at a
store, "We have a unique advantage because we have the national
footprint of stores combined with our online site that enable
programs like site to store, pay with cash or pick up today," MIS
373: Basic Operations Management9
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HIERARCHICAL PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING MIS 373: Basic
Operations Management Mission Goals Organizational Strategies
Functional Goals Finance Strategies Marketing Strategies Operations
Strategies Tactics Operating procedures Wal-Mart To Go 10
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MISSION AND GOALS Mission The reason for an organizations
existence Mission statement States the purpose of the organization
The mission statement should answer the question of What business
are we in? The mission statement serves as the basis for
organizational goals Goals Provide detail and the scope of the
mission Goals can be viewed as organizational destinations Goals
serve as the basis for organizational strategies MIS 373: Basic
Operations Management11
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EXAMPLE MISSION STATEMENTS FedEx Mission Statement
http://about.van.fedex.com/mission-strategy-values FedEx
Corporation will produce superior financial returns for its
shareowners by providing high value-added logistics, transportation
and related business services through focused operating companies.
Customer requirements will be met in the highest quality manner
appropriate to each market segment served. FedEx will strive to
develop mutually rewarding relationships with its employees,
partners and suppliers. Safety will be the first consideration in
all operations. Corporate activities will be conducted to the
highest ethical and professional standards. MIS 373: Basic
Operations Management12
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STRATEGY Strategy A plan for achieving organizational goals
Serves as a roadmap for reaching the organizational destinations
Organizations have Organizational strategies Overall strategies
that relate to the entire organization Support the achievement of
organizational goals and mission Functional level strategies
Strategies that relate to each of the functional areas and that
support achievement of the organizational strategy MIS 373: Basic
Operations Management13
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TACTICS AND OPERATIONS Tactics The methods and actions taken to
accomplish strategies The how to part of the process Operations The
actual doing part of the process MIS 373: Basic Operations
Management14
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ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY Low Price Outsource operations to
countries with low labor cost Use capital-intensive methods to
achieve high output volume and low unit cost Specialization Focus
on narrow product lines or limited services to achieve higher
quality Responsiveness (time-based strategies) Strategies that
focus on the reduction of time needed to accomplish tasks
Differentiation: Variety Focus on customization Differentiation:
Newness Focus on innovation to create new products or services
Differentiation: Service Focus on various aspects of service (e.g.,
helpful, reliable, etc) Differentiation: Quality focus on quality
in all phases of an organization in order to achieve higher quality
than competitors MIS 373: Basic Operations Management15
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OPERATIONS STRATEGY The organizational strategy provides the
overall direction for the organization. It is broad in scope,
covering the entire organization. Operations strategy is narrower
in scope, dealing primarily with the operations aspect of the
organization. Operations strategy relates to products, processes,
methods, operating resources, quality, costs, lead times, and
scheduling. In order for operations strategy to be truly effective,
it is important to link it to organization strategy MIS 373: Basic
Operations Management16
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EXAMPLES OF STRATEGIES Organizational StrategyOperations
Strategy Examples of Companies or Services Low PriceLow
CostWal-Mart Southwest Airlines ResponsivenessShort processing
times On-time delivery McDonalds restaurants FedEx Differentiation:
High Quality High performance design and/or high quality processing
Consistent Quality BMW Coca-Cola Differentiation: Newness
Innovation3M Apple Differentiation: Variety Flexibility Volume
Burger King (Have it your way) McDonalds (Buses Welcome)
Differentiation: Service Superior customer serviceDisneyland IBM
Differentiation: Location ConvenienceSupermarkets Banks, ATMs MIS
373: Basic Operations Management17
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3M Founded in 1902, 3M started out in the mining business as
the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company. 3M launched the 15
percent program in 1948. a program at 3M that allows employees to
use a portion of their paid time to chase rainbows and hatch their
own ideas. Thirty Percent Rule, 30% of each divisions revenues must
come from products introduced in the last four years.Thirty Percent
Rule Over a 20-year period, 3Ms gross margin averaged 51% and the
companys return on assets averaged 29%. Mission 3M is a science and
technology company that creates. For decades, 3M scientists and
engineers have developed products that solve problems. 3M is also a
company that cares improving lives each day. The mission of
3Mgives: To Improve Every Life through Innovative Giving in
Education, Community and the Environment mirroring our corporate
vision: 3M Technology Advancing Every Company 3M Products Enhancing
Every Home 3M Innovation Improving Every Life
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EXERCISE Name three companies that are not in the examples I
gave, and describe their core organizational strategies in terms of
the following options: Low Price Specialization Responsiveness
Differentiation: Quality Differentiation: Newness Differentiation:
Variety Differentiation: Service Go online and find the mission
statements of the three companies. Are their strategies aligned
with their mission statements? Wal-Mart Southwest Airlines
McDonalds FedEx BMW Coca-Cola 3M Apple Burger King Disneyland IBM
Supermarkets Banks, ATMs
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STRATEGY FORMULATION Three common approaches Michael Porter's
five forces model Environmental scanning (SWOT) Balanced Scorecard
MIS 373: Basic Operations Management20
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PORTER'S FIVE FORCES MODEL MIS 373: Basic Operations
Management21 SUPPLIER POWER Supplier concentration Importance of
volume to supplier Differentiation of inputs Impact of inputs on
cost or differentiation Switching costs of firms in the industry
Presence of substitute inputs Threat of forward integration Cost
relative to total purchases in industry THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS
Barriers to Entry Absolute cost advantages Proprietary learning
curve Access to inputs Government policy Economies of scale Capital
requirements Brand identity Switching costs Access to distribution
DEGREE OF RIVALRY Exit barriers Industry concentration Fixed
costs/Value added Industry growth Intermittent overcapacity Product
differences Switching costs Brand identity Diversity of rivals
Corporate stakes THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES Switching costs Buyer
inclination to substitute Price-performance trade-off of
substitutes BUYER POWER Bargaining leverage Buyer volume Buyer
information Brand identity Price sensitivity Product
differentiation Substitutes available Buyers' incentives Source:
http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/porter.shtml
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PORTER ON HIS FIVE FORCES MODEL
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SWOT Environmental scanning (SWOT) Internal Factors Strengths
and Weaknesses External Factors Opportunities and Threats MIS 373:
Basic Operations Management23
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SWOT: KEY INTERNAL FACTORS 1.Human Resources Skills of
workforce, expertise, experience, loyalty to the organization
2.Facilities and equipment Capacities, locations, age, maintenance
costs 3.Financial resources Cash flow, access to additional
funding, debt, cost of capital 4.Customers Loyalty, wants and needs
5.Products and services Existing, potential for new ones
6.Technology Existing, ability to integrate new and its impact on
current and future operations 7.Suppliers Relationships,
dependency, quality, flexibility, service 8.Other Labor relations,
company image, distribution channels etc. MIS 373: Basic Operations
Management24
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SWOT: KEY EXTERNAL FACTORS 1.Economic conditions Health and
directions of the economy, inflation, deflation, interest rates,
taxes, tariffs. 2.Political conditions Attitude towards business,
political stability, wars 3.Legal environment Antitrust laws,
regulations, trade restrictions, minimum wages laws, liability
laws, labor laws, patents 4.Technology Innovations rate, future
process technology, design technology 5.Competition Number and
strength of competitors, basis of competitions (price, quality
etc.) 6.Markets Size, location, brand loyalty, ease of entry,
growth potential, long term stability, demographics. MIS 373: Basic
Operations Management25
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BALANCED SCORECARD The idea of Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is to
move away from a purely financial perspective of the organization
and integrate other perspectives such as customers, internal
business processes, and learning and growth. MIS 373: Basic
Operations Management26 Scorecard ObjectiveMeasureTarget Improve
consumer satisfaction and loyalty by 20% Survey score Up 20%
Delivery time < 4 days Balanced Financial How should we appear
to our shareholders? Consumer How should we appear to our
customers? Internal Business Process What business process must we
excel at? Learning & Growth How will we sustain our ability to
change/improve? Lag measure Leading measure
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BALANCED SCORECARD MIS 373: Basic Operations Management27
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STEPS IN STRATEGY FORMULATION 1.Link strategy directly to the
organization's mission or vision statement. 2.Assess strengths,
weaknesses, threats and opportunities, and identify core
competencies. Core competencies: The special attributes or
abilities that give an organization a competitive edge 3.Identify
order winners and order qualifiers. Order winners: Characteristics
of an organizations goods or services that cause it to be perceived
as better than the competition Order qualifiers: Characteristics
that customers perceive as minimum standards of acceptability for a
product or service to be considered as a potential for purchase
4.Select one or two strategies (e.g., low cost, speed, customer
service) to focus on. MIS 373: Basic Operations Management28
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PRODUCTIVITY Productivity A measure of the effective use of
resources, usually expressed as the ratio of output to input
Productivity measures are useful for Tracking an operating units
performance over time Judging the performance of an entire industry
or country MIS 373: Basic Operations Management Productivity=
Outputs Inputs 29
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wsj.com 1/12/2012 The Factory Floor Has a Ceiling on Job
Creation Factories have been producing more with fewer workers.
Output for each hour of work, or productivity, is up an
extraordinary 40% as factories have adopted new technologies and
production processes.
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WHY DOES PRODUCTIVITY MATTERS? Brynjolfsson, E., and Hitt, L.
M. 1998. Beyond the productivity paradox. Communications of the ACM
41(8) 4955. Productivity growth determines our living standards and
the wealth of nations. This is because the amount a nation can
consume is ultimately closely tied to what it produces. By the same
token, the success of a business generally depends on its ability
to deliver more real value for consumers without using more labor,
capital, or other inputs. MIS 373: Basic Operations
Management31
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MEASURES OF PRODUCTIVITY MIS 373: Basic Operations Management
Productivity= Outputs Inputs 32
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EXAMPLES OF PARTIAL PRODUCTIVITY MEASURES Partial Productivity
Measures Examples Labor ProductivityUnits of output per labor hour
Units of output per shift Value-added per labor hour Machine
ProductivityUnits of output per machine hour Capital
ProductivityUnits of output per dollar input Dollar value of output
per dollar input Energy ProductivityUnits of output per
kilowatt-hour Dollar value of output per kilowatt-hour MIS 373:
Basic Operations Management33
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EXERCISE Units produced: 5,000 Standard price:$30/unit Labor
input: 500 hours Cost of labor: $25/hour Cost of materials: $5,000
Cost of overhead: 2x labor cost What is the implication of an
unitless measure of productivity? Hint: The key of this calculation
is to convert all the elements to their dollar values. Whats the
dollar value of the output / labor / material / overhead?
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PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH Example: Labor productivity on the ABC
assembly line was 25 units per hour in 2009. In 2010, labor
productivity was 23 units per hour. What was the productivity
growth from 2009 to 2010? MIS 373: Basic Operations Management
Productivity Growth = Current productivity Pervious productivity
100% Pervious productivity Productivity Growth = 23 25 100%= 8% 25
35
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SERVICE SECTOR PRODUCTIVITY Service sector productivity is
difficult to measure and manage because It involves intellectual
activities It has a high degree of variability Measurement
Difficulties Retailors Quality Versus Quantity Nurses MIS 373:
Basic Operations Management36
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HEALTH CARE PRODUCTIVITY Kocher, Robert, and Nikhil R. Sahni.
"Rethinking health care labor." New England Journal of Medicine
365.15 (2011): 1370-1372. Of the $2.6 trillion spent in 2010 on
health care in the United States, 56% consisted of wages for health
care workers. the output is the volume of activity including all
encounters, tests, treatments, and surgeries per unit of cost
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HEALTH CARE PRODUCTIVITY IBM Healthcare Industry: 2020 Vision
reduce tests and costs personalized medicine patient education
& empowerment adoption of new practices drug effectiveness
evaluation risk prediction & prevention
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FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCTIVITY MIS 373: Basic Operations
Management Capital Methods TechnologyManagement Quality INCREASE:
Calculators, Computers, Faxes, copiers, Internet search engines,
Voice mail, cell phones, email REDUCE: inflexibility, high costs,
mismatched operations, non-work activities 39
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PRODUCTIVITY & TECHNOLOGY NPR 4/30/13 When It Comes To
Productivity, Technology Can Hurt And HelpWhen It Comes To
Productivity, Technology Can Hurt And Help With instant messages
buzzing, emails pinging and texts ringing, how can employers
increase productivity in the workplace? Software companies are
tackling the problem, tracking employees' computer time to find
ways to improve their efficiency. Desk workers, creative
workers,
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PRODUCTIVITY PARADOX Brynjolfsson, E., and Hitt, L. M. 1998.
Beyond the productivity paradox. Communications of the ACM 41(8)
4955. MIS 373: Basic Operations Management41 IT investment does not
appear to have a strong impact on productivity. Explanations for
the Paradox 1.Mismeasurement of outputs and inputs, ATMs reduce the
number of checks banks process so, by some measures, banking output
and productivity decrease. The increases in convenience ATMs have
created go uncounted in conventional productivity metrics, while
their costs are counted. 2.Lags due to learning and adjustment
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IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY 1.Develop productivity measures for all
operations 2.Determine critical (bottleneck) operations 3.Develop
methods/technologies for productivity improvements 4.Establish
reasonable goals 5.Make it clear that management supports and
encourages productivity improvement 6.Measure and publicize
improvements Dont confuse productivity with efficiency MIS 373:
Basic Operations Management42
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KEY POINTS Competitive pressure often means that business
organizations must frequently assess their competitors' strengths
and weaknesses, as well as their own, to remain competitive.
Strategy formulation is critical because strategies provide
direction for the organization, so they can play a role in the
success or failure of a business organization. Functional
strategies and supply chain strategies need to be aligned with the
goals and strategies of the overall organization. The three primary
business strategies are low cost, responsiveness, and
differentiation. Productivity is a key factor in the cost of goods
and services. Increases in productivity can become a competitive
advantage. MIS 373: Basic Operations Management43