Computer and Its Usage

8/8/2019 Computer and Its Usage

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Applications of computer

In real life

Submitted by:-

Gursimran kaur

MBA 1 (B)100571



INTRODUCTION

Application software, also known as an application, o

an app, is co ¡ p¢ £

e

sof £ ware designed to help the user to perform singular or multiple related

specif ic tasks. It helps to solve pro ¤ lems in the real world.

Examples include enterprise sof tware, accounting sof tware, off ice

suites, graphics sof tware, and media players.

Application sof tware is contrasted with system sof tware and middleware,

which manage and integrate a computer's capabilities, but typically do not

directly apply them in the performance of tasks that benef it the user. A simple,

if imperfect, analogy in the world of hardware would be the relationship of an

electric light bulb (an application) to an electric power generation plant (a

system). The power plant merely generates electricity, not itself of any real use

until harnessed to an application like the electric light that performs a service

that benef its the user.



Com ¥ uters have a large number of a ¥ ¥ lications in variety of f ields ¦ Com ¥ uters

have great a ¥ ¥ lications in the f ield of Information Technology, Physics, Medical

sciences, Artif icial intelligence, Robotics, Information Systems, Economics,

Statistics, Financial Management, Nuclear Physics, Businesses, and

Human Resource Management etc. Com ¥ uters are § idely used by the

businesses and organizations for eff ective management of information and

resources in almost all de ¥ artments. Marketing and advertising agencies rely

on com ¥ uter databases of customers and various other too ls to track the

needs of the customers. Human Resource Management Information Systems

hel ¥ organizations to kee ¥ record about the em ¥ loyees. Com ¥ uters are used in

net § orks § hich hel ¥ individuals in the organizations to communicate § ith

each other by sharing f iles and im ¥ ortant documents.



What is computer application?

In com ̈ uter science, an a¨ ̈

lication is a com ̈ uter ̈ rogram designed to hel ̈

̈ eople perform an activity. An application thus diff ers f rom an operating

system ( © hich runs a computer), a utility ( © hich performs maintenanc e or

general-purpose chores), and a programming language ( © ith © hich computer

programs are created).

Depending on the activity for © hich it © as designed, an applicat ion can

manipulate text, numbers, graphics, or a combination of these elements.

Some application packages off er considerable computing power by focusing on

a single task, such as word processing; others, called int

g

t

d soft

, off er

somewhat less power but include several applications.

Us

-

itt

n soft

tailors systems to meet the user's specif ic needs. User-

written sof tware includes spreadsheet templates, word processor macros,

scientif ic simulations, and graphics and animation scripts. Even email f ilters are

a kind of user sof tware. Users create this sof tware themselves and of ten

overlook how important it is.

In some types of embedded systems, the application sof tware and the

operating system sof tware may be indistinguishable to the user, as in the case

of sof tware used to control a VCR, DVD player or microwave oven.



Various types of application SoftwareThere are many types of application sof tware:

1. An appli ation suit consists of multiple applications bundled together.

They usually have related f unctions, f eatures and user interf aces, and may

be able to interact with each other, e.g. open each other's f iles. Business

applications of ten come in suites, e.g. Microsof t Off ice, OpenOff ice.org,

and iWork, which bundle together a word processor, a spreadsheet, etc.;

but suites exist for other purposes, e.g. graphics or music.

2. Ent p is soft are addresses the needs of organization processes and

data f low, of ten in a large distributed environment. (Examples include

f inancial systems, customer relationship management (CRM) systems, and

supply-chain management sof tware). Note that Departmental Sof tware is a

sub-type of Enterprise Sof tware with a focus on smaller organizations or

groups within a large organization. (Examples include Travel Expense

Management and IT Helpdesk).Enterprise inf rastructure sof tware provides

common capabilities needed to support enterprise sof tware systems.

3. Information orker soft are addresses the needs of individuals

to create and manage information, of ten for individual projects within a

department, in contrast to enterprise management. Examples include time

management, resource management, documentation tools, analytical, and

collaborative. Word processors, spreadsheets, email and blog clients,

personal information system, and individual media editors may aid in

multiple information worker tasks.

4. Content access soft are is sof tware used primarily to access content

without editing, but may include sof tware that allows for content editing.

Such sof tware addresses the needs of individuals and groups



to consume digital entertainment and published digital content. (Examples

include Media Players, Web Browsers, Help browsers, and Games)

5. Educational soft are is related to content access sof tware, but has the

content and/or f eatures adapted for use in by educators or students. For

example, it may deliver evaluations (tests), track progress through material,

or include collaborative capabilities .

6. Simulation soft

are are computer sof tware for simulation of physical or

abstract systems for either research, training or entertainment purposes.

7. Media development soft

are addresses the needs of individuals who

generate print and electronic media for others to consume, most of ten in acommercial or educational setting. This includes Graphic Art sof tware,

Desktop Publishing sof tware, Multimedia Development sof tware, HTML

editors, Digital Animation editors, Digital Audio and Video composition, and

many others.

8. Mobile applications run on hand-held devices such as mobile

phones, personal digital assistants, and enterprise digital assistants

9. Product engineering soft

are is used in developing hardware and sof tware

products. This includes computer aided design (CAD), computer aided

engineering (CAE), computer language editing and compiling tools,

Integrated Development Environments, and Applicat ion Programmer

Interf aces. DOS and UNIX are examples of command-driven interf aces.

10. A graphical user interf ace (GUI) is one in which you select command

choices f rom various menus, buttons and icons using a mouse. It is a user-

f riendly interf ace. The Windows and Mac OS are both graphical user

interf aces.



Various applications of computer in real

life

It is a binding f act that are computers are very productive, eff icient and make

our personal and prof essional lives more rewarding. These 'magical' machines

can do just about anything imaginable; moreover they really excel in certain

areas. Below is the list of some of the principal applications of the computer

systems:

1. Businesses. Businessmen make bar graphs and pie charts f rom

tedious f igures to convey information with f ar more impact than

numbers alone can convey. Furthermore, computers help businesses to

predict their f uture sales, prof its, costs etc. making companies more

accurate in their accounts. Computers may also play a vital role in aiding

thousands of organizations to make judgmental and hard-provoking

decisions concerning f inancial problems and prospective trends.



Business software

The small business market generally consists of home accounting

sof tware, and off ice suites such as Microsof t Off ice and OpenOff ice.org.

The medium size, or SME, has a broader range of sof tware applications,

ranging f rom accounting, groupware, customer relationship

management, human resources sof tware, outsourcing relationship

management, loan origination sof tware, shopping cart sof tware, f ield

service sof tware, and other productivity enhancing applications.

The last segment covers enterprise level sof tware applications, such as

those in the f ields of enterprise resource planning, enterprise contentmanagement (ECM), business process management and product. These

applications are extensive in scope, and of ten come with modules that

either add native f unctions, or incorporate the f unctionality of third -

party sof tware programs.



Types of business software tools

Digital Dashboards - Also known as Business Intelligence Dashboards,

Enterprise Dashboards, or Executive Dashboards, these are visually-based

summaries of business data that show at-a-glance understanding of

business conditions through metrics and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).

A very popular BI tool that has arisen in the last f ew years.

Online Analytical Processing, commonly known

as OLAP (including HOLAP, ROLAP and MOLAP) - a capability of some

management, decision support, and executive information systems that

supports interactive examination of large amounts of data f rom many

perspectives.

Reporting sof tware generates aggregated views of data to keep the

management informed about the state of their business.

Data mining - extraction of consumer information f rom a database by

utilizing sof tware that can isolate and identif y previously unknown patterns

or trends in large amounts of data. There are a variety of data mining

techniques that reveal diff erent types of patterns. Some of the techniques

that belong here are Statistical methods (particularly Business statistics)

and Neural networks as very advanced means of analyzing data.

Business performance management (BPM)



2. Buildings. Architects use computer animated graphics to experiment

with possible exteriors and to give clients a visual walk-through of their

proposed buildings. The computers provide architects a numerous

amount of f acilities to create diff erent buildings with greater accuracy,

better designing and editing tools, and work done at the f astest speed

possible. Finally, a new kind of artist has emerged, one who uses

computers to express his or her creativity.



3. Education. Most good schools in the world have computers available

for use in the classroom. It has been proved that learning with

computers has been more successf ul and this is why numerous forms of new teaching methods have been introduced. This enhances the

knowledge of the student at a much f aster pace than the old traditional

methods. Likewise, colleges and various universities have extended the

use of computers as many educators prefer the 'learning by doing'

method - an approach uniquely suited to the computer.

Every student details need to be stored so a computer program could

help in this way. Multimedia, animations, graphics and charts could be

used to teach the students and many boring topics can be made

interesting using multimedia. Students could access internet for online

help and courses for more information.



Education software

A learning management system (commonly abbreviated as LMS) is a sof tware

application for the administration, documentation, tracking, and reporting of

training programs, classroom and online events, e -learning programs, and

training content. LMS do the following:

centralize and automate administration

use self -service and self -guided services

assemble and deliver learning content rapidly

consolidate training initiatives on a scalable web-based platform

support portability and standards

Personalize content and enable knowledge reuse.

LMSs range f rom systems for managing training and educational records, to

sof tware for distributing courses over the Internet with f eatures for online

collaboration. Corporate training use LMSs to automate record-keeping and

employee registration. Student self -service (e.g., self -registration on instructor-

led training), training workf low (e.g., user notif ication, manager approval, wait-

list management), the provision of on-line learning (e.g., Computer-Based

Training, read & understand), on-line assessment, management of continuous

prof essional education (CPE), collaborative learning (e.g., application sharing,

discussion threads), and training resource management (e.g., instructors,

f acilities, equipment), are dimensions to Learning Management Systems. Some

LMSs are Web-based to f acilitate access to learning content andadministration. LMSs are used by regulated industries (e.g. f inancial services

and biopharma) for compliance training. It is also used by educational

institutions to enhance and support classroom teaching and off ering courses to

a larger population of learners across the globe. Some LMS providers include



"performance management systems", which encompass employee appraisals,

competency management, skills-gap analysis, succession planning, and multi-

rater assessments (i.e., 360 degree reviews). Modern techniques now

employ Competency-based learning to discover learning gaps and guide

training material selection.



4. Retailing. Products f rom meats to magazines are packed with zebra-

striped bar codes that can be read by the computer scanners at

supermarket checkout stands to determine prices and help manage

inventory. Thus, a detailed receipt of the groceries can be made, which

is usef ul for both the customer and the retail store, especially for the

stock control system. This is ref erred as POS (Point of Sale) transaction

where a precise account of all the stocks available is recorded and

manipulated.

5. Energy. Energy companies use computers to locate oil, coal, natural

gas and uranium. With the use of these technological machines, these

companies can f igure out the site of a natural resource, its

concentration and other related f igures. Electric companies use

computers to monitor vast power networks. In addition, meter readers

use hand held computers to record how much energy is used each

month in homes and off ices.



6. Law Enforcement. Recent innovation in computerized law

enforcement include national f ingerprint f iles, a national f ile on the

mode of operation of serial killers, and computer modeling of DNA,

which can be used to match traces f rom an alleged criminal's body,

such as blood at a crime scene. In addition, computers also contain

complete databases of all the names, pictures and information of such

people who choose to break the law.

7. Transportation. Computers are used in cars to monitor f luid levels,

temperatures and electrical systems. Computers are also used to help

run rapid transit systems, load containerships and track railroads cars

across the country. An important part is the air control traff ic systems,

where computers are used to control the f low of traff ic between

airplanes which needs a lot of precision and accuracy to be dealt with.

Traff ic light control: - In traff ic light control the computer is being

employed to drive the traff ic light. There are some programmed codes

like " turn off the red light" or "turn on the red light" to control the

traff ic light and to carry out the instructions that follows.



8. Government. Among other tasks, the f ederal government uses

computers to forecast the weather, to manage parks and historical

sites, to process immigrants, to produce social security checks and to

collect taxes. The most important use of the computer system in this

f ield is perhaps the Army, the Air Force and the Navy. The computers

have to be very powerf ul and in order to be run they have to be very

accurate and precise. E.g. in the use of missiles and other likes, every

nanosecond counts, which may save trillions of lives on this planet. The

government also uses computers in various simulations like the spread

of inf luenza in a particular locality.



9. Health and Medicine. Computers are helping immensely to monitor

thee extremely ill in the intensive care unit and provide cross-sectional

views of the body. This eliminates the need for hired nurses to watch

the patient twenty-four hours a day, which is greatly tiring and error

prone. Doctors use computers to assist them in diagnosing certain

diseases of the sort. This type of computer is called the Expert System,

which is basically a collection of accumulated expertise in a specif ic area

of f ield. Computers are now able to map, in exquisite detail, the

structure of the human cold virus - the f irst step towards the common

cold. Furthermore, computers are used greatly in managing patients,

doctors, wards and medicine records, as well as deal with making

appointments, scheduling surgeries and other likes.



Types of medical software

y Monitors

Heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, use sof tware to interpret the

sensor information and display it in a meaningf ul way on a monitor.

y Medication pumps

These devices are programmed to pump a certain amount

of plasma, blood, saline solution, or other medication into a patient at a

certain rate. The sof tware provides the ability to control many aspects of

treatment procedures.

y Analysis

Many devices, such as CAT scanners, measure raw data that is essentially

meaningless to people. Sof tware reinterprets this data to create images

that doctors can read and understand.

y Expert Systems

A variety of expert systems help clinicians and practitioners in decision

making for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

y Therapy delivery

The sof tware in implantable pacemakers and def ibrillators provides f ault-

tolerant, real-time, mission-critical monitoring of cardiac rhythms and

associated therapy delivery.

y Medical and healthcare educational soft

are

Sof tware used as an educational or study tool for healthcare prof essionals.

y Medical informatics

Sof tware for the business and informational aspect of medicine,

e.g. EMR/EHR Sof tware.



10. Money. When there was no computer, everywhere manual

system was followed which was a very complicated but now with the

coming of computer everything is in a very systematic way. Every bank

is now using a computerized system because it is very f ast and user

f riendly. ATM cards are used every where now which let us bank any

time we want. PC banking (Personal Computer banking) helps to view

our bank balance, request transf ers between accounts and pay bills

electronically etc«

Computers speed up record keeping and allow banks to off er same -day

services and even do-it yourself banking over the phone and internet.

Computers have helped f uel the cashless economy, enabling the

widespread use of credit cards, debit cards and instantaneous credit

checks by banks and retailers. There is also a level of greater security

when computers are involved in money transactions as there is a better

chance of detecting forged cheques and using credit/debit cards

illegally etc.



There are so many applications of computers, that it is impractical to mention

all of them. This is the Computer Age and these machines are beginning to

aff ect out lives in many ways. Computers are now becoming f aster, more

reliable, eff ective and whole lot cheaper than they had been ever before.

Computers are all around us and avoiding them is virtually impossible. We

have been exposed in the world of computer hype, computer advertisements

and computer headlines. We interact with computers in our daily lives -

whether we are at the cinemas, the school, or the public library .

Documents

Computer and Its Usage